Transcription and RNA

Question 1

Changes in gene expression

Answer 1

• response of cells due to environmental changes
• regulation of cell cycle
• distinct activities of multitude of differentiated cell types.
• cell differentiation and development

Question 2

Promoters

Answer 2

DNA sequence to initiate and regulate the rate of transcription of a gene

Question 3

RNA polymerase

Answer 3

enzyme, synthesis of RNA from DNA template

Question 4

Differences of eukaryotes to pro (gene expression)

Answer 4

• chromatin
  -Compartmentalization in nucleus
• Extensive RNA processing
  RNA polymerase 1-3

Question 5

mRNA

Answer 5

template for protein synthesis,

uses polymerase II

Question 6

rRNA

Answer 6

component of ribosomes, uses polymerase I

Question 7

tRNA

Answer 7

serve as adaptor molecules that align amino acids along the mRNA template. uses polymerase III

Question 8

DNA sequence element

Answer 8

denotes a specific short sequence of DNA base pairs within a gene promoter

Question 9

Cis-acting DNA sequences (promoter)

Answer 9

Regions of non coding DNA that regulates expression of genes

Question 10

Basal or core promoter

Answer 10

genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II that includes TATA box and an initiator DNA sequence.

Question 11

Upstream promoter and enhancers

Answer 11

transcriptional regulatory sequences located at sig. distance from promoter. impacts when and how much trancsctiption will occur

Question 12

Transcription factors

Answer 12

proteins required to for RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.

Question 13

reporter gene (adjacent to regulatory sequence)

Answer 13

reports on the activity of gene regulatory sequence or promoter

Question 14

Position of enhancer

Answer 14

functions in any orientation or position relative to the promoter

Question 15

Initiation

Answer 15

process leading to RNA polymerase II beginning to synthesize mRNA

Question 16

Elongation

Answer 16

process of synthesizing a mRNA complementary to the coding strand of the DNA

Question 17

General transcription factors

Answer 17

initiate transcription but does not allow for much transcription to occur

Question 18

Gene specific factors

Answer 18

reponsible for regulating transcription rate of basal transcription complex

Question 19

DNA methylation

Answer 19

one of the two parental alleles of genes is expressed during embryotic development

Question 20

Pre-mRNA

Answer 20

primary transcript that is processed to form mRNA

Question 21

Processing of mRNA

Answer 21

Capping
polyadenylation
splicing

Question 22

7 methylguanosine cap

Answer 22

added to pre-mRNA, at 5’end of transcript.

Question 23

Polyadenylation

Answer 23

process of adding a poly-Adenine tail to pre-mRNA. AAUAA (polyadenylation signal on mRNA)

Question 24

Splicing

Answer 24

process of removing introns

Question 25

Spliceosomes

Answer 25

large complexes composed of proteins and RNAs.

Question 26

Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles

Answer 26

complexes of snnRNAs with proteins that play central roles in splicing

Question 27

Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Adenine

Answer 27

form the RNA component of spliceosomes.range in size from 50 to 200

Question 28

Alternative splicing

Answer 28

process of varying pattern of pre- mRNA splicing . creates multiple different, but related, proteins fro the same gene

Question 29

SR slicing factos

Answer 29

dictate where splicesome (U1) will form to exon sequences

Question 30

Dscam

Answer 30

cell surface adhesion molecule important in allowing neurons to find target cells

Question 31

fundamental activity of upstream promoter elements (enhancers)

Answer 31

binding sites for the gene specific transcription factors that modulate activity for basal transcription complex

Question 32

transcriptional symphony

Answer 32

combination of transcription factors interacting at a specfiic genes promoter/enhancer sequences at any one point in time

Question 33

Steroid Hormone receptors

Answer 33

contain zinc finger domains. Transcription factors that regulate gene transcription in response to hormones

Question 34

homodeomain proteins

Answer 34

contain helix turn helix. play critical roles in the regulation of gene expression during embryonic development

Question 35

Transcriptional activators

Answer 35

• interact with mediators and general transcription factors

- interact coactivators, which modify chromatin structure

Question 36

Transcriptional repressors

Answer 36

• blocks binding of activator to DNA sequence element

Question 37

Mediator

Answer 37

large protein complex that binds to reinitiation complex and plays key role in liking general transcription factors to the gene-specific transcription factors that regulate gene expression

Question 38

DNA looping

Answer 38

allows transcription factors bound to an enhancer interact with proteins in RNA polymerase at core promoter

Question 39

Elongation

Answer 39

release of RNA polymerase from basal complex to initiate transcription

Question 40

Chromatin remodeling

Answer 40

moving, removal, and/or addition of histones

Question 41

Histone code

Answer 41

• histone tail acetylation and deacetylation

- other histone modifications

Question 42

Histone acetylation

Answer 42

modification of histones by addition of acetyl groups to specific lysine residue

Question 43

Histon acetylation

Coactivator

Answer 43

HAT, recruits acetlyate histones active chromatin. gives transcription factors more access to chromatin

Question 44

Histone aceytlation corepressor

Answer 44

HDAC, recruits decetylated histones, inactive chromatin. gives rise to a less- permisseable environment for transcription factors by condensing chromatin