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E + T Exams Cards > Tracing > Flashcards

Tracing Flashcards

1
Q

Defintion of tracing

A

Foskett v McKeown - The process of identifying a nwe asset as the substitute for the old (As per Lord Millet)

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2
Q

Why is equitable tracing better than common law tracing?

A
  • Priority creditor status
  • Common law tracing cannot trace into mixed funds (Agip v Jackson)
  • Allows claim of profits
  • No limitation period
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3
Q

Preliminaries for equitable tracing

A

Re Diplock;

  • Fiduciary relationship
  • Equitable proprietary relationship
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4
Q

Why is a proprietary claim better than a personal claim?

A
  • Profit claimable
  • Priority status above other creditors
  • A personal claim depends on the person being solvent, whereas a claim against an asset is better as will always be able to recover asset
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5
Q

Banque Belge v Hambrouck

A

Common law tracing can trace into unmixed funds

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6
Q

Agip v Jackson

A

Common law tracing is defeated by mixing

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7
Q

When will there not be a proprietary claim?

A

 Inequity (re Diplock)
 Equity’s Darling
 Dissipation

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8
Q

When will a claim be inequitable?

A

Re Diplock - Claiming money back from hospital which had been relied on and would involve kicking the patients out of the hospital
Foskett v McKeown - Not inequitable to claim money children as they had not relied on it

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9
Q

Bishopsgate v Homan

A

Money used to pay off unsecured debts is classed as dissipated

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10
Q

Re Hallet

A

A charge can be placed over property to recover it. This will obligate recovery and sale however no profit will be recovered
- In unmixed property there is an option to place a charge over the proeprty or claim property back through an equitable propritary claim

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11
Q

Foskett v McKeown

A

In mixed funds there is an option to;

  • Place a charge over the property
  • Claim an equitable proprietal claim over the property
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12
Q

What are the different scenarios for an equitable proproietal claim in tracing?

A

o Unmixed funds
o Mixed funds
 C’s property mixed with trustee’s property in asset
- C’s property mixed with innocent volunteer/another trust fund in an asset
 C’s property mixed with pre-owned asset of innocent volunteer
 C’s property mixed with trustee’s property in bank account
• Possible exception of Re Tilley/Shalson v Russo/Turner v Jacob may apply
• Roscoe v Winder – Lowest intermediate balance rule may apply
 C’s money mixed with another trust/innocent volunteer in a deposit account
 C’s money mixed with another trust/innocent volunteer in a active current account

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13
Q

Claimant’s property mixed with another trust fund or innocent volunteer’s in an asset

A
  • Re Diplock - They share the property pari passu
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14
Q

C’s property mixed with innocent volunteer’s in a pre-owned asset;

A
  1. Re; Diplock - If there is no increase in value then the property is deemed dissipated (Millet criticises this as it is also inequitabel to deny claim of money back)
  2. Foskett (obiter) as per Lord Browne Wilkinson - Where property increases in value it may be possible to place a charge over the property. However this may encounter issues of inequitability
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15
Q

El Ajou v DLH

A

Where property is purchased from a mixed bank account (of trustee and claimants money) the claimant may claim a charge or a proprietal claim over the purchased property

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16
Q

Presumption of honesty

A
  • Re Hallet
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17
Q

Rebuttal of presumption of honesty

A
  • Re Oatway
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18
Q

Re Tilley’s WT

A
  • Where the trustee spends mixed funds to buy an asset, the claimant may only make an equitable proporietary claim over the property if there is insufficient money in the mixed fudn to reimburse the claimant
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19
Q

Shalson v Russo

A

This case suggests that where the trustee has mixed the claimants assets with trust property then cherry picking should be allowed as the trustee is at fault in mixing the 2 funds. (commercial)

20
Q

Turner v Jacob

A
  • Where there are other beneficiaries to the will then cherry picking should not be allowed as this would disadvantage the other beneficiaries
  • However this case had unique facts and did not consider the case of Shalson v Russo suggesting it does not disapply cherry picking
  • Money reimbursed to best of ability
21
Q

Armory v Delamirie

A

o Wrongdoer should not profit from their own wrongdoing, particularly in regards to uncertainty
o If the party is the wrongdoer then the claimant should be allowed to cherry pick

22
Q

The Law of Trusts and Trustees

A

Supports a Shalson v Russo interpretation

23
Q

Roscoe v Winder

A
  • Lowest intermediate balance rule
24
Q

SInclair v Broughman

A
  • Withdrawals shared rateably in a deposit account
25
Q

Re Clayton’s Case

A

In an active current account withdrawls are subject to the first in first out rule
- Criticism of re Clayton;
- disapplied in re Barlow clowes as causing injustice. Instead applied park passu
- Russel Cooke v prentis - suggested the rule in re Clayton is more of an exception
- commerzbank impractical and unjust
- rolling charges applied in other jurisdictions but rejected in uk as too difficult to implement
-

26
Q

Barlow CLowes v Vaughan

A

Confirmed Re Clayton is good law in family context

27
Q

Re Ahmed & Co

A

FIFO more readily disapplied in commercial contexts

28
Q

Personal action under Re Diplock

A

= Where property is misadminstred under a will there is a personal claim for the money;

  • Must first sue the trustee
  • Recovery is loss - recovered sum
  • No entitlement to interest
  • COnfirmed in MoH v Simpson
29
Q

Boscawen v Bajwa

A

Subrogation allows the party to step into the shoes of the mortgagee
Subrogation permitted where tracing into a secured asset

30
Q

Defence of change of position

A

Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale;
- Property recieved in breach and spent in reliance on this receipt of funds, would be inequitable to claim it back
Requirements;
- Good faith (Niru v Mile Stone)
- Disenrichment (doubted in Commerzbank v Gareth)
- Extraordinary expenditure

31
Q

Dextra Bank v Bank of Jamaica

A
  • Change of position in anticipation of receipt can be grounds for change of position
32
Q

Scottish Equitable plc v Derby

A
  • Payment of debts is not extraordinary
33
Q

Phillip Collins v Davis

A

Expenditure on sex and drugs is disenrichment (as it is dissipation, no asset to trace into) and extraordinaryu as above normal level

34
Q

Recipient liability

A

= Where property receieved in knowledge of breach of trust and it is unconscionable to keep it then there will be a personal action for recovery

35
Q

El Ajou v DLH (prelimanries for a recipient liability claim)

A

o Is there a disposal of assets in breach of fiduciary duty (has the trustee nicked trust money)
o Traceable receipt by 3rd party (can we connect the breach and the receipt of the property. Did Toby’s stealing of Rachel’s money mean Craig received it)
o Knowledge of the breach

36
Q

Baden scale of knowledge

A
  • Disapplied as too uncertain
    1 – Actual knowledge
    2 – Nelsonian blindness
    3 – Recklessness to making enquiries
    4 – Knowledge of circumstances which would indicate the facts to an hoenst and reasonable man
    5 – Knowledge of circumstances which would put an honest and reasonable man on inquiry
37
Q

BCCI v Akindele

A
  • Tried to introduce a new criteria for dishonest receipt, however the idea of unconscionability essentially boils down to knoweldge
    o Knowledge of breach of fiduciary duty will make the retention of the asset unconscionable
    o However what is unconscionable is not a well-defined concept and essentially comes down to knowledge again, which as previously stated has an unsatisfactorily unclear definition in Re Baden
38
Q

Dishonest assitance

A

Where the party assists in a breach of trust but does not receieve the property

39
Q

Case progression for dishoenst assistance

A

RB v Tan
Twinsectra
Barlow-Clowes v Eurotrust
Abou-Rahmah v Abachman

40
Q

RB v Tan

A

o Require dishonesty + assistance
o ‘The touchstone of liability is dishonesty’
o Dishonesty
 Objective test of dishonesty
 With regard to the defendants experience and attributes

41
Q

Twinsectra

A

o Suggested test for dishonesty of effectively a Ghosh test;
 Was the behaviour dishonest
 Did the defendant realise it was dishonest

42
Q

Barlow-CLowes v Eurotrust

A

o Twinsectra misunderstood so was reinterpreted to remove the subjective element and replace with the original idea of individual attributes
o Dishonesty is deliberately not enquiring

43
Q

Abou-Rahmah v Abachman

A

o Affirmed the Barlow Clowes interpretation

o Objective test with regard to individual attributes (effectively RB v Tan)

44
Q

AG Zambia v Desai

A

Foolishness or naievity is not dishonesty

45
Q

Ultraframe v Fielding

A

Assitance is;

  • Planning a breach
  • Making a breach easier
  • Covering up a breach
46
Q

Grupo Torras v Al-Sabah

A

Link need not be between C’s loss and the assistance just between the assistance and the breach of trust when this results in C’s loss

47
Q

Ultrafame v Fielding (summary)

A
  • Knowledge of helping someone who is up to no good
  • Some form of assitance; planning, cover up etc
  • Causal link between assitance and breach of trust. Assitance after breach is no causal

E + T Exams Cards (3 decks)

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