Trade and Commerce (3)

Question 1

What were Britain’s policies regarding trade?

Answer 1

Mercantilism - Colonies would sell their produce to Britain and buy manufactured goods
Free Trade - Abandoned protectionism due to Adam Smiths influence
Britain then used its navy to defend this - Opium wars

Question 2

What % of British Trade came from its colonies?

Answer 2

20% imports
1/3 exports
1857-1890

Question 3

How were profits maximised?

Answer 3

The development of infrastructure was based around Britain’s trade

Question 4

Ships

Answer 4

• 1860s brought about the Clippers - suited to low volume high profit goods - tea
• 20 year life span
• Compound Steam Engine 1850s
• Trade to West Africa just 3 weeks
• Suez Canal 1869
• triple expansion steam engine 1870s
• Sir William McKinnons British Steam Company

Question 5

Canals and Rivers

Answer 5

1867 Canals deepened around St Lawrence

Question 6

Agriculture

Answer 6

Products were sold by the colonies at whatever price they could achieve - very cheap, much cheaper than in Europe

• Plantations - Indian ‘coolies’ sent to West Indies for 5 year periods - Indian Tea
• Raw imports from India-
• Tea £24,000 in 1854 - £2,430,000 in 1876
• Raw Cotton £1,642,000 in 1854 - £5,875,000 in 1876

Question 7

Mining

Answer 7

Gold deposits found on the Witwatersrand in 1886
30,000 skilled labours from Britain travelled to the Transvaal
Diamonds later found established the Kimberly Diamond Syndicate in 1890
Gold in Australia was producing £124 million, 1/3 world population

Question 8

Industry

Answer 8

Little industry as they could not compete with the British. Colonies propelled to modernise due to buying British products. Large local demand in India but could not afford to open.

Question 9

Height of British commercial power?

Answer 9

1870 - GNP was higher than that of Russia and China combined

Merchant fleet carried half the world’s sea borne trade

Question 10

Finding markets

Answer 10

Between 1870-1914 40% of British investment abroad went to imperial territories
1879 - Germany introduces tariffs
1881 - France introduces tariffs
Britain needed to use its colonies to support its industry

Question 11

Effect of Britain switching to Free trade

Answer 11

Used threats, coercion to ensure free trade agreements with other countries. China - Opium wars -. Allowed Britain to create an economic dominance over a country as it was free from Government restrictions.
British empire used its colonies for raw materials and food stuffs - converted it into finish goods and compelled the colonies to buy it back.
Saw a huge growth in British trade and Investments.