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Trait Theories Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Trait Theories?

A

“All Cats Enjoy MCdonald HappyMeals”

  1. Allport: Psychology of the Individual
  2. Catell: 16 Personality Factors
  3. Eysenck: Biologically Based Factor Theory (Biological/Evolutionary)
  4. Mcrae & Costa: 5 Factor Theory
  5. Henry Murray: Psychogenic Needs
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2
Q

Ways to predict/describe behavior; NOT a theory of development

A

Trait Theory

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3
Q

Allport’s definition of personality

A

The DYNAMIC ORGANIZATION within the individual of those PSYCHOPHYSICAL SYSTEMS that DETERMINE his CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOR & THOUGHTS

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4
Q

Appoach that defines trait by studying individuals in depth and focuses on the distinctions of their personalities

A

Idiographic Approach (I=individual)

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5
Q

Studies group of people in attempt to identify traits that appear in clusters

A

Nomothetic Approach

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6
Q

Gordon Allport emphasized…

A

the uniqueness of an individual

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7
Q

Allport’s term for “ego” or “self”

A

Proprium

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8
Q

Allport’s term used to describe a person’s sense of self that is unique, consistent, and central to self

A

Proprium

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9
Q

3 Characteristics of a Healthy Person according to Allport

A
  1. Proactive
  2. Motivated by conscious process
  3. Relatively trauma-free childhood
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10
Q

Freud = Instincts
Eysenck = biologically determined factors
Allport = ?

A

Personal Dispositions (Building blocks of personality)

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11
Q

3 Levels of Personal Dispositions

A
  1. Cardinal
  2. Central
  3. Secondary
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12
Q

Few people have this personl disposition (around 5-10)

A

Central Dispositions

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13
Q

Intensely experienced Dispositions

A

Motivational Dispositions

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14
Q

____guides action ; ____ initiates action

A

stylistic Dispositions; motivational dispositions

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15
Q

2 Motives according to Allport

A
  1. Peripheral Motive
  2. Propriate Strivings
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16
Q

___reduce a need; ___ maintain tension and disequillibrium

A

Peripheral motives; propriate strivings

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17
Q

Allport’s most controversial postulate; Represent a theory of changing rather than unchanging; past motives change within time

A

Functional Autonomy (Theory of Unchanging Motives)

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18
Q

2 Levels of Functional Autonomy

A
  1. Perservative Functional Autonomy
  2. Propriate Functional Autonomy
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19
Q

Elementary among Allport’s 2 levels of Functional Autonomy; Cocnerned with the habitual, repetitive behaviors such as addiction

A

Perseverative Functional Autonomy

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20
Q

Allport’s MASTER SYSTEM of motivation that confers unity on personality; self-sustaining motives that are related to the proprium

A

Propriate Functional Autonomy

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21
Q

Decrease prejudice by interacting with them

A

Contact Hypothesis

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22
Q

3 Different Soruces of Data/Media to examine people according to Catell

A
  1. Person’s LIFE Record observed by other people (L Data)
  2. Self reports (Q Data)
  3. Questionnaires and other TESTS and TECHNIQUES (T Data)
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23
Q

Proponet of the 16 Personality Factors

A

Raymond Cattell

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24
Q

16 PF

A
  1. Abstractedness: Imaginative versus practical
  2. Apprehension: Worried versus confident
  3. Dominance: Forceful versus submissive
  4. Emotional stability: Calm versus high-strung
  5. Liveliness: Spontaneous versus restrained
  6. Openness to change: Flexible versus attached to the familiar
  7. Perfectionism: Controlled versus undisciplined
  8. Privateness: Discreet versus open
  9. Reasoning: Abstract versus concrete
  10. Rule-consciousness: Conforming versus non-conforming
  11. Self-reliance: Self-sufficient versus dependent
  12. Sensitivity: Tender-hearted versus tough-minded
  13. Social boldness: Uninhibited versus shy
  14. Tension: Inpatient versus relaxed
  15. Vigilance: Suspicious versus trusting
  16. Warmth: Outgoing versus reserved
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25
Q

Hans Eysenck’s Theory

A

Biologically Based Factor Theory

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26
Q

Since Eysenck based his taxonomy in both factor analysis and biology, he derived only 3 (Three Personality Dimensions):

A

P - Psyhotism / Superego
E - Extroversion / Introversion
N - Neorotism / Stability

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27
Q

Eysenck’s 4 Level Hierarchy of Behavior Organization

A
  1. Type
  2. Trait
  3. Habits
  4. Specific Acts or Cognitions
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28
Q

Eysenck’s 4 Level Hierarchy of Behavior Organization

A
  1. Type
  2. Trait
  3. Habits
  4. Specific Acts or Cognitions
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29
Q

Eysenck doesn’t accept ___ & ___ because they don’t have any biological explanations

A

AGREEABLENESS
CONSCIOUSNESS

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30
Q

For Eysenck, the difference between INTROVERTS and EXTRAVERTS is

A

Cortical Arousal Level ; Extraverts have lower CAL so they need more stimulation (higher sensory thresholds)

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31
Q

For NEUROTICISM, Eysenck accepted the ____

A

Diathesis-stress Model = people are genetically vulnerable to illnesses

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32
Q

Eysenck established this personality dimension last; high of this leads to vulnerability to psychotic d/os

A

Psychoticism / Superego

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33
Q

Eysenck used ___ to extract 3 bipolar factors

A

Hypothetico-deductive Approach

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34
Q

3 Main Dimensions of Personality according to Eysenck:

A
  1. Temperament
  2. Behavioral Genetics
  3. Brain Research
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35
Q

For Eysenck, personality is accounted by___

A

Heredity = 3/4
Environment = 1/4

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36
Q

He was a research assistant of Charles Spearman

A

Raymond Cattell

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37
Q

Cattell was able to apply new statistical technique by… (Birth of 16PF)

A

Developing questionnaires and tests consisting of personality characteristics, and analyzing data from report cards of students, evaluations from employees, etc.

38
Q

Cattell described the 16 PF in a ____ ; everybody has some degree of every trait

39
Q

Cattell, this data is gathered from one’s life records

40
Q

Cattell, this data is gathered from questionnaires and interviews

41
Q

Cattell, this data is gathered from obejctive tests

42
Q

Cattell: Obvious traits

A

Surface Traits

43
Q

Cattell derived a list of 16 primary or ____ (higher order or “deep” traits)

A

Source Traits

44
Q

Eysenck disagreed to Allport and Cattell and believed that…

A

There are only 2 major dimensios of personality:
1. Intraversion - Extraversion
2. Neuroticism - Stability

45
Q

4 Humors of Personality

A
  1. Phlegmatic
  2. Melancholic
  3. Sanguine
  4. Choleric
46
Q

Humor: Steady, quiet, thinkers

A

Phlegmatic

47
Q

Humor: Perfectionist, eye for detail, heavyhearted

A

Melancholic

48
Q

Humor: Spontaneous, impulsive, fun, jovial, people person

49
Q

Humor: Strong-willed, driven, productive, leaders

50
Q

Introverted Humors

A

Stable: Phlegmatic
Unstable: Melancholic

51
Q

Extroverted Humors

A

Stable: Sanguine
Unstable: Choleric

52
Q

Method od rotating the axes in factor analysis that assumes the independence of primary factors

A

Orthogonal Rotation

53
Q

Method od rotating the axes in factor analysis that assumes some intercorrelations among primary factors

A

Oblique Method

54
Q

3 Classications of Traits

A
  1. Stability and Permanence Traits
  2. Common and Unique Traits
  3. Ability, Temperament, and Dynamic Traits
55
Q

2 Types of Dynamic Traits accordin to Cattell

A
  1. Ergs (Greek for Energy (ERGON))
  2. Meta-ergs (Sentiments)
56
Q

Kind of Dynamic Trait thatsi the basic unit of motivation, innate, and has 11

57
Q

Kind of Dynamic Trait that is learned but can also be unlearned and disappear

58
Q

The relationship among ergs, sentiments, and attitudes

A

Dynamic Lattice

59
Q

What are the Big 5 Personality Traits

A

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

60
Q

Limitations of the Five Factor Theory

A
  1. There may be more than 5 traits (e.g Faithfulness, humility, sexiness)
  2. Does not capture the underlying personality processes / Does not address development (not explaning the “why” behind specific behaviors)
  3. Poor prediction of future behavior
  4. No means of change
61
Q

McCrae and Costa’s term for the universal raw material of personality

A

Basic tendencies

62
Q

In the Big 5 Personality Traits, low levels of this means you can be impulsive

A

Conscientiousness

63
Q

In the Big 5 Personality Traits, low levels of this mean you can be quiet or less engaged in the social world

A

Extraversion

64
Q

In the Big 5 Personality Traits, low levels of this may mean that you can be mistrustful and have difficulty getting along with others

A

Agreeableness

65
Q

In the Big 5 Personality Traits, older adults are lower on____ and higher on___

A

N,E,O ; C, A

66
Q

Cattell used ___ method ; Eysenck used ___ method

A

Inductive ; Deductive

67
Q

For Eysenck, personality is more___

A

Stable an enduring

68
Q

State of the cortex during periods of perceptual of cognitive ability

A

Cortical Arousal

69
Q

Henry Murray’s

A

Psychogenic Needs

70
Q

Henry Murray developed the

A

Thematic Apperception Test

71
Q

Murray took theories from ___ to conceive 2x2 mateix of super traits and believed traits were ___

A

Hippocrates, Jung, et. al ; Genetically-based

72
Q

Murray was focused on basic needs of personality which he called ___ and were largely

A

Psychogenic Needs ; unconscious

73
Q

Murray contended that ___ are significant in the exhibition of psychogenic needs. He called the forces ___

A

Environmental forces ; press

74
Q

For Murray, th real environmental forces are ___ while those merely perceived are ___

A

Alpha press ; beta press

75
Q

Murray narrowed the needs to ___ and focused on 3 which are ___

A

27 ; Power, Affiliation, and Achievement

76
Q

Murray, desire or need to impact other people, to control, or be in a position of influence

A

Need for Power (nPow)

77
Q

More likely to rate an employee higher if that employee flatter the subj w low or moderate rate

78
Q

Murray, spend more time interacting and most like in a social group

79
Q

Those with ___ are also more likely to get lonely

80
Q

More focused on internal motivation

81
Q

For Murray, it is a high complex system of needs we’re motivated by

A

PERSONOLOGY

82
Q

Types of needs for Murray

A

Primary and secondary

83
Q

The five complexes complex of Murray

A
  1. Claustral
  2. Oral
  3. Anal
  4. Urethral
  5. Genetal/Castration
84
Q

Desire to be in small, warm, dark places that are safe and secluded

85
Q

Feelings of insecurity and helplessness that cause fear of open spaces etc involving novelty and change

A

Fear of Insupport Complex

86
Q

Need to escape womblike conditions ; claustrophobia

A

Anti-claustral or Eggression complex

87
Q

Catell’s 6 Stages of Personality Development

A
  1. Infancy
  2. Childhood
  3. Adolescence
  4. Maturity
  5. Late Maturity
  6. Old age
88
Q

Michael Ashton and Kibeom Lee created

A

6 FACTOR model: HEXACO

89
Q

HEXACO

A
  1. Honesty/humility
  2. Emotionality
  3. Extraversion
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Conscientiousness
  6. Openness to Experience
90
Q

Delroy Paulhouse & Kevin Williams proposed

A

The Dark Triad of Personality

91
Q

Dark triad

A
  1. Narcissism
  2. Machiavellianism
  3. Psychopathy
92
Q

Self rating test for dark triad

A

Dirty Dozen Scale

Advanced Theories Of Personality (1 decks)

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