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[OS 201] 4th Exam > Trans - Concepts in Regulation > Flashcards

Trans - Concepts in Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

components of feedback system

A
  1. receptor
  2. control center
  3. effector
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2
Q

negative feedback - define

A

feedback that tends to stabilize a process

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3
Q

baroreflex - what is the receptor

A

stretch receptors in arteries

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4
Q

baroreflex - what is the control center

A

vasomotor center in medulla

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5
Q

baroreflex - what is the effector

A

vagal parasympathetic center and fibers

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6
Q

baroreflex - what is the stimuli, and what is the goal

A

decrease in heart rate in response to increase in blood pressure, to maintain BP

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7
Q

what type of system is the extracellular fluid

A

open

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8
Q

what type of system is the intracellular fluid

A

closed

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9
Q

plasma - define

A

effective circulation volume of ECF,

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10
Q

which is the smallest compartment of bodily fluid

A

plasma

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11
Q

interstitial fluid - define

A

surrounds the cell, access from plasma to cell

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12
Q

structure that regulates excretion of fluids and electrolytes from the ECF

A

kidney

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13
Q

what sex has higher % body water? why?

A

male, because females have more body fat (fat is water-deficient)

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14
Q

electrolyte composition of plasma is similar to electrolyte composition of what other compartment

A

interstitial fluid

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15
Q

electrolyte composition of ICF is similar to electrolyte composition of what other compartment

A

none

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16
Q

what determines osmolarity outside cells

A

Na, Cl

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17
Q

osmosis - define

A

net movement of water across semipermeable membrane according to concentration gradient

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18
Q

water channels that facilitate osmosis in nonpermeable membranes

A

aquaporins

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19
Q

amount of pressure required to stop movement of pure water into the solution

A

osmotic pressure

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20
Q

what counteracts osmotic pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure

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21
Q

steady state - relationship of osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure

A

equal

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22
Q

steady state - relationship of osmotic concentration of cytoplasmic compartment and osmotic concentration of extracellular fluid

A

equal

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23
Q

regulation of ECF volume - effector

A

modification of Na secretion in kidney

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24
Q

regulation of ECF volume - sensor

A

detect changes in volume and vascular capacity

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25
Q

major osmotically active particles in ECF

A

Na, Cl, bicarbonate

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26
Q

low pressure baroreceptors - detect pressure in what part of circulation

A

venous

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27
Q

low pressure baroreceptors - detect pressure in which chambers of the heart

A

all except LV

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28
Q

low pressure baroreceptors - function

A

assess filling of central venous circulation

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29
Q

cardiac atria receptors - what type of receptor

A

stretch receptors

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30
Q

cardiac atria receptors - secrete what substance

A

atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

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31
Q

end result of stimulating cardiac atria receptors

A

natriuresis and diuresis

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32
Q

part of ECF in arterial system and effectively perforating all tissues

A

effective circulation volume

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33
Q

cardiac atrial receptors - send impulse to where?

A

hypothalamus and medulla

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34
Q

how do the hypothalamus and medulla help in cardiac atrial receptor function

A
  1. reduce sympathetic muscle discharge to kidney

2. reduce ADH secretion by pituitary

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35
Q

2 types of low pressure baroreceptors

A
  1. cardiac atrial receptors

2. cardiopulmonary receptors

36
Q

sympathetic stimulation - effect on kidney

A

reduce function

37
Q

high pressure baroreceptors - detect pressure in what part of the circulation

A

arterial circulation

38
Q

high pressure baroreceptors - where located?

A
  1. bifurcation of common carotid artery (carotid sinus)

2. aorta (aortic body)

39
Q

high pressure baroreceptors - function

A

detect changes in mean arterial pressure to maintain it, and thereby protect the brain

40
Q

intrarenal baroreceptor - example

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

41
Q

JGA - stimulated by

A
  1. sympathetic signals
  2. hypotension
  3. decreased sodium delivery
42
Q

JGA - release what substance

A

renin

43
Q

aldosterone - function

A

main regulator of sodium excretion

lack of adosterone causes uncontrolled secretion of Na (and H2O waste)

44
Q

what is the end result of the RAS

A

increase blood volume by decreasing natriuresis and therefore diuresis

45
Q

what is the end result of the stimulation of low pressure and high pressure baroreceptors

A

decrease/maintain BP by increasing natriuresis and therefore diuresis

46
Q

renin activates (1)_______ to become (2)_______

A
  1. angiotensinogen

2. angiotensin I

47
Q

angiotensin I is acted upon by (1)_______ to produce (2)_______

A
  1. angiotensin converting enzyme

2. angiotensin II

48
Q

angiotensin II production occurs in what organ

A

lungs

49
Q

important functions of angiotensin II

A
  1. stimulation of thirst –> increase in blood volume
  2. stimulation of pituitary –> release of ADH –> decrease diuresis –> increase blood volume
  3. stimulation of adrenal cortex –> release aldosterone –> decrease in Na secretion/natriuresis –> increase in blood volume
50
Q

from where is aldosterone released

A

adrenal cortex

51
Q

from where is ADH released

A

posterior pituitary

52
Q

4 components of effector limb in maintaining ECF

A
  1. glomerular filtration rate
  2. Na resorption in tubules
  3. humeral effectors (RAS)
  4. renal sympathetic nerves
53
Q

increased ECF osmolarity causes release of (1)________ and therefore (2)_______

A
  1. ADH

2. water and salt retention

54
Q

ADH - function

A

prevent diuresis and therefore act in fluid retention

55
Q

where is ADH produced

A

supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei

56
Q

from where is thirst controlled

A

hypothalamic thirst center

57
Q

threshold for thirst

A

plasma osmolarity of 295 mOsm/L

58
Q

(1)__________ mechanism dominates over (2)______ mechanism

A
  1. baro(mechanism)

2. osmotic

59
Q

osmometers in regulation of ICF

A

RBC

60
Q

major cell membrane impermeant solutes

A

Na, K, Cl

61
Q

major cell membrane permeant solutes

A

glycerol, urea

62
Q

determines steady state volume of ICF

A

concentration of impermeant solutes in ECF

63
Q

effect of permeant solutes in concentration

A

transient changes

64
Q

[T/F] the more permeable the membrane is to a certain permeable solute, the longer the duration of any transient change in concentration this solute might produce

A

F

65
Q

types of solute

A
  1. perturbing

2. nonperturbing

66
Q

perturbing solute - define

A

solute that can harm cells and disrupt mechanism in excess of concentrations or rate of change

67
Q

perturbing solute - example

A

electrolytes, urea

68
Q

nonperturbing solute - define

A

solute that may be accumulated within the cytosol without detrimental effects, used in adaptation to chronic changes

69
Q

type of cell volume change

A
  1. anisoosmotic

2. isoosmotic

70
Q

anisoosmotic volume change - cause

A

alterations in cellular osmolarity

71
Q

isoosmotic volume change - cause

A

alterations in cell content and membrane permeability

72
Q

differentiate anisoosmotic and isoosmotic volume change

A

anisoosmotic - change in volume with change in ICF solute concentration

isoosmotic - change in volume without change in ICF solute concentration

73
Q

how does a cell regulate its ICF

A

through metabolic production and removal of osmotically active substances

74
Q

most vulnerable organ to intracellular volume changes

A

brain

75
Q

only place/space where brain can expand

A

foramen magnum

76
Q

effect on volume of cellular solute gain

A

increase

77
Q

effect on volume of cellular solute loss

A

decrease

78
Q

hypovolemic hypernatremic state - what solution to give to correct volume deficit? why?

A

isoosmotic solution, to prevent brain edema

79
Q

hypovolemic hypernatremic state - what solution to give to correct concentration anomaly

A

hypoosmotic solution

80
Q

low plasma volume - effects:

A
  1. low BP

2. rapid pulse

81
Q

low interstitial fluid volume - effects

A
  1. poor skin turgor
  2. dry tongue
  3. sunken eyes
82
Q

ICF depletion - effects

A
  1. hallucination

2. loss of many functions

83
Q

[T/F] drinking urine results in net water loss

A

T

84
Q

drinking urine - effects

A

increase in effective circulating volume
increase in osmolarity
cell shrinkage

85
Q

effect of dehydration on body fluid compartments

A

decrease in volume of both ECF and ICF

[OS 201] 4th Exam (5 decks)

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