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CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY > TRANSCRIPTION > Flashcards

TRANSCRIPTION Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how do genes work?

A

cells and living things made from the instructions in DNA

- DNA, proteins, cells

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2
Q

what is gene regulation?

A

ability to control cell’s level of gene expression

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3
Q

why are genes regulated?

A

so proteins can be produced at certain times and in specific amounts

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4
Q

benefits of gene regulation?

A

conserves energy and ensure genes are expressed in the appropriate cell type and at the current stage in the development

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5
Q

what is transcription?

A
  • making RNA copy of a single gene

- copies DNA into RNA

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6
Q

what is gene expression?

A

information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product (protein synthesis)
- DNA makes RNA, RNA makes protein

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7
Q

how are proteins manufactured?

A

DNA acts as a template for making RNA, which in turn acts as a template for the manufacture of proteins

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8
Q

where does transcription occur?

A

takes place in the nucleus

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9
Q

how do cell know which gene to express?

A

Ligand (signals) bind to specific receptor of the cells which trigger signal transduction (signalling pathway) to activate target proteins which serve as transcriptional factors

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10
Q

what enzyme is used to perform transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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11
Q

what substrates are used in RNA synthesis?

A

ATP, CTP, GTP, UTP

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12
Q

which is the transcribed strand?

A

template strand or antisense strand

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13
Q

which is the non-transcribed strand?

A

coding strand or sense strand

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14
Q

RNA is complementary to what strand?

A

template or antisense strand

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15
Q

what strand has the same sequence of as RNA?

A

DNA coding strand or sense strand but the T is changed to U

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16
Q

what are the three steps of transcription?

A

initiation, elongation, termination and processing mRNA

17
Q

how does transcription begin?

A
  • RNA polymerase binds to a promoter sequence near the beginning of a gene either directly or through helper proteins
  • once RNAP is bound to promoter DNA, the DNA strands unwind and the enzyme starts transcribing the template strand
18
Q

what is the region of opened up DNA called?

A

transcription bubble

19
Q

what mediates the binding of RNAP?

A

eukaryotes transcription factors

20
Q

what happens during elongation?

A
  • RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template and adds nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction
  • RNA polymerase reads the template DNA strand and adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of a growing chain
21
Q

what happens during termination?

A
  • transcription stops when RNAP reaches the DNA terminator
  • RNA strand is released (RNA transcript)
  • RNA polymerase dissociates from DNA
22
Q

what happens during processing mRNA?

A

changing the premature mRNA into mature RNA

  • splicing of mRNA
  • alternative mRNA splicing
  • post-transcriptional processing
23
Q

what are introns?

A

non-coding sections of a gene ; do not code for a functional protein
- non-coding gene between coding sequence

24
Q

what are exons?

A

portions of a gene that are expressed resulting in protein product
- real gene ; expressed/coding DNA

25
Q

what happens during splicing of mRNA?

A

introns are removed and the exons are joined to form a mature mRNA molecule
- with the help of spliceosome

26
Q

what happens during alternative mRNA splicing?

A

create many proteins from the same strand of DNA
- one single gene can result in different protein
versions

27
Q

what happens during post-transcriptional processing?

A

both ends of an mRNA are modified by the addition of chemical groups

28
Q

what are some of the chemical groups?

A
  • add 5’ GTP cap to the first nucleotide which protects the transcription from being broken down and also assists in ribosome binding during translation
  • add 3’ poly-A-tail at the back to increase stability and prevents degradation
  • longer tail ; mRNA lasts longer ; make more proteins

CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (6 decks)

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