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Bio Unit 2 > Transcription > Flashcards

Transcription Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene Expression

A

the production of a functional gene product.

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2
Q

Transcription

A

the synthesis of a single-stranded RNA molecule
based on base-pairing with a single-stranded DNA template.

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3
Q

Translation

A

the production of a polypeptide based on an RNA
nucleotide sequence.

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4
Q

Types of RNA

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.

Not important: miRNA (micro), sn(small nuclear), hn (heterogeneous nuclear)

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5
Q

What facilitates the binding of RNA polymerase in Prokaryotes?

A

sigma factor

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6
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the
promoter of a protein-coding gene?
a. The promoter is a nontranscribed region of a gene.
b. The promoter is part of the RNA molecule.
c. The promoter is a site at which only RNA
polymerase will bind.
d. The promoter is a site found on RNA polymerase.

A

a. The promoter is a nontranscribed region of a gene.

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7
Q

What facilitates binding of promoter in Eukaryotes?

A

transcription factors

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8
Q

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

A

I Nucleolus
II Nucleoplasm
III Nucleoplasm

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9
Q

Where does Eukaryotic transcription occur?

A

The nucleus

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10
Q

Which three statements correctly describe the processing that takes
place before a mature mRNA exits the nucleus?
a. A translation stop codon is added to the 3’ end of the pre-
mRNA.
b. Sequences called introns are removed by spliceosomes.
c. A polyA tail is added to the 3’ end of the mRNA.
d. Sequences called exons are removed by spliceosomes.
e. A cap consisting of a modified guanine nucleotide is added to
the 5’ end of the mRNA.
f. A ribosome binds the 5’ end of the mRNA.

A

? Kelly didn’t post the answer

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11
Q

Where does prokaryotic transcription occur?

A

The cytoplasm

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12
Q

How is Eukaryotic mRNA modified?

A
  1. 5’ capping
  2. 3’ polyadenylation
  3. Splicing
    Processed mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm and translated.
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13
Q

What causes Prokaryotic RNA transcription to stop?

A

Hairpin Loop

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14
Q

NTPs vs dNTPs

A

NTP: ribonucleoside triphosphates used by RNA pol in transcription. Have a -OH group on the 2’

dNTPs: deoxyribonuceloside triphosphates used for DNA synthesis

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15
Q

How many RNA pol do bacteria have?

A

One

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16
Q

How many RNA pol do Eukaryotes have?

A

Three

17
Q

Promoters

A

regions of DNA that promote the start, sites where transcription should begin.

18
Q

Haloenzyme

A

bacterial RNA pol core enzyme and sigma together.

19
Q

Downstream

A

DNA located in the direction RNA pol moves

20
Q

Upstream

A

DNA located in the opposite direction RNA pol moves.

21
Q

Bacterial Transcription steps

A
  1. Initiation begins, sigma binds to promoter.
  2. RNA pol opens up DNA helix, transcription begins.
  3. sigma is released, transcription continues
22
Q

Elongation

A

enzyme reads DNA template as it catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to 3’ end.

23
Q

Bacterial Transcription Termination

A

-RNA pol transcribes a DNA sequence, the transcription-transcription signal. This signal causes RNA to fold back on itself, to form a hairpin.

24
Q

Transcription differences prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A
  1. Eukaryotes have thee major RNA pol.
  2. Promoters in eukaryotes are larger and more diverse
  3. Instead of sigma, eukaryotes use general transcription factors.
  4. A polyAsignal ends eukaryote transcription
  5. In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are separated.
25
Q

Introns

A

regions of a gene that are transcribed but not represented in final RNA.

26
Q

Exons

A

regions of a gene that are transcribed and represented in final RNA.

27
Q

RNA Splicing

A

-removal of introns
-occurs in nucleus

28
Q

RNA Splicing steps

A
  1. snRNPs bind to start and end of introns.
  2. more snurps join
  3. intron is cut
  4. intron is released, exons are joined back together.
29
Q

5’ cap

A

cap added by enzymes with a modified guanine nucleotide. Enables ribosomes to bind to mRNA and protects 5’ mRNA end from degradation.

30
Q

N Terminus vs C Terminus

A

N: amine group
C: carboxyl group

31
Q

Coding vs Template strand

A

Coding: 1. The coding strand determines the correct nucleotide sequence of mRNA. 2. They do not take part in the transcription process. 3. The coding strand is directed in the 3’ to 5’ direction.

Template: 1. The template strand acts as a base for mRNA transcription. 2. Here, they take part in the transcription. They help in the formation of mRNA. 3. The template strand is directed in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

32
Q

tRNA

A

(transfer) – carries amino acids to the ribosome
-this type participates in the translation process but is not translated.

33
Q

mRNA

A

(messenger) – encodes a polypeptide
-this is the only type of RNA that gets translated.

34
Q

rRNA

A

(ribosomal) – part of ribosome structure
-this type is also not translated.

Bio Unit 2 (4 decks)

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