Training Adaptations

Question 1

What are acute adaptations?

What are chronic adaptations?

Answer 1

• Acute Adaptions (responses) to exercise = changes that occur in the body during and shortly after exercise bout
  
  • e.g. creatine phosphate depletion
• Chronic Adaptions = changes in body that occur after repeated training bouts and persist long after a training session is over
  
  • e.g muscle mass gain.

Question 2

What are major characteristics of muscle fiber types?

Answer 2

Question 3

What are the 4 factors the affect adaptations to aerobic/resistance training?

Answer 3

• Genetics
• Age
• Specificity
• Sex

Question 4

How do the following affect aerobic adaptation?

• Specificity
• Genetics
  
  • What % of genetics account for what % VO2 max an HR Max?
• Sex
  
  • Describe sex differences for:
    
    • Lean muscle mass
    • Bodyfat
    • Heart size
    • Lung Size
    • Blood volume
    • Cardiac output
    • Stroke Volume
    • O2 consumption
  • How do these differences impact adaptations?
• Age
  
  • How does VO2 max change with age

Answer 4

• Specificity
  
  • All endurance adaptations will be specific to the type of endurance training
• Genetics
  
  • ​Our ability to adapt and perform are limited by ceiling of genetic potential
  • Genetic factors account for 20-30% of VO2 max and 50% differences in max HR
• Sex
  
  • Changes are similar, but sex differences affect absolute amounts of changes
    
    • ​Smaller absolute adaptations than males, but similar relative (percent adaptations)
  • Lean muscle mass = women have less
  • Bodyfat = women have more
  • Heart size = women have smaller
  • Lung Size = women have smaller
  • Blood volume = women have smaller
  • Cardiac output = women have lower
  • Stroke Volume = women have lower
  • O2 consumption = women have lower than males when exercising @ 50% VO2 max
• Age
  
  • As children age, VO2 max ↑
    
    • Peak at 12-15 for females
    • Peaks at 17-21 for males​
  • VO2 max plateaus (after peaking at above ages) then gradual ↓ with age
  • Aerobic training results in only slight age related ↓ in VO2 max if training maintained

Question 5

• What is the general principle of how specificity influences RT adaptations?
• What are 2 types of specificity that incluence RT adaptations?

Answer 5

• Specificity in resistance training – effects of resistance training specific to muscle action mode in which exercise performed

1. ​Specificity in type/mode of exercise = you get better at the mode you train
2. Specificity in velocity of exercise = you get better at the speed you train at

Question 6

• Resistance trianing mode specificity
  
  • What is relationship between dynamic and static exercises?
  • What maximizes strength increase in out of gym performance?
  • Give examples for strength test/training
  • Isometric training and free weight performance relationship?
• Resistance training velocity specificity
  
  • How training velocity impacts testing results
  • What type of training improves power production?

Answer 6

• ​Type of Exercise
  
  • Poor correlation between dynamic and static exercise and strength
    
    • E.g. static training doesn’t give dynamic strength
  • Strength increases largest when tested in modes similar to training
  • Training with weights = strong with weights
  • Trianing with isokinetic exercises= strong with isokinetic tests
• Velocity Specificity
  
  • Strength increases greatest when individuals tested in situations involving muscle actions at velocities similar to those experienced in training
  • Power production more improved with plyometric-type training than with slow-velocity, heavy resistance

Question 7

How does sex influence RT adaptation?

How does sex influence notice starting point?

Answer 7

• Sex – males and females respond similarly to resistance training, but start with quantitative differences in strength, muscle mass, and hormone levels

Question 8

• Describe body size differences between sexes.
  
  • What are these differences result of?
• Describe sex differences in upper and lower body strength
• How does sex influence force production capability
  
  • Describe strength differences in relation to body comp
  • Sex influence on muscle CSA per unit

Answer 8

• Differences in body size and composition
  
  • Men larger, more muscle mass ➔ differences in strength
  • Women higher percentage of body fat ➔ less muscle per pound of bodyweight
  • Size/composition differences from differences in hormone levels
• Body strength sex differences
  
  • Similar lower body strength
  • Men stronger upper body strength
• Force production capability of given ammount of muscle not affected by sex
  
  • Strength differneces shrink when comparing strength to fat free mass
  • Sex differeces negligible when comparing per unit of muscle CSA

Question 9

• What impact does age have on RT adaptations?
• What 2 things declines with age. What is it called and at what age does decline begin?
• Which motor units are most impacted by age?
• How can these effects be moderated and reversed?
• 3 things does RT increase in elderly?
  
  • Function
  • performance
  • Size

Answer 9

• Age → diminished ability to produce force and deminished speed of force production
• Sarcopenia: progressive decline of muscle mass (and potentially muscle quality) starting in 30’s.
• High-threshold, fast-twitch muscle fibers lost with age → deminished ability to quickly generate force
• With high intensity RT

1. Muscle function
2. General motor performance
3. Type I and II muscle fiber size

Question 10

• How do genetics infleunce RT adaptations?
• How do genetic infleunce combine with sex and age?

Answer 10

• Genetics influence relative % of type I and II fibers, which places limits on hypertrophy, explosive and aerobic endurance capabilities
• Sex plays role in gene expression, additional ceiling on hypertrophy and strength
• Age limits available muscle mass and propagation of action potentials limiting speed and strength of movement

Question 11

What is difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

What on a cellular level, what 3 things occur during hypertrophy?

Answer 11

• Hypertrophy = ↑ in muscle size
  
  1. ↑ in # of contractile proteins (actin and myosin) within in myofibrils, which ↑ myofibril size
  2. ↑ in # of myofibrils in muscle cell/fiber
  3. Both 1 and 2 → ↑ myofibril diameter → ↑muscle cell/fiber diameter
• Hyperplasia (not proven to occur in humans) = increasing number of muscle fibers by splitting of existing myofibrils into daughter myofibrils

Question 12

How does blood supply influence CT adaptations?

Answer 12

• Ligaments and tendons have poor blood supply and relatively few living cells w/in extracellular material ➔ prolonged adaption time

Question 13

What adaptations likely occur in tendons and ligaments in response to aerobic training? What intensity is required?

Answer 13

• Ligament/tendon strength and thickness ↑ if intensity > daily activity and systematic increases in intensity to ensure progressive overload
  
  • Low to moderate intensities not markedly change in collagen content of connective tissue
  • Intensity must be greater than that applied in daily activities

Question 14

What are likely adaptations in tendons and ligaments in response to RT?

Answer 14

• ↑ Ligament and tendon strength
• ↑ Tendon stiffness
  
  • Long-term adaptations in tendons, ligaments, and fascia stimulated through progressive high intensity loading patterns using external resistances

Question 15

• What adaptations occur in cartilage in response to aerobic training?
• In response to RT?

Answer 15

• Moderate running program may ↑ cartilage thickness
• Moderate intensity resistance training may ↑ cartilage thickness

Question 16

What adaptions occur to bone in response to AET? How to maximize adaptions?

In response to RT? How to maximize adaptions?

Answer 16

• AET =
  
  • No ∆ if intensity low
  • ↑ if intensity high enough – high intensity interval training = best
    
    • Requires intensity that consistently exceeds strain on bone than placed during usual daily activities
• RT =
  
  • No ∆ if intensity not high enough
  • ↑ in BMD and bone strength is intensity high enough
    
    • ↑ in muscle strength and size → ↑ in mechanical stress on bones during exercise → stimulation of bone growth mechanisms

Question 17

What is the process called that of building bone? What are mechanisms that increase BMD?

Answer 17

• Remodeling = constant process of destroying/building bone
  
  • Osteoclasts = cells that break down bone
  • Osteoblasts = cells that stimulate bone synthesis

Question 18

• What is general recommendation for increasing BMD?
  
  • Increase with _ aet, _, _, _combo
• What are 4 recommendations for AET program design for increasing BMD?
  
  • _ = ineffective
  • _ + _ = better than above
  • _ with _ loading ↓ age related bone loss
  • _ ↑ bone mass
• What are 4 recommendations for RT program design for increasing BMD?
  
  • __joint, _ exercsises that involve _
  • Exercises that direct a_
  • _ load exercises, _ impact exercises
  • _ overload, increasing _

Answer 18

• ↑ BMD with high intensity weight-bearing aerobic exercise, plyometrics, resistance training, or combo
• Aerobic exercises
  
  1. Walking ≠effective in preventing bone loss with aging
  2. Walking + intermittent jogging = better than just walking
  3. Jogging with Higher-intensity bone loading forces ↓ age related bone loss
  4. High intensity weight bearing exercises ↑ bone mass
• Resistance Training
  
  1. Multi-joint, structural exercises that involve many muscle groups
  2. Exercises that direct axial force vectors through spine and hip
  3. Heavy load exercises, high impact exercises
  4. Progressive overload, increasing load exposed to tissues

Question 19

• How to help conserve FFM when in deficit?
• What is relationship between aerobic activity and amount of fat loss?
  
  • What levels are recommended for: minimal, moderate, and high weight loss?

Answer 19

• Aerobic endurance training + deficit = help conserve fat free mass
• Dose response relationship between amount of aerobic activity and amount of fat loss
  
  • >150 minutes moderate activity = minimal weight loss
  • <150 minutes - moderate
  • 225-420 = high weight loss

Question 20

What 2 changes in BF stores occur in resposne to resistance training?

Give 3 points of interest for fat loss relating to RT

Answer 20

1. ↓ % body fat
2. ↑ Fat free mass
3. Higher volume burns more calories than lower volume
4. Resistance training elevates metabolism during recovery period
5. ↑ in FFM may ↑ RMR and TDEE

Question 21

What are 4 possible chronic adaptions to neuromuscular system in response to AET?

• Efficiency
• MU discharge rate
• MU recruitment threshold
• Decline of MU conduction velocity during sustained contactions

Answer 21

1. ↑ neural efficiency
2. ↓ motor unit discharge rate
3. ↓ motor unit recruitment thresholds
4. ↓ in decline rate of motor unit conduction velocity during sustained contractions

Question 22

• How do specific modes of training dictate neural adaptions?
• 3 ways heavy resistance training leads to maximal strength/power of trained muscles?
• 2 ways neurological adaptions from AET imrpove performace

Answer 22

• You become more neurologically efficient at what you practice
• Heavy resistance → maximal strength gains b/c
  
  1. ↑ in motor unit recruitment
     
     • To meet force production needs
  2. ↑ firing rate
  3. Greater synchronization of neural discharge → improved coordination of muscle activity of multiple muscles
• 2 ways neurological adaptions from AET imrpove performace

1. Improved movement mechanics
2. Delay in fatigue of contractile mechanisms

Question 23

Answer 23

Question 24

What adaptions occur within muscle cell in response to aerobic training?

1. Type 1 CSA
2. Fber type distribution
3. capillary supply
4. Mitochondrial density
5. oxidative enzyme activity
6. intermuscular stores of glycogen
7. Myoglobin Concentration

Answer 24

1. No change or small increase in Type 1 CSA
2. Shift in muscle fiber type distribution Type 2 ➔ Type 1
   
   1. Small ↑ % of Type 1 fibers
   2. Small ↓ % Type 2x fibers
3. ↑ capillary supply ➔ ↑ blood flow to better feed muscles nutrients and pick up waste
4. ↑ mitochondrial density (↑ size and number of mitochondria per cell)
5. ↑ oxidative enzyme activity ➔ ↑ rate of slow oxidative system
6. ↑ intermuscular stores of glycogen ➔ slower to fatigue aka better endurance
7. ↑ Myoglobin Concentration (iron-containing protein in muscle cells, acts as reservoir and transport of oxygen within muscle to mitochondria) ➔ ↑ transport of O2 to mitochondria

Question 25

What 11 adaptions occur within muscle cell in response to RT?

• Type 1 CSA
• Type 2 CSA
• % Type 2a
• % Type 2x
• % Type 1
• Absolute levels of:
  
  • Phosphagen system enzymes
  • Glycogen system enzymes
  • ATP
  • CP
• Concentration of
  
  • Phosphagen system enzymes
  • Glycogen system enzymes
  • ATP
  • CP
• ATP and CP changes during exercise
• Lactate increase during exercise

Answer 25

1. ↑ Type 1 CSA (small)
   
   • Even with heavy lifting, Type 1 Muscle fibers ↑ b/c of size principle for motor unit recruitment
2. ↑ Type 2 (↑ > Type 1 ↑)
3. ↑ % Type 2a
4. ↓ % Type 2x
5. No ∆ % Type 1
6. ↑ absolute levels of:
   
   • Phosphagen system enzymes
   • Glycogen system enzymes
   • ATP
   • CP
7. Potential ↑ in Concentration of
   
   • Phosphagen system enzymes
   • Glycogen system enzymes
   • ATP
   • CP
8. ↓ ATP and CP changes during exercise
9. ↓ Lactate increase during exercise

Question 26

3 possible chronic neurological system adaptions to RT?

• Motor unit _ and _
• EMG during max muscle contractions
• _-Contraction

Answer 26

1. ↑ Motor unit recruitment and firing unit rate
   
   1. Able to recruit more motor units
      
      • Untrained folks are generally unable to activate all motor units, resistance training ↑ ability to recruit more motor units
2. ↑ in EMG amplitude during maximal muscle contractions
   
   1. EMG measures the muscular response to neurological electrical activity
   2. EMG activity corelates to strength of muscle contraction and number of activated muscles
   3. Higher voltage – stronger contraction, more activated muscle fiber
3. ↓ Co-contraction (simultaneous activation of agonist and antagonist muscles) ↓ antagonist torque that must be overcome by agonist → ↑ strength expression

Question 27

What are acute cardiorespiratory responses during aerobic exercise?

1. Heart Rate
2. Stroke Volume
3. Cardiac output
4. Total Peripheral Resistance
5. blood flow to coronary vasculature and coronary artery diameter
6. Skeletal muscle blood flow
7. Splanchnic blood flow
8. Mean Arterial Pressure =
9. Systolic Blood Pressure
10. Diastolic blood pressure
11. Rate Pressure Product RPP
12. Plasma volume
13. Hematocrit

Answer 27

1. ↑ Heart Rate
2. ↑ Stroke Volume = EDV-ESV
   
   • End Diastolic Volume = blood in ventricles after filling
   • End Systolic Volume = blood in ventricles after contraction
   • Frank-Starling mechanism = stroke volume increases proportional to volume of blood filling heart (EDV)
     
     1. ↑ venous blood to heart stretches heart walls
     2. ↑ elastic contractile force from stretch in heart walls
     3. a + b = ↑ in blood ejected from left ventricle
3. ↑ Cardiac output = HR x SV
4. ↓ Total Peripheral Resistance (resistance to blood flow caused by exercise, nervous stimulation, metabolism, and environmental stress)
   
   • Result of vasodilation which occurs to divert blood to working muscle
5. ↑ blood flow to coronary vasculature and coronary artery diameter
6. ↑ Skeletal muscle blood flow
7. ↓ Splanchnic blood flow
8. ↑ Mean Arterial Pressure = average blood pressure through cardiac cycle
   
   • MAP = DBP + [.333 x (SBP-DBP)]
   • MAP = Q x TPR
9. ↑ Systolic Blood Pressure
10. No ∆/ slight ↓ Diastolic blood pressure
11. ↑ Rate Pressure Product RPP (estimation of work of heart) = HR x SBP
12. ↓ Plasma volume (as ↑ in BP forces plasma from blood into intercellular space)
13. ↑ Hematocrit (proportion of blood that is red blood cells)

Question 28

What are 4 accute respiratory responses to aerobic exercise?

Answer 28

1. ↑ Pulmonary Minute Ventilation (Ve) = BR x TV
2. ↑ Breathing Rate
3. ↑ Tidal Volume
4. ↑ Respiratory Exchange Rate or Respiratory Quotient = VCO2/Vo2
   
   • As RQ/REE approaches 1, increase in percentage of energy derived from

Question 29

What are 5 acute cardiorespiratory changes to acute RT?

1. HR
2. SV
3. SBP and DBP
4. Cardiac Output
5. VO2

Answer 29

1. ↑ HR
2. ↑ SV
3. ↑ SBP and DBP
4. ↑ Cardiac Output (Q)
5. ↑ VO2

Question 30

What cardiorespiratory adaptions in response to chronic aerobic training?

• Heart
  
  1. ↑ Left ventricular _ chamber diameter
  2. ↑ _ muscle thickness
  3. ↑ _ muscle thickness
• Blood
  
  1. ↑ Blood _
  2. ↑ _ blood volume (rapid)
  3. ↑ _ blood cell volume (takes few weeks)
• Blood Pressure
  
  1. ↓ _ blood pressure
• Respiratory system
  
  1. ↑ _ muscle endurance
  2. ↑ Respiratory muscle _

Answer 30

• Heart
  
  1. ↑ Left ventricular end-diastolic chamber diameter
  2. ↑ Left ventricular muscle thickness
  3. ↑ Coronary ventricular muscle thickness
• Blood
  
  1. ↑ Blood volume
  2. ↑ Plasma blood volume (rapid)
  3. ↑ Red blood cell volume (takes few weeks)
• Blood Pressure
  
  1. ↓ Resting blood pressure
• Respiratory system
  
  1. ↑ Ventilatory muscle endurance
  2. ↑ Respiratory muscle aerobic enzymes

Question 31

What are 10 cardiorespiratory adaptions to chronic RT training?

1. Resting HR
2. Resting BP
3. Rate Pressure Product
4. absolute magnitude of stroke volume
5. _ wall thickness
6. capillarization in proportion to muscle growth
7. Mitochondrial density
8. Myoglobin concentration
9. LDL-cholesterol
10. HDL-cholesteral
11. Total cholesterol

Answer 31

1. ↓ Resting HR
2. ↓ Resting BP
3. ↓ Rate Pressure Product = HR x SBP, a measure of myocardial work
4. ↑ absolute magnitude of stroke volume, it ↑ in proportion to lean body mass ↑
5. ↑ in left ventricular wall thickness, proportional to body mass ↑
6. ↑ capillarization in proportion to muscle growth
7. ↓ Mitochondrial density
8. ↓ Myoglobin concentration
9. No ∆ or slight↓ in LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol
10. No ∆ or slight ↑ in HDL-cholesterol

Question 32

What are metabolic adaptions in response to AET?

1. Lactate threshold
2. Stored ATP,
3. Stored creatine phosphate
4. Stored glycogen
5. Stored triglycerides
6. Phosphagen and glycogen enzyme activity
7. Mitochondrial and capillary density
8. Reliance on fat as energy source
9. Use of carbohydrates during _ exercise

Answer 32

1. ↑ Lactate threshold
2. ↑ Stored ATP, creatine phosphate, glycogen, and triglycerides
3. ↑ Phosphagen and glycogen enzyme activity
4. ↑ Mitochondrial and capillary density
5. ↑ reliance on fat as energy source
6. ↓ use of carbohydrates during submaximal exercise

Question 33

What are 6 metabolic adaptions from RT?

• substrate absolute levels
• Enzyme absolute levels
• substrate concentration
• enzyme concentration
• substrate changes during exercise
• __ ↑ during exercise

Answer 33

1. ↑ Absolute levels of CP and ATP
2. ↑ Absolute levels of phosphagen system and glycolytic system enzymes
3. Potential ↑ concentration of CP and ATP
4. Potential ↑ in concentration of phosphagen and glycolytic systems enzymes
5. ↓ CP and ATP changes during exercise
6. ↓ Lactate ↑ during exercise

Question 34

What are acute metabolic responses to Aerobic exercise?

1. Oxygen consumption (_)
2. Arteriovenous oxygen difference
3. Blood lactate
4. Blood pH

Answer 34

1. ↑ Oxygen consumption VO2
   
   1. Calculate VO2 with Fick equation. VO2 = Q x a-vO2 difference
2. ↑ Arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-vO2)
3. ↑ Blood lactate
4. ↓ Blood pH

Question 35

What are acute metabolic responses to RT session?

1. Hydrogen ion concentration
2. CP concentration
3. Inorganic Phosphate concentration
4. Glycogen concentration
5. Ammonia levels
6. ATP concentration

Answer 35

1. ↑ Hydrogen ion concentration
2. ↑ Inorganic Phosphate concentration
3. ↑ Ammonia levels
4. ↓ CP concentration
5. ↓ Glycogen concentration
6. No ∆ or slight ↓ ATP concentration

Question 36

What are hormonal responses during aerobic exercise?

1. Catecholamines
2. Glucagon
3. Insulin
4. Insulin sensitivity
5. Cortisol @ low to moderate intensity
6. Cortisol @ moderate to vigorous intensity ( > _% VO2 max)
7. Growth hormone

Answer 36

• ↑ Catecholamines
  
  1. to facilitate cardiovascular changes (e.g. norepinephrine and epinephrine, fight or flight hormones to help deliver blood/oxygen to working muscles)
• ↑ Glucagon
  
  1. to stimulate conversation of plasma glycogen to glucose
• ↓ Insulin + ↑ Insulin sensitivity
  
  1. Prevents glucose transport to non-working cells so glucose can be used for exercise energy
  2. ↑ glucagon + ↓ insulin = enhanced fat breakdown in tissue + ↑ fatty acids as fuel source
• ↓ Cortisol @ low to moderate intensity
  
  1. • ↑ Cortisol @ moderate to vigorous intensity ( > 60% VO2 max)
  2. Cortisol promotes use of fats
  3. Stimulates conversion of proteins for aerobic systems/glycolysis
• ↑ Growth hormone
  
  1. Works with cortisol and glucagon to make fats and carbohydrates available for metabolism

Question 37

What are 4 hormonal responses to a RT session? (ECTG)

Answer 37

• ↑ Epinephrine concentration
• ↑ Cortisol concentration
• ↑ Testosterone concentration
• ↑ Growth hormone concentration

Question 38

What is overall hormonal adaption to AET?

In what 2 ways does this manifest (think in terms of rise and fall of specific hormones, what hormones?)

• _ response in _ @ same absolute level of submax intensity
  
  1. _ in _ of e_, n_, g_, c_, and g_
  2. _ in size of insulin _during submaximal exercise
     
     • _moderate/intense exercise ➔ _ can last _ hours.
     • Acute effects of exercise _, but this is not _

Answer 38

• Blunted response in hormone release @ same absolute level of submax intensity
  
  1. ↓ in rise of epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone
  2. ↓ in size of insulin decrease during submaximal exercise
     
     • Acute moderate/intense exercise ➔ ↑ insulin sensitivity that can last 72 hours.
     • Acute effects of exercise can improve long-term glucose control, but this is not a result of chronic adaption in muscle function

Question 39

What are 3 hormonal adaptions in response to RT?

(magnitutde, concentrations, sensitivity)

Answer 39

1. No ∆ in resting Growth Hormone concentrations, but cumulative effect of acute ↑ in GH → ↑ hypertrophy
2. ↑ in magnitude of endocrine response
3. ↑ Tissue sensitivity to hormone by ↑ quantity of hormone receptors

Question 40

What are 3 psychological changes in response to chronic exercise?

Answer 40

1. ↑ Serotonin and norepinephrine levels
2. ↓ State anxiety symptoms
3. ↑ Cognition (particularly with aerobic fitness)

Question 41

What are 3 adaptions from chronic exercise that that improve cognition?

1. _ changes
2. _ factors
3. _ efficency

Answer 41

1. Vascular changes = better blood flow to brain à more nutrients to support healthy neural tissue and neural processes
2. Neurotrophic factors = agents that preserve and nourish brain tissue
   
   1. ↑ expression of genes that code for neurotrophic factors
      
      1. Positive relationship with VO2 max and brain tissue density
3. Neural Efficiency = improved CNS fatigue resistance over course of sustained mental effort à ↑mental function

Question 42

• What is gene associated with Alzheimers and what is its association?
• What is relationship between this gene and exercise?

Answer 42

• APOE e4 =g ene that →↑ risk cognitive impairment/Alzheimer’s
• People with APOE e4 have larger magnitude of effect for benefits of exercise and detriments of inactivity

Question 43

• What are 2 effects of exercise in relationship between anxiety and chronic exercise?

1. Feel better effect = Change in _
   
   • Stress/Anxiety symptoms reduction
     
     1. _ nature may contribute to stress reduction
     2. Feel better following intense exercise might be due to _ responses (↑ _ and _(e.g. _)
2. _ effect = metabolic _ → _ production during exercise → relaxation

Answer 43

1. Feel better effect = Change in psychological state from exercise
   
   • Stress/Anxiety symptoms reduction
     
     1. Rhythmic nature may contribute to stress reduction
     2. Feel better following intense exercise might be due to physiological responses (↑ beta endorphin and neurotransmitters (e.g. serotonin)
2. Thermogenic effect = metabolic inefficiency → heat production during exercise → relaxation

Question 44

How effective is exercise for treating clinical depression?

What are 3 ways exercise influences depression symptoms? What other brain condition does it influence?

Answer 44

• Appears as effective as medication for people experiencing clinical depression
• Exercise elevates levels of biogenic amines in the brain → ↓ depression and Parkinson’s
  
  1. ↑Serotonin (neurotransmitter) levels
  2. ↑Dopamine levels and receptor binding sensitivity
  3. ↑Norepinephrine levels ↑ with exercise

Question 45

Answer 45

Question 46

Answer 46

Question 47

Answer 47

Question 48

Answer 48

Question 49

• Post exercise hypotension = _-_ mmHg _ from aerobic exercise
• Aerobic exercise _ both SBP and DBP by _-_mmHg

Answer 49

• Post exercise hypotension = 5-7 mmHg drop from aerobic exercise
• Aerobic exercise decreases both SBP and DBP by 4-7mmHg

Question 50

Answer 50

Question 51

Answer 51

Question 52

Answer 52