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Cells and Molecular biology > Transcription > Flashcards

Transcription Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Transcription

A

DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase

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2
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

make DNA from RNA template

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3
Q

Most eukaryotic genes contain noncoding sequences among the

A

coding regions

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4
Q

alternative splicing

A

Coding sequences can be read in various combinations, each coding for a unique polypeptide chain;

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5
Q

Three characteristics of the Genetic Code?

A

Degenerate, Non-overlapping and Unambiguous -

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6
Q

Who provided the triplet nature of the code?

A

Francis Crick & Sydney Brenner (1961)

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7
Q

Open reading frame(ORF) can cause?

A

Frameshift mutations

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8
Q

a way of dividing thesequence of nucleotidesin anucleic acid(DNAorRNA) molecule into a set of consecutive, non-overlapping triplets.

A

Reading frame

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9
Q

amino acids/ stop signals are called

A

codons

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10
Q

Open reading frame(ORF) contains?

A

no stop codons

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11
Q

Causes Garbled words due to changes in reading frame

A

Due to Frameshift mutation

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12
Q

Transcription of mRNA from DNA does same thing but uses

A

uracil (U) in place of thymine

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13
Q

Transcription of mRNA from DNA uses what four stages

A

Binding, Initiation, Elongation and Termination

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14
Q

Sigma factors promotes

A

binding of RNA polymerase to specific DNA sequences called promoters

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15
Q

RNA polymerase in bacterial cells ONLY has

A

single kind of RNA polymerase and a lot of α and β subunits and sigma factor

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16
Q

RNA synthesis takes place when the DNA is

A

unwound

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17
Q

RNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of a

A

phosphodiester bond between the NTPs

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18
Q

Is transcription in Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes more complex?

A

Eukaryotes

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19
Q

Uses 3 different RNA polymerases

A

Transcription in Eukaryotes

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20
Q

a deadly toxin produced by the mushroom, Amanita phalloides an inhibitor of RNA polymerase

A

α-aminitin

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21
Q

Small nuclear ribonucleic acid(snRNA) AKA

A

U-RNA, all RNA molecules that are found within the nucleus ofeukaryoticcells.

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22
Q

processing of pre-mRNA in the nucleus

A

U-RNA

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23
Q

a smallnon-coding RNAmolecule

Functions in transcriptional and post-transcriptionalregulation of gene expression

A

miRNA

24
Q

What are the three classes promotors of Eukaryotes

A

RNA polymerase I
RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase III

25
Q

Consists of core promoter and upstream control element

RNA polymerase binds to the core promoter

A

RNA polymerase I

26
Q

Which RNA Polymerase uses At least 4 DNA sequences are involved

A

RNA polymerases II

27
Q

Used to make mRNA in RNA polymerase II

A

BRE, TATA box, Inr and DPE

28
Q

Common upstream control elements

A

CAAT and GC box

29
Q

upstream control elements:

Those within 100–200 nucleotides of the startpoint are called

A

proximal control elements

30
Q

upstream control elements:

Those farther away from 100–200 nucleotides of the startpoint

A

enhancer elements

31
Q

Entirely downstream of the startpoint - for transcribing tRNA and 5S-rRNA

A

RNA Polymerase III

32
Q

Required to bind to its promoter and initiate RNA synthesis

A

General Transcription Factor

33
Q

What plays a crucial role in binding stage of eukaryotic transcription

A

protein-protein interactions

34
Q

General transcription factors in binding RNA polymerase II to DNA:

what binds to what

A
  1. TFIID first binds to TATA box in the DNA sequence
  2. Preinitiation complex binds to promoter region
  3. General transcription factor TFIIH
35
Q

possesses both helicase activity, that unwinds DNA, and a protein kinase activity that catalyzes the phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II

A

General transcription factor TFIIH

36
Q

changes the shape of RNA polymerase II, so it can initiate RNA synthesis at the startpoint

A

Phosphorylation

37
Q

Helicase activity

A

unwind the DNA, so that RNA polymerase molecule can begin to move

38
Q

Ability to recognize and bind to DNA promoter sequences is conferred by one of its subunits

A

TFIID

39
Q

If there is a DNA damage, RNA polymerase becomes

A

stalled temporarily during DNA excision repair

40
Q

RNA polymerase I: Termination signals

A

Terminated by a protein factor that recognizes an 18-nt termination signal in the growing RNA chain

41
Q

RNA polymerase II: Termination signals

A

Termination signals include a short run of U’s and no proteins are required for their recognition

42
Q

RNA polymerase II: Termination signals

A

mRNAs are cleaved at a specific site, a cleavage site, before transcription is actually terminated

The cleavage site is10-35 nts downstream from a special AAUAAA sequence in the growing RNA chain

43
Q

Newly produced RNA molecule

A

primary transcript

44
Q

all chemical modifications necessary to generate a final protein product from the primary transcript

A

RNA processing

45
Q

RNA processing uses what three RNA’s

A

rRNA, tRNA and mRNA

46
Q

most abundant and most stable RNA in cells and In eukaryotes, cytoplasmic ribosomes contain four types?

A

rRNA

47
Q

The Presence of three different rRNA genes within a single transcription unit ensures what?

A

Theres RNAs in equal amounts

48
Q

The nontranscribed spacers

A

separate transcript units within each cluster

49
Q

transcribed spacers

A

The DNA sequences that code for the three rRNA

50
Q

remove the transcribed spacers and release the mature rRNAs

A

Cleavage reactions

51
Q

i) Removal of leader sequence at the 5’ end
ii) Replacement of two nucleotides at the 3’ end by the sequence CCA
iii) Chemical modification of certain bases
iv) Excision of an intron

A

tRNA gene into mature tRNA (clover structure)

52
Q

Which RNA does not require processing before translated?

A

Bacteria RNA

transcription and translation occur simultaneously

53
Q

In what Eukaryotes or Prokaryotes is Transcription and translation are separated, both time and space

A

Eukaryotes

54
Q

Transcription takes place in

A

the nucleus

55
Q

Translation takes place in

A

in cytoplasm

56
Q

What are the three processes of mRNA

A
  1. Capping
  2. poly (A) tail
  3. Splicing

Cells and Molecular biology (6 decks)

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