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Kaplan USMLE Review > Transcription and RNA Processing > Flashcards

Transcription and RNA Processing Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Are the genes that encode the non-major types of RNA translated?

A

no, they’re not translated but the RNA products producing during transcription used for processing of translation

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1
Q

What is the type of eukaryotic RNA polymerase: it is located in the nucleoplasm and synthesizes tRNA, some snRNA, and 5S rRNA?

A

RNa polymerase III

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2
Q

What are the two types of ways transcription is terminated in prokaryotes?

A

ρ dependent and ρ independent termination

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3
Q

What is the general type of enzyme that performs transcription?

A

DNA dependent RNA polymerase

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3
Q

In prokaryotes, the ribosomes bind to what codon in the beginning of translation?

A

AUG codon

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3
Q

What is the purpose for the addition of the 7-methylguanosine cap on the 5’ end of pre-mRNA in the nucleus?(2 points)

A

It protects the pre-mRNA from degradation and it serves as the attachment site for the ribosomes

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4
Q

What protein factor is required for α2ββ RNA polymerase to initiate transcription at the promotor?

A

σ factor

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5
Q

What is the type of RNA polymerase: it is locaed in the nucleolus and synthesizes 28S, 18S, and 5.8S rRNAs?

A

RNA polymerase I

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5
Q

What is the type of eukaryotic RNA polymerase: it is located in the nucleoplasm and synthesizes hnRNA/mRNA and some snRNA?

A

RNA polymerase II

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5
Q

Eukaryotic RNA polymerases are inhibited by what drugs?(2 points)

A

α-amantin(RNA polymerase II) and actinomycin D

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5
Q

What type of prokaryotic termination of transcription: termination occurs when the newly formed RNA foldsback on itself to form a GC-rich hairpin loop closely followd by 6-8 residues.

A

ρ-independent

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5
Q

What is in the promoter region for RNA polymerase II during transcription of mRNA?(4 points)

A

Two promoter sequences, TATA box and CAAT box

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6
Q

What is a monocistronic message?

A

mRNA which codes for one protein

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7
Q

Polyadenylation of pre-mRNA occurs in what suborganelle structure? This is generally associated with active gene expression in what?

A

Polyadenylation occurs in the nucelplasm. It is generally associated with gene expression in euchromatin.

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8
Q

What is the number system for bases located to the right or downstream from the starting point for transcription?

A

+2, +3, +4,…

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9
Q

What is a transcription factor for RNA polymerase II, assist in initiating transcription?

A

TFIID

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9
Q

Does eukaryotic RNA polymerases require σ factor to initiation transcription at the promoter?

A

No, they do require TFII to bind before RNA polymerase

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9
Q

What is the sequence where an endonuclease cuts the mRNA molecule for the addition of the poly-A tail?

A

AAUAAA

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10
Q

What type of prokaryotic terrmination: termination requires paricipation of protein factor which binds to the newly formed RNA and moves toward the RNA polymerase that has paused at a termination site; protein then displaces RNA plymerase from the 3’ end of the RNA.

A

ρ dependent termination

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11
Q

Why are introns not transcribed to mRNA in the nucleus?

A

Wrong, both introns and exons are transcribed to mRNA in the nucleus

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12
Q

How long does σ factor remain at the promoter during the initiation of transcription?

A

It is released immediately after the initiation of transcription has taken place

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13
Q

What are the major types of processing of pre-mRNA that occur inside the nucleus of a ekaryotic cell?(3 points)

A

The addition of a 7-methylguanosine to the 5’ end of the mRNA, the addition of the poly-A tail and the removal of the introns from the pre-mRNA

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14
Q

A major type of RNA which is used as a structural component of the ribosome to form a complete, functional ribosome?

A

Ribosomal RNA

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15
Q

Ribosome, in prokaryotic translation, synthesized the polypeptide in what direction?

A

amino terminus to carboxy terminus

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16
Q

If the lactose operon conains three different types of gene as part of its coding sequence, how many Shine-Dalgarno sequences at the utranslated region of the mRNA are going to be in the polycistronic mRNA?

A

three

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17
Q

How does RNA polymerase proofread its work?

A

It doesn’t proof its work

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17
Q

When/where are introns removed during mRNA transcription eukaryotes?

A

they’re removed during RNA processing in the cytoplasm

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18
Q

What part of the tRNA molecule bind to the codon located on mRNA?

A

the anti-codon region

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19
Q

What is another name for TATA box in eukaryotes?

A

Hogness box

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20
Q

What is the specific action of the Shiga toxin from Shigella dysenteriae and Verotoxin, shiga-like toxin from enterohemorrhagic E. coli on suborganelle structures?**(2 points) **What are the toxins?

A

It removes the adenine residues from the 28S rRNA found in the 60S subunit. The toxins are RNA glycosylases.

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21
Q

The RNA product has what properties when compared to the template strand?(2 points)

A

complementary and anti-parallel

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22
Q

How does RNA polymerase recognize the start and end of a particular sequence of bases which encodes a gene?

A

promotor and terminator

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22
Q

What type of RNA polymerase in eukaryotes synthesize mRNA from DNA template strand?

A

RNA polymerase II

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23
Q

What are removed during pre-mRNA processing in eukaryotes: introns or exons?

A

introns are removed

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25
Q

What is the action of rifampin?

A

Rifampin inhibits prokaryotic RNA polymerase

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26
Q

What is the coding segment of mRNA in eukaryotes: introns or exons?

A

exons

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26
Q

How many type of activated amino acids do tRNa molecules carry during translation?

A

They carry only ONE

28
Q

What is the second most abundant type of RNA in the cell?

A

tRNA

29
Q

The fist stage in the expression of genetic information is a particular processing of the information to the base sequence of a double-stranded DNA molecule to form the the base sequence of a single-stranded molecule of RNA.

A

Transcription

31
Q

A major type of RNA which are RNA molecules with enzymatic activity?

A

ribozyme

32
Q

How does helicase and RNA polymerase work together to seperate the template strand from the coding stand in eukaryotic transcription of mRNA?

A

RNA polymerase II doesn’t work with helicase. RNA polymerase seperates the strands in a short distance and transcribes the mRNA from the 5’ to the 3’ location and it reads the template strand from the 3’ to the 5’ direction.

33
Q

When/where are exons are removed in eukaryotes after transcription has taken place?

A

they’re not removed

34
Q

During transcription, does RNA polymerase move in the 5’ - 3’ direction or the 3’ to 5’ direction?

A

It moves in the 3’ - 5’ direction but it synthesizes from 5’ to 3’

34
Q

What are the three basic steps of eukaryotic ribosome synthesis starting from the nucleus?

A

The eukaryotic rRNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase I in the nucleuolus as one large peice: 45S. The 45S is later broken down into 28S, 5.8S and 18S. RNA polymerase II transcribes the 5S region from a seperate gene. All of the rNA assemble in the nucleolus with ribosomal proteins.

35
Q

What is the purpsoe for the poly-A tail addition to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA molecule in eukaryotic processing of mRNA?

A

Protects the pre-mRNA from degradation from nucleases and it aids it transport to the cytoplasm

36
Q

All transcription can be inhibited by what drug?

A

antinomycin D

36
Q

What portion of the tRNA molecule is phosphorylated?

A

The 5’ end

37
Q

What type of primer is required for transcription?

A

None

38
Q

What is the rRNA that make up the 30S subunit?

A

16S RNA

39
Q

A major type of RNA that is found only in the nucleus of eukaryotes but one of its major function is to participate int he splicing of eukaryotes?

A

small nuclear RNA

40
Q

What specific sequences are required at hte promoter location for prokaryotic transcrition?(4 points)

A

2 promoter sequences, a “TATA” box and a -35 sequence

41
Q

The ρ-independent termination mechanism in prokaryotic transcription has a base sequence rich in what specific type of nucleotides?(2 points)

A

Guanine/Cytosine base pairing mechanism

42
Q

When does translation start in prokaryotes?

A

Translation and transcription occur at the same time in prokaryotes

44
Q

What is the most abundant type of RNA in the cell?

A

ribosomal RNA

45
Q

What is the coding seqeunce of the acceptor arm that careries the amino acid in a tRNA molecule?

A

5’-CCA-3’

46
Q

What is a polycistronic message?

A

mRNA which codes for multiple proteins

47
Q

What is the purpose of the poly-A tail in eukaryotic processing of pre-mRNA?(2 points)

A

protects the mRNA from degradation and transportation to the cytoplasm

49
Q

What is the single prokaryotic RNA polymerase that synthesizes all types of RNA in the cell?

A

α2ββ’

50
Q

How are the introns removed and exons assembled in pre-mRNA processing in eukaryotes?(3 points)

A

Introns are removed by splicosomes, i.e., snRNP, from the 5’(donor) to the 3’(acceptor) ends of the intron. The introns are removed. The intron is excised in the form of a lariat structure and later degraded. The neighboring exons are joined together to join the coding region of mRNA.

52
Q

What are the major roles of RNA in the cell?(6 points)

A

tRNA, ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA, heterogenerous nuclear RNA, small nuclear RNA and ribozymes

53
Q

What is the rRNA that make up the 60S subunit?(3 points)

A

5S, 5.8S and 28S rRNA

55
Q

Where does RNA polymerase bind to begin transcription?

A

promoter region

56
Q

What are the two subunits of rRNA that make up the eukaryotic ribosome?

A

40S and 60S

58
Q

Where do the ribosomes bind on the prokaryotic mRNA to initiate translation?

A

Shine Dalgarno region on the untranslated region of the mRNA. This is the 5’ region of the UTR region.

59
Q

All of the intermediate pre-mRNA structures in the pre-mRNA procesing which occurs in eukaryotes, are referred to as what?

A

hnRNA or heterogenous nucleus RNA

60
Q

What type of introns are found in prokaryotes?

A

none

63
Q

In prokaryotes, how does helicase work together with RNA polymerase to seperate the template strand from the non-template(coding) strand?

A

RNA polymerase the two strands as it reads the base sequence of the templerate strand

64
Q

What is the action of actinomycin D?

A

It binds to the DNA and preventing transcription

65
Q

What is the rRNA that make up the 50S subunit?(2 points)

A

5S and 23S

67
Q

When does transcription end?

A

When RNA reaches a termination signal

68
Q

What specitic type of sequences are found in the termination signal are found during eukaryotic transcription?

A

It is a terminal signal that isn’t well understood

69
Q

A major type of RNA which carries the information specifying the amino acid sequence of a protein to the ribosome?

A

Messenger RNA

70
Q

What type of RNA polymerase in eukaryotes synthesize the eukaryotic ribosome?(2 points)

A

RNA polymerase I and RNA polymerase II. RNA polymerase I synthesizes a large portion of the rRNA that makes up the ribosome

72
Q

What is the number system for bases locatd to the left or upstream from the starting point for transcription?

A

-1,-2,-3,…

73
Q

A major type of RNA that is found only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells?

A

heterogeneous nuclear RNA

74
Q

What is the rNA that make up the 40S subunit?

A

18S rRNA

75
Q

What RNA polymerase transcribes tRNA in eukaryotes?

A

RNA polymerase III

76
Q

What is an example of mRNA that doesn’t have a poly-A tail?

A

histone mRNA molecules

77
Q

During translation, what is the polarity of the synthesis of the polypeptide product?

A

Amino end to the carboxy terminus

78
Q

What are the non-coding segments of mRNA?

A

introns

79
Q

What is another name for “TATA” box required in the bacterial promotor for transcription to take place?

A

Prinbow box

80
Q

Are eukaryotic mRNA molceuls monocistronic, polycistronic or both?

A

monocistronic

82
Q

What is a toxin from certain mushrooms that inhibt RNA polymerase II?

A

α-amanitin

84
Q

What protein factor is sometimes required for the termination of transcription?

A

ρ factor

85
Q

What is an example of alternative splicing of eukaryotic primary pre-mRNA transcripts?(2 points)

A

The synthesis of the muscle proteins troponin T and tropomysin go through alternative splicing. Also, the surface immunoglobulins of unstimulated B cells go through alternative splicing

86
Q

The activated amino acid is attached to what portion of the tRNA molecule?

A

The 3’ OH portion of the tRNA molecule

87
Q

What are the two subunits that makes up prokaryotic ribosome?

A

30S and 50S

88
Q

What type of mutation is known to cause β-thalassemia?

A

a mutation in the splice site of the β-thalassemia protein

89
Q

Do Eukaryotic RNA polymerase require a protein factor to terminate transcription?

A

No

90
Q

When it comes to the numbering system for a gene, the first base transcribed as RNA is efined as what?

A

The +1 base of that gene region

91
Q

During transcription, is the RNA product parallel or antiparallel to the template DNA strand?

A

anti-parallel

92
Q

Ribosomes translated the message in what direction of the mRNA?

A

5’ to 3’ direction

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