Traditional Logic I Flashcards
The science of right thinking
logic
He is considered the father of logic
Aristotle
The two main branches of logic
formal logic and material logic
The verbal expression of a simple apprehension
term
The verbal expression of a judgment
proposition
The verbal expression of a deductive inference
syllogism
The correspondence of a statement to reality
truth
An argument is ____ when its conclusion follows logically from its premises
valid
The term ‘_________’ is used to indicate that all the premises in an argument are true and that the argument is valid
soundness
This occurs when we first form in our mind a concept of something without affirming or denying anything about it
simple apprehension
We perform this any time we think in our mind that something is something else (affirmation), and also when we think that something is not something else (denial)
judgment
This occurs when we make the logical connections in our mind between the terms in the argument in a way that shows us that the conclusion either follows or does not follow the premises
deductive inference
These three things generally occur during simple apprehension
we perceive it with our senses, we have a mental image, and we conceive the meaning of it
The act of seeing or hearing or smelling or tasting or touching
sense perception
The image of an object formed in the mind as a result of a sense perception of that object
mental image
The process by which a simple apprehension is derived from a sense perception and a mental image
abstraction
The two properties of simple apprehension
comprehension and extension
The completely articulated sum of the intelligible aspects or elements (or notes) represented by a concept
comprehension
The concept ‘man’ has these five notes
rational, sentient, living, material, substance
The complex concept of anything may be broken down into notes through the use of ___________
The Porphyrian Tree
To ask what is the extension of a concept is to ask:
to what does the concept refer
The greater number of notes a concept has…
the less extension it has
The two properties of the term
signification and supposition
Terms can be divided according to their signification in these three ways
univocal, equivocal, and analogous
Terms that have exactly the same meaning no matter when or how they are used
univocal terms
Terms that, although spelled and pronounced exactly alike, have entirely different and unrelated meanings
equivocal terms
Terms that are applied to different things but have related meanings
analogous terms
Terms can be divided up according to their supposition in these three ways
verbal existence, mental existence, and real existence
This occurs when a term refers to something as it exists verbally
material supposition
This occurs when a term refers to something as it exists logically
logical supposition
This occurs when a term refers to something as it exists in the real world
real supposition
The act by which the intellect unites by affirming, or separates by denying
judgment
A sentence or statement which expresses truth or falsity
proposition
The three elements of a proposition
the subject-term, the predicate-term, and the copula
The form which a sentence must be in, in order to be handled logically
its logical form
In formal logic, these are the four basic categorical propositions
A: All S is P
I: Some S is P
E: No S is P
O: Some S is not P
The four kinds of quantifiers in formal logic
All
Some
No
Some…not
The _______ of a proposition has to do whether it is affirmative or negative
quality
The quantity of a proposition has to do with whether it is __________ or __________
universal or particular
The quality and quantity of an A statement
Affirmative-Universal
The quality and quantity of an I statement
Affirmative-Particular
The quality and quantity of an E statement
Negative-Universal
The quality and quantity of an O statement
Negative-Particular
The relationship we observe in things we call ‘opposite.’
opposition
Statements that differ in both quality and quantity
contradictory
The Second Law of Opposition
Contraries cannot at the same time both be true, but can at the same time both be false
Two statements are _________ to one another if they are both universals but differ in quality
contrary
The First Law of Opposition
Contradictories cannot at the same time be true nor at the same time be false
The Rule of Subcontraries
Two statements are subcontrary if they are both particular statements that differ in quality
The Third Law of Opposition
Subcontraries may at the same time both be true, but cannot at the same time both be false
The Rule of Subalterns
Two statements are subalternate if they have the same quality, but differ in quantity
The Fourth Law of Opposition
Subalterns may both be true or both be false. If the particular is false, the universal is false; if the universal is true, then the particular is true; otherwise, their status is indeterminate
The status of a term in regard to its extension
distribution
The subject-term is __________ in statements whose quantity is universal and __________ in statements whose quantity is particular
distributed/undistributed
In affirmative propositions, the predicate-term is always taken __________ (and therefore undistributed), and in negative propositions, the predicate is always taken _________ (and therefore distributed)
particularly/universally
The subject-term in an A statement is distributed or undistributed?
distributed
The subject-term in an I statement is distributed or undistributed?
undistributed
The subject-term in an E statement is distributed or undistributed?
distributed
The subject-term in an O statement is distributed or undistributed?
undistributed
The predicate-term in an A statement is distributed or undistributed?
undistributed
The predicate-term in an I statement is distributed or undistributed?
undistributed
The predicate-term in an E statement is distributed or undistributed?
distributed
The predicate-term in an O statement is distributed or undistributed?
distributed
To obvert a sentence, you must do these two things
change the quality of the statement and negate the predicate
Obvert All S is P
No S is not P
Obvert No S is P
All S is not P
Obvert Some S is P
Some S is not non-P
Obvert Some S is not P
Some S is not P
The rule of double negation
a term which is not negated is equivalent to a term that is negated twice (and vice versa)
How do you convert E and I statements?
simply interchange the subject and predicate
Convert No S is P
No P is S
Convert Some S is P
Some P is S
Contraposition of A and O statements involves these three steps
obvert, convert, and obvert again
Contrapose All men are mortal
Step 1, Obvert: No men are non-mortal
Step 2, Convert: No non-mortals are men
Step 3, Obvert: All non-mortals are non-men
Contrapose All S is P and Some S is not P
All S is P —————> All non-P is non-S
Some S is not P ——————-> Some non-P is S
The act by which the mind acquires new knowledge by means of what it already knows
reasoning
The act by which the mind establishes a connection between the antecedent and the consequent
deductive inference
A group of propositions in orderly sequence, one of which (the consequent) is said to be necessarily inferred from the others (the antecedent)
a syllogism
Essential Law of Argumentation
If the antecedent is true, the consequent must also be true
Terms in a Syllogism
Major term, Minor Term, Middle term
Major Term
The major term is the predicate of the conclusion
Minor Term
The minor term is the subject of the conclusion
Middle Term
The middle term is the term that appears in both premises, but not in the conclusion
Major Premise
The major premise is the premise which contains the major term
Minor Premise
The minor premise is the premise which contains the minor term
The Principal of Reciprocal Identity
Two terms that are identical with a third term are identical to each other
The Principle of Reciprocal Non-Identity
Two terms, one of which is identical with a third term and the other of which is nonidentical with that third term, are nonidentical to each other
The Dictum de Omni
What is affirmed universally of a certain term is affirmed of every term that comes under that term
The Dictum de Nullo
What is denied universally of a certain term is denied of every term that comes under that term
