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Traditional Logic > Traditional Logic I > Flashcards

Traditional Logic I Flashcards

1
Q

The science of right thinking

A

logic

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2
Q

He is considered the father of logic

A

Aristotle

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3
Q

The two main branches of logic

A

formal logic and material logic

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4
Q

The verbal expression of a simple apprehension

A

term

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5
Q

The verbal expression of a judgment

A

proposition

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6
Q

The verbal expression of a deductive inference

A

syllogism

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7
Q

The correspondence of a statement to reality

A

truth

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8
Q

An argument is ____ when its conclusion follows logically from its premises

A

valid

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9
Q

The term ‘_________’ is used to indicate that all the premises in an argument are true and that the argument is valid

A

soundness

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10
Q

This occurs when we first form in our mind a concept of something without affirming or denying anything about it

A

simple apprehension

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11
Q

We perform this any time we think in our mind that something is something else (affirmation), and also when we think that something is not something else (denial)

A

judgment

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12
Q

This occurs when we make the logical connections in our mind between the terms in the argument in a way that shows us that the conclusion either follows or does not follow the premises

A

deductive inference

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13
Q

These three things generally occur during simple apprehension

A

we perceive it with our senses, we have a mental image, and we conceive the meaning of it

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14
Q

The act of seeing or hearing or smelling or tasting or touching

A

sense perception

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15
Q

The image of an object formed in the mind as a result of a sense perception of that object

A

mental image

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16
Q

The process by which a simple apprehension is derived from a sense perception and a mental image

A

abstraction

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17
Q

The two properties of simple apprehension

A

comprehension and extension

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18
Q

The completely articulated sum of the intelligible aspects or elements (or notes) represented by a concept

A

comprehension

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19
Q

The concept ‘man’ has these five notes

A

rational, sentient, living, material, substance

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20
Q

The complex concept of anything may be broken down into notes through the use of ___________

A

The Porphyrian Tree

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21
Q

To ask what is the extension of a concept is to ask:

A

to what does the concept refer

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22
Q

The greater number of notes a concept has…

A

the less extension it has

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23
Q

The two properties of the term

A

signification and supposition

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24
Q

Terms can be divided according to their signification in these three ways

A

univocal, equivocal, and analogous

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25
Q

Terms that have exactly the same meaning no matter when or how they are used

A

univocal terms

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26
Q

Terms that, although spelled and pronounced exactly alike, have entirely different and unrelated meanings

A

equivocal terms

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27
Q

Terms that are applied to different things but have related meanings

A

analogous terms

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28
Q

Terms can be divided up according to their supposition in these three ways

A

verbal existence, mental existence, and real existence

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29
Q

This occurs when a term refers to something as it exists verbally

A

material supposition

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30
Q

This occurs when a term refers to something as it exists logically

A

logical supposition

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31
Q

This occurs when a term refers to something as it exists in the real world

A

real supposition

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32
Q

The act by which the intellect unites by affirming, or separates by denying

A

judgment

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33
Q

A sentence or statement which expresses truth or falsity

A

proposition

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34
Q

The three elements of a proposition

A

the subject-term, the predicate-term, and the copula

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35
Q

The form which a sentence must be in, in order to be handled logically

A

its logical form

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36
Q

In formal logic, these are the four basic categorical propositions

A

A: All S is P
I: Some S is P
E: No S is P
O: Some S is not P

37
Q

The four kinds of quantifiers in formal logic

A

All
Some
No
Some…not

38
Q

The _______ of a proposition has to do whether it is affirmative or negative

A

quality

39
Q

The quantity of a proposition has to do with whether it is __________ or __________

A

universal or particular

40
Q

The quality and quantity of an A statement

A

Affirmative-Universal

41
Q

The quality and quantity of an I statement

A

Affirmative-Particular

42
Q

The quality and quantity of an E statement

A

Negative-Universal

43
Q

The quality and quantity of an O statement

A

Negative-Particular

44
Q

The relationship we observe in things we call ‘opposite.’

A

opposition

45
Q

Statements that differ in both quality and quantity

A

contradictory

46
Q

The Second Law of Opposition

A

Contraries cannot at the same time both be true, but can at the same time both be false

47
Q

Two statements are _________ to one another if they are both universals but differ in quality

A

contrary

48
Q

The First Law of Opposition

A

Contradictories cannot at the same time be true nor at the same time be false

49
Q

The Rule of Subcontraries

A

Two statements are subcontrary if they are both particular statements that differ in quality

50
Q

The Third Law of Opposition

A

Subcontraries may at the same time both be true, but cannot at the same time both be false

51
Q

The Rule of Subalterns

A

Two statements are subalternate if they have the same quality, but differ in quantity

52
Q

The Fourth Law of Opposition

A

Subalterns may both be true or both be false. If the particular is false, the universal is false; if the universal is true, then the particular is true; otherwise, their status is indeterminate

53
Q

The status of a term in regard to its extension

A

distribution

54
Q

The subject-term is __________ in statements whose quantity is universal and __________ in statements whose quantity is particular

A

distributed/undistributed

55
Q

In affirmative propositions, the predicate-term is always taken __________ (and therefore undistributed), and in negative propositions, the predicate is always taken _________ (and therefore distributed)

A

particularly/universally

56
Q

The subject-term in an A statement is distributed or undistributed?

A

distributed

57
Q

The subject-term in an I statement is distributed or undistributed?

A

undistributed

58
Q

The subject-term in an E statement is distributed or undistributed?

A

distributed

59
Q

The subject-term in an O statement is distributed or undistributed?

A

undistributed

60
Q

The predicate-term in an A statement is distributed or undistributed?

A

undistributed

61
Q

The predicate-term in an I statement is distributed or undistributed?

A

undistributed

62
Q

The predicate-term in an E statement is distributed or undistributed?

A

distributed

63
Q

The predicate-term in an O statement is distributed or undistributed?

A

distributed

64
Q

To obvert a sentence, you must do these two things

A

change the quality of the statement and negate the predicate

65
Q

Obvert All S is P

A

No S is not P

66
Q

Obvert No S is P

A

All S is not P

67
Q

Obvert Some S is P

A

Some S is not non-P

68
Q

Obvert Some S is not P

A

Some S is not P

69
Q

The rule of double negation

A

a term which is not negated is equivalent to a term that is negated twice (and vice versa)

70
Q

How do you convert E and I statements?

A

simply interchange the subject and predicate

71
Q

Convert No S is P

A

No P is S

72
Q

Convert Some S is P

A

Some P is S

73
Q

Contraposition of A and O statements involves these three steps

A

obvert, convert, and obvert again

74
Q

Contrapose All men are mortal

A

Step 1, Obvert: No men are non-mortal
Step 2, Convert: No non-mortals are men
Step 3, Obvert: All non-mortals are non-men

75
Q

Contrapose All S is P and Some S is not P

A

All S is P —————> All non-P is non-S

Some S is not P ——————-> Some non-P is S

76
Q

The act by which the mind acquires new knowledge by means of what it already knows

A

reasoning

77
Q

The act by which the mind establishes a connection between the antecedent and the consequent

A

deductive inference

78
Q

A group of propositions in orderly sequence, one of which (the consequent) is said to be necessarily inferred from the others (the antecedent)

A

a syllogism

79
Q

Essential Law of Argumentation

A

If the antecedent is true, the consequent must also be true

80
Q

Terms in a Syllogism

A

Major term, Minor Term, Middle term

81
Q

Major Term

A

The major term is the predicate of the conclusion

82
Q

Minor Term

A

The minor term is the subject of the conclusion

83
Q

Middle Term

A

The middle term is the term that appears in both premises, but not in the conclusion

84
Q

Major Premise

A

The major premise is the premise which contains the major term

85
Q

Minor Premise

A

The minor premise is the premise which contains the minor term

86
Q

The Principal of Reciprocal Identity

A

Two terms that are identical with a third term are identical to each other

87
Q

The Principle of Reciprocal Non-Identity

A

Two terms, one of which is identical with a third term and the other of which is nonidentical with that third term, are nonidentical to each other

88
Q

The Dictum de Omni

A

What is affirmed universally of a certain term is affirmed of every term that comes under that term

89
Q

The Dictum de Nullo

A

What is denied universally of a certain term is denied of every term that comes under that term

Traditional Logic (1 decks)

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