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Physiology > Training,Conditions > Flashcards

Training,Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

components of fitness

A

neural control, muscle strength, range of motion, endurance ability, body composition

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2
Q

adaptations to endurance training

A

CV and respiratory
effects on SV, CO, PV, HR and SBP
VO2 max and LAT as a % of it
larger and more numerous mitochondria
capillarisation, fibre types, myoglobin

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3
Q

Adaptations to strength training

A

neural effect
within muscles - enzymes, ATP stores
hypertrophy
ligaments and tendons

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4
Q

health benefits

A

BP reduction, decr risk of stroke, osteoporosis and heart disease
phsychology

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5
Q

water density vs air density

A

water density&raquo_space; air density

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6
Q

pressure =

A

force/area

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7
Q

ATM =

A

unit of pressure equivalent to the weight of the earth’s atmosphere at sea level

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8
Q

absolute pressure (ATA) is

A

the total ambient pressure on the system being calculated or measured

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9
Q

what is Boyle’s Law

A

vol of a given gas is inversely proportional to pressure
V varies as 1/P
as P increases, V decreases
P1 xV1 = P2 x V2
PxV = constant
several important implications for:
-gas compression in cylinders
-descent/ascent problems,
-buoyancy

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10
Q

Charles’ Law

A

at constant pressure, the vol of a given amount of gas varies directly with temperature
V directly proportionate to T
Heated gas expands, cooled gas contracts - affects tank pressures

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11
Q

General Gas Law

A

Boyles and Charles combined
P1xV1/T = P2V2/T2
rapidly expanding gas cools, rapidly compressing gas heats

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12
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

in a gas mixture total pressure exerted by the mixture is the sum of the pressure that would be exerted by each has if it alone occupied the total volume
Patm =Pn2 + Po2 + Ph2o + Pco2

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13
Q

Henry’s Law

A

quantity of gas which will dissolve in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of gas in contact with the liquid

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14
Q

what factors of interest to divers does pressure affect

A

gas volumes, gas solubility and temeperature

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15
Q

seawater vs freshwater

A

sea water is denser than fresh water so objects are more buoyant in sea water

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16
Q

cold water submersion

A

produces steep temperature gradient and continuous heat loss

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17
Q

Decompression disorders

A

-incr depth = incr absolute pressure in lung
-incr gas ppressure gradient for o2,n2 etc
-incr diffusion into pulmonary circulation til new equilibrium reached
-incr diffusion into tissues
-tissue w high blood flow reach equilibrium
-if ambient pressure drops too quickly (on ascent), gas bubbles formed - bends

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18
Q

what is barotrauma

A

caused by expansion/contraction of gases in existing air space
common sites: middle ear,sinuses, teeth, lungs, mask, diving suit

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19
Q

how is o2 toxicity avoided

A

by diluting with another gas eg He

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20
Q

N2 narcosis

A

likely when air breathing at >30m
euphoria, excitement, mental impairment
mechanism:

diff gases display same narcoti effects at same molar conc in tissues
incr sol=decr ppressure for narcosis
He can replace N2
CO2 accumularte
Co2 work in synergy with N2
co2 >10% respiratory depressant

21
Q

head out immersion CV effects

A

incr external hydrostatic pressure. shifts 500-1000ml from veins in limbs, spleen
incr ECF/plasma volume;incr VR,SV,CO but decr HR/TPR so BP unchanged

22
Q

heat out immersion renal effects

A

incr VR;Incr atrial filling; activating cardiac receptors;release of atrial natriuretic peptide; decr RNSA; decr ADH release; incr renin/aldosterone secretion
increased natriuresis, diuresis

23
Q

breath hold diving

A

breakpoint determined by arterial PCO2 not o2
hypoxic unconsciousness when o2 <25/30mmHg
aided by facial immersion - slows heart down, diverts bf to heart, lungs, brain

24
Q

problems with diving can occur due to

A

pre-dive hyperventilation
shallow water blackout
normally- rise in arterial pCO2 during immersion increases urge to breathe. prevents hypoxic syncope
decr art pCO2, pO2 decr, hypoxic syncope during pCO2 drives break-point

25
deep water blackout
syncope on ascent from depth during dive hypoxia occurs, but pO2>25-30mmHg on ascent, hydrostatic pressure decreases: pO2 increases as a result, pO2 abruptly<25-30mmHg, hypoxic syncope
26
describe the diving reflex
water/cold/mechanical stimulation activates facial skin receptors, tongue/upper airway receptors triggers 3 primary reflex changes -apnoea, intense bradycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction preserves blood flow and oxygenation to brain and lungs prevents inhalation of water
27
where is the thermoregulation centre and its input
hypothalamus; peripheral thermal receptors in skin, central in hypothalamus, SC, viscera, great veins
28
Heat balance equation
heat storage = (metabolism-work) - (conduction +convection+evaporation+radiation)
29
what causes increased body temperature
heat gain/production>heat loss
30
how can heat be lost from the body
1. radiation - electromagnetic transferred to bodies not in contact 2. conduction - movement of head to bodies in contact 3. convection - transfer of heat to a moving gas or liquid 4. evaporation - heat transfer to the environment as water vaporised from resp passages and skin surface
31
what does total sweat vaporised depend on
1. SA exposed to environment 2. temp and relative humidity of ambient air 3. convective air currents aorund the body
32
what is relative humidity
amount of water vapour in air at a particular temperature relative to the amount air could maximally hold
33
nervous control of body temp from hypothalamus
Intense heat and rigorous exercise circulatory: cutaenous BF increases lots;CO increases a little; arterial and venous vessels dilate and HR increases body conserves water (ADH) and salt (aldosterone)
34
water loss in heat
can be 3L/hr during intensive exercise incr core temp proportionate to level of dehydration fluid loss of >2% body mass - decr performance
35
po2 at sea level
760mmHg x 0.21 = 159mmHg
36
po2 at mt everest
253mmHg x 0.21 = 53 mmHg
37
effect of low po2 on the o2-Hb dissociation curve
high altitude imposes a diffusion limitation. Why? decr diffusion gradient for oxygen exchange. the decreased affinity of Hb for o2 on the steep portion of o2-Hb curve. Inadequate time for equilibration at gas exchange surface
38
lean body mass is due to:
increased metabolic rate(7-10%) decreased appetite (30-40%) decr total body water: decreased fluid intake, increased urinary water loss and or increased respiratory water loss. decreased absorption from intestine
39
acute mountain sickness >3000m definition
occurs due to failure to acclimatise 4hrs-1week definition: headache for +1 or more of the following: loss of appetite, nausea or vomiting, fatigue, dizziness or lightheadedness, blue fingernails, insomnia
40
risk factors for acute altitude sickness
previous acute mountain sickness; fast ascent; sleeping at altitude
41
pulmonary and cerebral oedema symptoms
pulmonary: dyspnea upon exertion, persistant cough, pain or pressure in substernal area, headache, nausea. cerebral: disruption of vision, bladder and bowel dysfunction, paralysis, increased intracranial pressure
42
when does pulmonary and cerebral oedema occur due to
occurs despite acclimatisation excessive polycythemia; pulmonary hypertension;right sided heart failure; decreaased mental and physical capacity
43
describe the effect of a diuretic on urine output
incr urine volume by increasing the excretion of water eg increase secretion of na, increasing water loss
44
how is natriuresis achieved
through a direct action on the cells of the nephron and the modification of Na+ handling
45
how do thiazides work
eg fendroflumethiazide -act directly on DCT of nephron, binding to the CL- binding site on the Na+/Cl- cotransporter, inhibiting its activity and increasing the excretion of Na and Cl -since water is reabsorbed as a result of the osmotic gradient created via Na+ reabsorption, water reabsorption is also decreased and a diuresis occurs -has a hypotensive effect, decr BV and part is thought to be due to a direct effect on vasc SM
46
describe loop diuretics
eg furosemide most powerful inhibition of Na+, 2Cl-, K+ co transporter by binding to its Cl- binding site reduce BP by reducing BV, and also have vasodilatory effects
47
side effects of diuretics
K+ loss hypokalaemia (abnormally low plasma K+) about 95% of filtered K+ is reabsorbed before DCT, 5% of filtered load can be reabsorbed or secreted depending on what is required to keep K+ levels constant
48
potassium sparing diuretics
eg amiloride causes only limited diuresis because they target the CD(only 2% of Na+ reabsorption)

Physiology (4 decks)

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