Trace Elements and Vitamins Flashcards
how are trace elements measured?
absorbance spectrophotometry
iron is found where? How is it stored?
found in hemoglobin, myoglobin, tissue, and plasma (either bound to transferrin or albumin)
stored as ferritin or hemosiderin in bone marrow, liver, and spleen
where is iron absorbed and excreted?
absorbed in the intestine
excreted through skin epithelial cells or RBC in urine or feces daily
iron overload is called ________. It causes what to the skin? What are the iron study indices for iron overload?
hemochromatosis: can be hereditary or secondary
hyperpigmentation of the skin
increased: serum iron, ferritin, and transferrin saturation
decreased: TIBC and transferrin
what are the iron study indices for IDA?
decreased: serum iron, ferritin, and transferrin saturation
increased: transferrin and TIBC
what are the iron study indices for ACD?
decreased: serum iron, transferrin, transferrin saturation and TIBC
increased: ferritin
what are the iron study indices for malnutrition, chronic infection, and acute liver disease?
malnutrition: decrease all indices
chronic infection:
- decreased everything but ferritin
acute liver disease:
- increased serum iron, ferritin and transferrin saturation
transferrin saturation is the ratio of ______ ______ to ______
ratio of serum iron to TIBC
- where TIBC is transferrin x 1.18
serum iron should be collected when in the day?
in the morning
copper is critical for ____ of iron in ____ synthesis. Where is it predominantly found in?
needed for reduction of iron in heme synthesis. Mostly found in liver, brain, heart, and kidneys
copper deficiency is due to/found in what four things? What are signs of copper deficiency?
premature infants, malnutrition, malabsorption, and chronic diarrhea
neutropenia/hypochromic anemia, and osteoporosis
copper toxicity is an irritant to what two things? What can it cause? What is the disease of increased copper, and what is the marker for it?
irritant to epithelia and mucosal membranes
cause hepatic and renal damage
increased copper: Wilson’s disease with decreased alpha-1 ceruloplasmin protein
Zinc is used for treatment for what disease? What is zinc used for the synthesis and metabolism of? What are symptoms of zinc deficiency and dosage?
used to reduce copper = used to treat Wilson’s disease
used for the synthesis and metabolism of DNA and RNA
deficiency: growth retardation, testicular trophy, slow skeletal muscle maturation, reduce taste perception
increased dosage: GI symptoms and decreased heme synthesis
what are symptoms of lead toxicity?
respiratory problems, GI issues, CNS clumsiness, abnormal hair, headache/seizures
acute arsenic (most common poison in human history) exposure affects what bodily sites? Chronic exposure affects what sites?
Acute: GI, bone marrow, heart, CNS, renal, and liver
Chronic: skin and cardiac issues, liver disorders/malignancies
- Blackfoot disease
selenium is used in electronic, pigment, pesticides, rubber production, and dandruff shampoo.
What are deficiencies of it associated with? Negative correlation between selenium intake what?
deficiencies: cardiomyopathy, skeletal muscle weakness, and osteoarthritis
neg correlation between rates of leukemia and cancer of large intestine, rectum prostate, breast, ovaries, and lung
too much selenium may produce what symptoms?
GI symptoms or heart symptoms tachycardia
chronic exposure: skin and hair loss as well as unsteady gait and paralysis
mercury (quicksilver) is ____ at room temp. It is toxic to both the ______ and ______ nervous systems
liquid at room temp. Affects the central and peripheral nervous system
bloodbrain barrier
(also digestive tract, immune system, and lungs and kidneys)
chromium is an essential dietary element in what five things? Deficiency can lead to what four things?
in: bread, fish, veggies, meat, and beer
deficiency: insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, diabetes, and heart disease
(transferrin and albumin involved in absorption and transport)
what are the fat and water soluble vitamins?
fat: A, D, E, and K
water: B and C
vitamin A is also called? Where is it stored, and how is it transported to circulation? Increased vitamin A seen in _______ _________
called beta-carotene
store in the liver, transported to circulation by retinol
seen in liver damage
Vitamin D is important for what two body functions? Vitamin D stimulates what for bone growth? Deficiency leads to? How is vitamin D toxic to children?
needed for skeleton formation and mineral homeostasis
stimulates intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate for bone growth
deficiency: rickets/osteomalacia
toxic via heart damage
vitamin E is a powerful _________. It protects the _________ membrane from stress. Deficiency leads to what disorder?
powerful antioxidant
protects the RBC membrane from stress, so a deficiency leads to hemolytic anemia
(people with abetalipoproteinemia and cystic fibrosis susceptible to vitamin E deficiency)
Vitamin K is important for what bodily function? Deficiency leads to?
formation of prothrombin via creating factors II, VII, IX, and X and proteins C and S, so decrease leads to hemorrhage and increased PT
- defiance can be due to antibiotic therapy (decrease in bacteria that make vitamin K)
Vitamin B1 is also called __________? what is the main disease caused by a. deficiency of vitamin B1?
Thiamine
beriberi
also cardiac failure and vomiting in infants, and anorexia/irritability/peripheral neuropathy/edema in adults
vitamin B2 is also called ________? What is its role in the body, and what four things can happen if there’s a deficiency of it? Excess goes where?
riboflavin catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions
- mouth lesions
- dermatitis
- photophobia
- neurologic damages
excess peed out
vitamin B3 is also called _________. It functions as component of what two enzymes? What is the clinical syndrome resulting from B3 deficiency? What does large doses of B3 lead to?
niacin is a component of NAD+ and NADP+ for metabolic processes
pellagra: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death
large Vitamin B3 doses: skin flushing/vasodilation
vitamin B5 is also called ________ _____. It’s a _______ factor that is an important component of _________ __. What are 5 symptoms of deficiency of this vitamin?
pantothenic acid is a growth facto that is also a essential component of coenzyme A
fatigue, headaches, muscle cramps, nausea, and malaise
Vitamin B6 is also called ____________? it’s a coenzyme for ___________. What five things can be seen in B6 deficiency?
pyridoxine / folic acid is a coenzyme for transaminases.
seizures, normocytic anemia, dermatitis, glossitis, and depression
(usually not toxic due to being water-soluble)
Vitamin B7 is also called _______. What is its job in the body? What can it cause if there’s a deficiency?
biotin transports carboxyl units in tissue and plays a role in glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and fatty acid synthesis
causes alopecia, dermatitis, hypotonia, and developmental delay
vitamin B9 is also called _______. It’s job is similar to Via B___. It’s facilitates ____ transfer reactions and is a key component of _________. . What two things can it cause if there’s a deficiency?
folate has a similar job to vit B12.
facilitates carbon transfer reactions, and is a component of methylation
megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects
vitamin B12 is called __________, and has what two roles in the body? Who is most likely to be deficient in this vitamin, and what three things can happen as a vitamin B12 deficiency?
cobalamin plays a role in hematopoiesis and fatty acid metabolism
vegetarians (due to not eating eggs, meat, milk)
pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and neurologic abnormalities
also key component in methylation cycle like Vitamin B9
Vitamin C is also called ________ ____. It is an ____________. what four things can be a consequence of low vitamin C? what can increase urinary excretion of this vitamin?
ascorbic acid is an antioxidant
survey, anemia, DM, and osteoporosis
aspirin/barbiturates increase vitamin C in urine
what are three ways to test vitamin levels? Vitamin K is tested how? Vitamin B1? B2? And what can excess vitamin C cause with urine strip testing?
high performance liquid chromatography, immunoassay, and LC-MS (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry)
Vitamin K with PT
B1 with erythrocyte transketolase activity
B2 with reduced glutathione reductase activity
excess vitamin C = false pos glucose
