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Physiology > Training,Conditions > Flashcards

Training,Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

components of fitness

A

neural control, muscle strength, range of motion, endurance ability, body composition

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2
Q

adaptations to endurance training

A

CV and respiratory
effects on SV, CO, PV, HR and SBP
VO2 max and LAT as a % of it
larger and more numerous mitochondria
capillarisation, fibre types, myoglobin

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3
Q

Adaptations to strength training

A

neural effect
within muscles - enzymes, ATP stores
hypertrophy
ligaments and tendons

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4
Q

health benefits

A

BP reduction, decr risk of stroke, osteoporosis and heart disease
phsychology

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5
Q

water density vs air density

A

water density&raquo_space; air density

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6
Q

pressure =

A

force/area

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7
Q

ATM =

A

unit of pressure equivalent to the weight of the earth’s atmosphere at sea level

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8
Q

absolute pressure (ATA) is

A

the total ambient pressure on the system being calculated or measured

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9
Q

what is Boyle’s Law

A

vol of a given gas is inversely proportional to pressure
V varies as 1/P
as P increases, V decreases
P1 xV1 = P2 x V2
PxV = constant
several important implications for:
-gas compression in cylinders
-descent/ascent problems,
-buoyancy

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10
Q

Charles’ Law

A

at constant pressure, the vol of a given amount of gas varies directly with temperature
V directly proportionate to T
Heated gas expands, cooled gas contracts - affects tank pressures

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11
Q

General Gas Law

A

Boyles and Charles combined
P1xV1/T = P2V2/T2
rapidly expanding gas cools, rapidly compressing gas heats

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12
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

in a gas mixture total pressure exerted by the mixture is the sum of the pressure that would be exerted by each has if it alone occupied the total volume
Patm =Pn2 + Po2 + Ph2o + Pco2

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13
Q

Henry’s Law

A

quantity of gas which will dissolve in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of gas in contact with the liquid

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14
Q

what factors of interest to divers does pressure affect

A

gas volumes, gas solubility and temeperature

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15
Q

seawater vs freshwater

A

sea water is denser than fresh water so objects are more buoyant in sea water

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16
Q

cold water submersion

A

produces steep temperature gradient and continuous heat loss

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17
Q

Decompression disorders

A

-incr depth = incr absolute pressure in lung
-incr gas ppressure gradient for o2,n2 etc
-incr diffusion into pulmonary circulation til new equilibrium reached
-incr diffusion into tissues
-tissue w high blood flow reach equilibrium
-if ambient pressure drops too quickly (on ascent), gas bubbles formed - bends

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18
Q

what is barotrauma

A

caused by expansion/contraction of gases in existing air space
common sites: middle ear,sinuses, teeth, lungs, mask, diving suit

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19
Q

how is o2 toxicity avoided

A

by diluting with another gas eg He

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20
Q

N2 narcosis

A

likely when air breathing at >30m
euphoria, excitement, mental impairment
mechanism:

diff gases display same narcoti effects at same molar conc in tissues
incr sol=decr ppressure for narcosis
He can replace N2
CO2 accumularte
Co2 work in synergy with N2
co2 >10% respiratory depressant

21
Q

head out immersion CV effects

A

incr external hydrostatic pressure. shifts 500-1000ml from veins in limbs, spleen
incr ECF/plasma volume;incr VR,SV,CO but decr HR/TPR so BP unchanged

22
Q

heat out immersion renal effects

A

incr VR;Incr atrial filling; activating cardiac receptors;release of atrial natriuretic peptide; decr RNSA; decr ADH release; incr renin/aldosterone secretion
increased natriuresis, diuresis

23
Q

breath hold diving

A

breakpoint determined by arterial PCO2 not o2
hypoxic unconsciousness when o2 <25/30mmHg
aided by facial immersion - slows heart down, diverts bf to heart, lungs, brain

24
Q

problems with diving can occur due to

A

pre-dive hyperventilation
shallow water blackout
normally- rise in arterial pCO2 during immersion increases urge to breathe. prevents hypoxic syncope
decr art pCO2, pO2 decr, hypoxic syncope during pCO2 drives break-point

25
Q

deep water blackout

A

syncope on ascent from depth
during dive hypoxia occurs, but pO2>25-30mmHg
on ascent, hydrostatic pressure decreases: pO2 increases as a result, pO2 abruptly<25-30mmHg, hypoxic syncope

26
Q

describe the diving reflex

A

water/cold/mechanical stimulation activates facial skin receptors, tongue/upper airway receptors
triggers 3 primary reflex changes
-apnoea, intense bradycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction
preserves blood flow and oxygenation to brain and lungs
prevents inhalation of water

27
Q

where is the thermoregulation centre and its input

A

hypothalamus; peripheral thermal receptors in skin, central in hypothalamus, SC, viscera, great veins

28
Q

Heat balance equation

A

heat storage = (metabolism-work) - (conduction +convection+evaporation+radiation)

29
Q

what causes increased body temperature

A

heat gain/production>heat loss

30
Q

how can heat be lost from the body

A
  1. radiation - electromagnetic transferred to bodies not in contact
  2. conduction - movement of head to bodies in contact
  3. convection - transfer of heat to a moving gas or liquid
  4. evaporation - heat transfer to the environment as water vaporised from resp passages and skin surface
31
Q

what does total sweat vaporised depend on

A
  1. SA exposed to environment
  2. temp and relative humidity of ambient air
  3. convective air currents aorund the body
32
Q

what is relative humidity

A

amount of water vapour in air at a particular temperature relative to the amount air could maximally hold

33
Q

nervous control of body temp from hypothalamus

A

Intense heat and rigorous exercise
circulatory: cutaenous BF increases lots;CO increases a little; arterial and venous vessels dilate and HR increases
body conserves water (ADH) and salt (aldosterone)

34
Q

water loss in heat

A

can be 3L/hr during intensive exercise
incr core temp proportionate to level of dehydration
fluid loss of >2% body mass - decr performance

35
Q

po2 at sea level

A

760mmHg x 0.21 = 159mmHg

36
Q

po2 at mt everest

A

253mmHg x 0.21 = 53 mmHg

37
Q

effect of low po2 on the o2-Hb dissociation curve

A

high altitude imposes a diffusion limitation. Why? decr diffusion gradient for oxygen exchange. the decreased affinity of Hb for o2 on the steep portion of o2-Hb curve. Inadequate time for equilibration at gas exchange surface

38
Q

lean body mass is due to:

A

increased metabolic rate(7-10%)
decreased appetite (30-40%)
decr total body water: decreased fluid intake, increased urinary water loss and or increased respiratory water loss. decreased absorption from intestine

39
Q

acute mountain sickness >3000m definition

A

occurs due to failure to acclimatise
4hrs-1week
definition: headache for +1 or more of the following: loss of appetite, nausea or vomiting, fatigue, dizziness or lightheadedness, blue fingernails, insomnia

40
Q

risk factors for acute altitude sickness

A

previous acute mountain sickness; fast ascent; sleeping at altitude

41
Q

pulmonary and cerebral oedema symptoms

A

pulmonary: dyspnea upon exertion, persistant cough, pain or pressure in substernal area, headache, nausea.
cerebral: disruption of vision, bladder and bowel dysfunction, paralysis, increased intracranial pressure

42
Q

when does pulmonary and cerebral oedema occur due to

A

occurs despite acclimatisation
excessive polycythemia; pulmonary hypertension;right sided heart failure; decreaased mental and physical capacity

43
Q

describe the effect of a diuretic on urine output

A

incr urine volume by increasing the excretion of water
eg increase secretion of na, increasing water loss

44
Q

how is natriuresis achieved

A

through a direct action on the cells of the nephron and the modification of Na+ handling

45
Q

how do thiazides work

A

eg fendroflumethiazide
-act directly on DCT of nephron, binding to the CL- binding site on the Na+/Cl- cotransporter, inhibiting its activity and increasing the excretion of Na and Cl
-since water is reabsorbed as a result of the osmotic gradient created via Na+ reabsorption, water reabsorption is also decreased and a diuresis occurs
-has a hypotensive effect, decr BV and part is thought to be due to a direct effect on vasc SM

46
Q

describe loop diuretics

A

eg furosemide
most powerful
inhibition of Na+, 2Cl-, K+ co transporter by binding to its Cl- binding site
reduce BP by reducing BV, and also have vasodilatory effects

47
Q

side effects of diuretics

A

K+ loss
hypokalaemia (abnormally low plasma K+)
about 95% of filtered K+ is reabsorbed before DCT, 5% of filtered load can be reabsorbed or secreted depending on what is required to keep K+ levels constant

48
Q

potassium sparing diuretics

A

eg amiloride
causes only limited diuresis because they target the CD(only 2% of Na+ reabsorption)

Physiology (4 decks)

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