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Transactions with Outsiders Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term ‘transactions with outsiders’ refer to in company law?

A

Transactions with outsiders refer to contracts or obligations a company enters into with external entities, such as suppliers, banks, or customers, governed by principles ensuring these are valid and binding.

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2
Q

What was the ultra vires doctrine in its classical form?

A

It restricted companies to act only within their stated objectives in the objects clause of their memorandum. Contracts beyond this scope were void, as seen in Ashbury Railway Carriage & Iron Co v Riche (1875).

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3
Q

What did the doctrine of constructive notice entail?

A

It presumed that outsiders dealing with a company were aware of its public documents, such as the objects clause, limiting their ability to claim ignorance of restrictions.

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4
Q

How did the case A-G v Great Eastern Rly (1880) influence the ultra vires doctrine?

A

It introduced judicial flexibility, allowing companies to perform acts ‘incidental or consequential’ to their objects, mitigating the rigidity of the ultra vires doctrine.

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5
Q

How does Section 31 of the Companies Act 2006 reform the ultra vires doctrine?

A

It eliminates the need for an objects clause, granting companies full legal capacity unless explicitly restricted by their articles.

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6
Q

What is the significance of Section 39 of the Companies Act 2006?

A

It ensures that acts beyond a company’s objects clause are valid and binding, removing the ultra vires doctrine’s historical voidability.

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7
Q

What does Section 40 of the Companies Act 2006 establish?

A

It protects third parties dealing in good faith with a company, ensuring that directors’ limitations in the constitution do not invalidate transactions.

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8
Q

What presumption does Section 40 provide for third parties?

A

It presumes third parties act in good faith unless evidence proves otherwise, simplifying contractual dealings.

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9
Q

What is ‘actual authority’ in agency law?

A

Actual authority is expressly granted to an agent by the company’s governing body, allowing them to act on its behalf.

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10
Q

What is ‘apparent authority’ in agency law?

A

Apparent authority arises when a company’s conduct or statements lead third parties to reasonably believe an agent has authority, even if not formally granted.

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11
Q

What was established in Freeman & Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties Ltd (1964)?

A

A company is bound by the actions of an agent with apparent authority, even if the agent was never formally appointed.

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12
Q

How did Hely-Hutchinson v Brayhead Ltd (1968) expand the concept of authority?

A

It held that authority could be implied based on an individual’s role and conduct within the company.

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13
Q

What is the ‘indoor management rule’?

A

Stemming from Royal British Bank v Turquand (1856), it allows outsiders to assume a company’s internal procedures have been followed unless they are aware of irregularities.

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14
Q

What are the limitations of the indoor management rule?

A

It does not protect outsiders who have actual knowledge of irregularities or are insiders with reasons to suspect such issues.

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15
Q

How did the Companies Act 2006 address the doctrine of constructive notice?

A

It reduced its impact, ensuring third parties are not presumed to be aware of internal company restrictions unless explicitly notified.

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16
Q

What is Section 41 of the Companies Act 2006 about?

A

It governs transactions involving directors or connected persons, allowing companies to void transactions involving conflicts of interest.

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17
Q

How does Section 42 of the Companies Act 2006 apply to charitable companies?

A

It imposes additional restrictions to ensure transactions align with the charity’s purposes and regulatory obligations.

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18
Q

What principle was reinforced in Rolled Steel Ltd v British Steel Corp (1986)?

A

Ultra vires acts can bind companies in third-party dealings, but directors can be liable for failing to follow internal rules.

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19
Q

What was the harsh outcome of Re Jon Beauforte (London) Ltd (1953)?

A

Contracts beyond the objects clause were held unenforceable, demonstrating the rigidity of the ultra vires doctrine pre-reforms.

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20
Q

How does Section 40 affect directors who breach internal limits?

A

While third-party transactions remain binding, directors can be held personally liable for breaching internal rules.

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21
Q

What is the significance of the good faith presumption under Section 40?

A

It protects third parties from being penalized for limitations they could not have reasonably known, fostering trust in corporate transactions.

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22
Q

How does the Companies Act 2006 balance third-party protection with director accountability?

A

It validates transactions in good faith but holds directors personally liable for breaching internal governance rules.

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23
Q

How does Section 39 enhance commercial flexibility?

A

By ensuring the validity of corporate acts regardless of their alignment with the objects clause, enhancing legal certainty for third parties.

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24
Q

How did the CA 2006 improve confidence in commercial dealings with companies?

A

By reducing reliance on the ultra vires doctrine, constructive notice, and promoting good faith protection under Sections 39–40.

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25
What are 'connected persons' in the context of Section 41?
Directors' close associates or family members involved in transactions with the company, requiring scrutiny to prevent conflicts of interest.
26
What role does the Turquand rule play in commercial law?
It provides reassurance to third parties by allowing them to presume that internal company procedures have been properly followed.
27
What constitutes bad faith under Section 40?
Knowledge of irregularities, intentional avoidance of due diligence, or active collusion with company insiders to breach internal rules.
28
Why was the ultra vires doctrine seen as problematic for businesses?
It invalidated contracts that exceeded a company’s stated objects, creating uncertainty and risk for third-party dealings.
29
How does Section 42 ensure charity compliance?
By restricting transactions that conflict with a charity’s objectives or breach its regulatory obligations.
30
What lesson does Freeman & Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties Ltd (1964) teach about apparent authority?
Companies must avoid creating circumstances where agents appear authorized unless they are formally empowered, or the company will be bound by their actions.
31
What did the case Royal British Bank v Turquand (1856) establish for third parties?
It established the indoor management rule, which protects outsiders relying on the apparent validity of a company’s internal procedures, unless they are aware of irregularities.
32
What are the key reforms introduced by Section 31 of the Companies Act 2006?
It removes the need for an objects clause in most companies, granting them unrestricted capacity to act unless explicitly limited by their articles.
33
How does Section 39 differ from traditional ultra vires doctrine?
It ensures that acts beyond a company's objects clause remain valid and binding, protecting third-party transactions from being invalidated.
34
What principle did Hely-Hutchinson v Brayhead Ltd (1968) reinforce?
Authority can be implied from an individual’s role or conduct within the company, binding the company to their actions under apparent authority.
35
How does the Companies Act 2006 handle transactions involving directors under Section 41?
It allows companies to void transactions with directors or connected persons if they involve unauthorized conflicts of interest or breach fiduciary duties.
36
What protection does Section 40 provide to third parties dealing with directors?
It ensures that directors’ internal limitations do not invalidate transactions, provided the third party acts in good faith.
37
What are the practical implications of the good faith presumption in Section 40?
It streamlines transactions by allowing third parties to rely on the validity of agreements without needing to verify directors’ compliance with internal rules.
38
What does the doctrine of apparent authority protect?
It protects third parties who reasonably believe an agent has authority to act on behalf of the company based on the company’s conduct or representations.
39
Why was Re Jon Beauforte (London) Ltd (1953) significant in illustrating the flaws of the ultra vires doctrine?
It showed the harsh consequences of the ultra vires doctrine when a contract was voided because the company acted outside its stated objects, despite benefiting the company.
40
How do Sections 39 and 40 of the CA 2006 enhance commercial certainty?
They validate transactions even if they exceed a company’s objects clause, and protect third parties acting in good faith from the effects of internal company rules.
41
What does the term 'constructive notice' mean in corporate law?
Constructive notice is a legal doctrine that assumes outsiders are aware of the contents of a company's public documents, such as its articles of association.
42
How has the constructive notice doctrine been limited under the CA 2006?
The CA 2006 reduced reliance on this doctrine, ensuring third parties are not presumed to know internal company restrictions unless explicitly informed.
43
How did Rolled Steel Ltd v British Steel Corp (1986) clarify directors’ liability?
It emphasized that directors can be personally liable for failing to follow internal rules, even if the transaction is enforceable against the company.
44
What are the limitations of the indoor management rule?
It does not protect insiders or those who are aware, or should reasonably suspect, that internal company procedures were not followed.
45
How does Section 42 address transactions involving charitable companies?
It imposes specific restrictions to ensure transactions align with a charity’s regulatory obligations and purposes.
46
What principle did Freeman & Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties Ltd (1964) establish about apparent authority?
Companies are bound by the actions of agents with apparent authority, even if those agents were not formally appointed.
47
What is the Turquand rule's main benefit to third parties?
It allows them to assume that internal company rules have been followed unless they have actual knowledge of irregularities.
48
What is the role of Section 39 in simplifying corporate transactions?
It ensures acts beyond the objects clause remain valid, enhancing flexibility and reducing risks for third parties.
49
How does Section 40 ensure directors' accountability without invalidating transactions?
It binds companies to transactions with third parties while leaving directors liable for internal breaches of authority.
50
What is the significance of the good faith presumption for third parties?
It shifts the burden of proving bad faith to the company, simplifying contractual dealings and reducing uncertainty for outsiders.
51
How does the CA 2006 handle ultra vires acts post-reform?
Such acts are no longer void but may result in directors’ liability if they exceed internal powers.
52
What protections does Section 40 provide to third parties during corporate transactions?
It ensures that internal limitations on directors’ powers do not affect the validity of transactions if the third party acts in good faith.
53
What distinguishes actual authority from apparent authority?
Actual authority is explicitly granted by the company, while apparent authority arises from the company’s conduct or representations.
54
How does Section 41 address conflicts of interest?
It scrutinizes transactions involving directors or their connected persons, allowing the company to void unauthorized dealings.
55
What was the primary issue in Hely-Hutchinson v Brayhead Ltd (1968)?
Whether a director’s actions bound the company under implied authority, which the court confirmed based on the director’s conduct.
56
What key principle did Royal British Bank v Turquand (1856) establish for corporate dealings?
Third parties are entitled to assume compliance with internal procedures unless they have knowledge of irregularities.
57
Why was the reform of the ultra vires doctrine necessary?
The doctrine’s rigid application created uncertainty for third parties and hindered commercial flexibility.
58
What is the relationship between Section 39 and Section 40 of the CA 2006?
Section 39 ensures corporate acts are valid, while Section 40 protects third parties from internal governance limitations.
59
What does Section 42 of the CA 2006 require of charitable companies?
It mandates that their transactions comply with regulatory purposes and ensure alignment with their charitable objectives.
60
How does the CA 2006 promote commercial efficiency in transactions with outsiders?
By abolishing ultra vires doctrine, reducing constructive notice, and providing statutory protections like Sections 39–42.
61
What was the historical purpose of the ultra vires doctrine?
It limited a company’s capacity to act beyond its stated objectives in the memorandum, aiming to protect shareholders and creditors.
62
What key issue was highlighted in Ashbury Railway Carriage & Iron Co v Riche (1875)?
The House of Lords invalidated a contract because it exceeded the company's objects clause, illustrating the strict application of the ultra vires doctrine.
63
How did A-G v Great Eastern Rly (1880) modify the ultra vires doctrine?
It introduced flexibility by allowing acts 'incidental or consequential' to the stated objects, mitigating the strictness of earlier cases.
64
What was the impact of abolishing the constructive notice doctrine under the CA 2006?
It removed the presumption that third parties must know a company’s internal rules, simplifying transactions and protecting outsiders.
65
How do Sections 31 and 40 of the CA 2006 complement each other?
Section 31 grants companies unrestricted capacity unless limited, while Section 40 protects third parties dealing with directors acting in good faith.
66
Why is apparent authority significant in corporate law?
It binds companies to contracts entered into by agents who appear to have authority, even if actual authority is absent.
67
What does the term 'good faith' mean under Section 40 of the CA 2006?
It refers to the presumption that third parties act honestly and without knowledge of any internal irregularities in a company.
68
In what circumstances can third parties lose protection under the indoor management rule?
If the outsider has knowledge of or should reasonably suspect internal irregularities, they cannot rely on the rule.
69
How did Re Horsley & Weight Ltd (1982) expand the concept of authority?
It confirmed that implied authority could arise from a person’s conduct and position within a company.
70
What safeguards does Section 41 of the CA 2006 provide against director misconduct?
It allows the company to void transactions involving directors or connected persons if they breach fiduciary duties.
71
What is the relationship between the indoor management rule and apparent authority?
Both protect third parties by assuming that internal procedures are followed and that agents with apparent authority can bind the company.
72
What practical impact did Freeman & Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties Ltd (1964) have on corporate transactions?
It established that companies are bound by the acts of agents held out as having authority, even without formal appointment.
73
How does Section 42 of the CA 2006 address the unique nature of charitable companies?
It imposes stricter requirements to ensure transactions align with the charity's objectives and regulatory obligations.
74
Why is the concept of implied authority important in corporate governance?
It ensures that individuals acting within their apparent roles can bind the company without explicit authorization.
75
What impact did Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties Ltd (1964) have on corporate transactions?
It established that companies are bound by the acts of agents held out as having authority, even without formal appointment.
76
Why is the concept of implied authority important in corporate governance?
It ensures that individuals acting within their apparent roles can bind the company without explicit authorization for each act.
77
What was the significance of the CA 2006 reforms for SMEs?
By reducing reliance on ultra vires and constructive notice, SMEs gained greater flexibility in corporate transactions.
78
What does the case Rolled Steel Ltd v British Steel Corp (1986) illustrate about director liability?
Directors may be held liable for failing to follow internal rules, even if the transaction is enforceable against the company.
79
How does Section 40 protect directors' decisions in third-party dealings?
It ensures the validity of transactions regardless of internal limitations, provided third parties act in good faith.
80
How did the CA 2006 change the concept of ultra vires for companies?
It abolished ultra vires for most companies, granting them unrestricted capacity unless specifically limited by their articles.
81
What is the significance of the good faith presumption for third parties under Section 40?
It reduces their obligation to verify internal compliance, fostering trust and efficiency in commercial dealings.
82
How does the CA 2006 address transactions that exceed directors’ authority?
Section 40 validates transactions with third parties acting in good faith but leaves directors accountable for internal breaches.
83
What limits the scope of the indoor management rule?
It does not apply if the third party has actual knowledge of an irregularity or is complicit in breaching internal procedures.
84
Why was the constructive notice doctrine problematic for third parties?
It unfairly presumed that third parties were aware of internal restrictions, increasing their risk in corporate transactions.
85
How does the CA 2006 simplify corporate transactions?
By removing outdated doctrines like ultra vires and constructive notice, it ensures smoother interactions between companies and third parties.
86
What is the role of Section 39 in protecting third-party transactions?
It ensures that acts beyond a company’s objects clause are still valid, reducing the risk of invalidation for outsiders.
87
How does the CA 2006 balance third-party protections with director accountability?
While Sections 39 and 40 validate transactions, directors remain liable for breaches of internal limitations or fiduciary duties.
88
What is the practical benefit of the good faith presumption in Section 40?
It simplifies due diligence for third parties, allowing them to rely on the apparent authority of directors.
89
What did Hely-Hutchinson v Brayhead Ltd (1968) demonstrate about implied authority?
Authority can arise from a director’s conduct and position, even without formal delegation.
90
How did the ultra vires doctrine affect companies before the CA 2006 reforms?
It voided transactions outside a company’s stated objects, creating uncertainty for third parties.
91
What key reforms reduced the reliance on constructive notice in corporate law?
The CA 2006 eliminated the presumption that outsiders must be aware of a company’s internal rules, enhancing transaction validity.
92
How does Section 42 ensure compliance for charitable companies?
It mandates that transactions must align with their regulatory obligations and charitable purposes.
93
What impact did the CA 2006 have on the application of the Turquand rule?
It reinforced the rule’s protection for third parties while limiting reliance on constructive notice.
94
What does apparent authority protect in corporate dealings?
It safeguards third parties who rely on an agent’s perceived authority based on the company’s conduct.
95
How does the CA 2006 encourage commercial certainty?
By validating transactions beyond the company’s objects clause and reducing the impact of internal limitations on third parties.
96
What principle did Freeman & Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties Ltd (1964) establish about company representation?
Companies are bound by the actions of individuals they represent as having authority, even without formal appointments.
97
What is the significance of the CA 2006 reforms for international competitiveness?
They align UK corporate law with global practices by simplifying transactions and enhancing third-party protections.
98
How does Section 39 ensure validity in corporate acts?
It confirms that acts exceeding internal limitations remain binding, fostering trust and consistency in commercial dealings.
99
How does the CA 2006 address director conflicts in transactions?
Section 41 allows companies to scrutinize and void transactions that involve breaches of fiduciary duties or conflicts of interest.
100
What are the key limitations of the Turquand rule?
It does not protect insiders or parties who have knowledge of irregularities in internal company procedures.
101
How does Section 40 promote efficiency in corporate governance?
By validating transactions and reducing procedural burdens, it simplifies interactions with third parties while holding directors accountable.
102
How do Sections 31, 39, and 40 collectively modernize corporate law?
They abolish ultra vires, ensure transaction validity, and protect third parties, fostering a more flexible and reliable legal framework.

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