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NSB236 > Traima Part 4 > Flashcards

Traima Part 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the duration for callus formation following a fracture?

A

2-6 weeks

Callus formation is part of the healing process after a fracture.

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2
Q

What is the duration for ossification (bone formation) after a fracture?

A

3 weeks to 6 months

Ossification is the process where new bone is formed.

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3
Q

What is the duration for remodeling after a fracture?

A

6 weeks to 1 year

Remodeling is the final phase of bone healing.

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4
Q

What are the 6 P’s of neurovascular assessment?

A
  • Pain
  • Pallor
  • Paralysis
  • Paraesthesia
  • Pulses
  • Polar

These are signs to assess for neurovascular compromise.

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5
Q

What are the types of trauma investigations?

A
  • Physical assessment
  • ECG
  • Serum profiles
  • Radiological investigations
  • Sonography

These investigations help determine the extent of trauma.

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6
Q

What can increased compartment pressure lead to?

A
  • Cellular dysfunction
  • Neural compression
  • Tissue ischemia

Increased pressure in anatomical compartments can cause significant damage.

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7
Q

What are the three types of aetiology for compartment syndrome?

A
  • Decreased compartment size
  • Increased compartment contents
  • External pressure

Understanding these causes is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.

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8
Q

What defines critical bleeding?

A
  • Major haemorrhage
  • Massive transfusion

Critical bleeding requires immediate medical intervention.

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9
Q

What should be monitored every 30-60 minutes in cases of massive hemorrhage?

A

Oxygenation, cardiac output, tissue perfusion, temperature

Monitoring these parameters is vital for patient stability.

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10
Q

What is a decreased systolic BP an indicator of?

A

Blood loss

Systolic BP is a critical sign of hemodynamic stability.

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11
Q

What are the three non-compressible components of the cranial cavity?

A
  • Blood
  • CSF
  • Brain tissue

These components are essential for maintaining intracranial pressure (ICP).

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12
Q

What is the normal range for intracranial pressure (ICP)?

A

1-15 mmHg

ICP must be maintained to prevent brain damage.

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13
Q

What are the compensation mechanisms for increased cranial CS volume/pressure?

A
  • CSF displacement to spinal subarachnoid space
  • Reduction of venous blood volume
  • Increased CSF absorption
  • Decreased CSF production

These mechanisms help to maintain normal ICP.

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14
Q

What is Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)?

A

Pressure required for perfusion across vessels in the brain

CPP is crucial for brain function and is influenced by MAP and ICP.

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15
Q

What is the minimum CPP required for adequate perfusion?

A

Greater than 60 mmHg

Below this threshold, hypoxia and neuronal death can occur.

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16
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of increased ICP?

A
  • Decreased level of consciousness
  • Headache
  • Vomiting
  • Visual and speech disturbances
  • Pupillary abnormalities

These symptoms indicate potential brain injury or pressure increase.

17
Q

What characterizes a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)?

A

Classical coup-contrecoup injuries; presents with GCS < 8

TBI can be either closed or penetrating.

18
Q

Where does an Extradural Haematoma (EDH) occur?

A

Between outer protective layers of the brain (dura) and the skull

EDH typically develops under arterial pressure.

19
Q

What is a Subdural Haematoma (SDH)?

A

Bleeding that occurs between the dura and arachnoid mater

SDH can be associated with brain shrinkage.

20
Q

What is the duration for callus formation following a fracture?

A

2-6 weeks

Callus formation is part of the healing process after a fracture.

21
Q

What is the duration for ossification (bone formation) after a fracture?

A

3 weeks to 6 months

Ossification is the process where new bone is formed.

22
Q

What is the duration for remodeling after a fracture?

A

6 weeks to 1 year

Remodeling is the final phase of bone healing.

23
Q

What are the 6 P’s of neurovascular assessment?

A
  • Pain
  • Pallor
  • Paralysis
  • Paraesthesia
  • Pulses
  • Polar

These are signs to assess for neurovascular compromise.

24
Q

What are the types of trauma investigations?

A
  • Physical assessment
  • ECG
  • Serum profiles
  • Radiological investigations
  • Sonography

These investigations help determine the extent of trauma.

25
Q

What can increased compartment pressure lead to?

A
  • Cellular dysfunction
  • Neural compression
  • Tissue ischemia

Increased pressure in anatomical compartments can cause significant damage.

26
Q

What are the three types of aetiology for compartment syndrome?

A
  • Decreased compartment size
  • Increased compartment contents
  • External pressure

Understanding these causes is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.

27
Q

What defines critical bleeding?

A
  • Major haemorrhage
  • Massive transfusion

Critical bleeding requires immediate medical intervention.

28
Q

What should be monitored every 30-60 minutes in cases of massive hemorrhage?

A

Oxygenation, cardiac output, tissue perfusion, temperature

Monitoring these parameters is vital for patient stability.

29
Q

What is a decreased systolic BP an indicator of?

A

Blood loss

Systolic BP is a critical sign of hemodynamic stability.

30
Q

What are the three non-compressible components of the cranial cavity?

A
  • Blood
  • CSF
  • Brain tissue

These components are essential for maintaining intracranial pressure (ICP).

31
Q

What is the normal range for intracranial pressure (ICP)?

A

1-15 mmHg

ICP must be maintained to prevent brain damage.

32
Q

What are the compensation mechanisms for increased cranial CS volume/pressure?

A
  • CSF displacement to spinal subarachnoid space
  • Reduction of venous blood volume
  • Increased CSF absorption
  • Decreased CSF production

These mechanisms help to maintain normal ICP.

33
Q

What is Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)?

A

Pressure required for perfusion across vessels in the brain

CPP is crucial for brain function and is influenced by MAP and ICP.

34
Q

What is the minimum CPP required for adequate perfusion?

A

Greater than 60 mmHg

Below this threshold, hypoxia and neuronal death can occur.

35
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of increased ICP?

A
  • Decreased level of consciousness
  • Headache
  • Vomiting
  • Visual and speech disturbances
  • Pupillary abnormalities

These symptoms indicate potential brain injury or pressure increase.

36
Q

What characterizes a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)?

A

Classical coup-contrecoup injuries; presents with GCS < 8

TBI can be either closed or penetrating.

37
Q

Where does an Extradural Haematoma (EDH) occur?

A

Between outer protective layers of the brain (dura) and the skull

EDH typically develops under arterial pressure.

38
Q

What is a Subdural Haematoma (SDH)?

A

Bleeding that occurs between the dura and arachnoid mater

SDH can be associated with brain shrinkage.

NSB236 (8 decks)

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