TR PSY (Up to TC) Flashcards
1
Q
It is a state of emotional, psychological, and social wellness evidenced by satisfying personal relationships, effective behavior and coping, a positive self-concept and emotional stability
A
Mental Health
2
Q
A clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and is associated with present distress or disability or with significantly increased risk of suffering, death, pain, disability or an important loss of freedom
A
Mental Disorder
3
Q
Components of Mental Health (7)
A
v Autonomy and Independence v Maximizing one's potential v Tolerating Life's Uncertainties v Self-esteem v Mastering Orientation v Reality Orientation v Stress Management
4
Q
Which is time has this historical perspective on the treatment of mental illness: A belief that any sickness indicates displeasure of the gods and punishment for sins and wrongdoing.
A
Ancient Times
5
Q
Which is time has this historical perspective on the treatment of mental illness: People with mental disorders are either viewed as divine or demonic
A
Ancient Times
6
Q
Which is time has this historical perspective on the treatment of mental illness: Aristotle developed a theory about the amounts of blood, water and yellow and black bile in the body. These four substances correspond with happiness, calmness, anger, and sadness. Any imbalance from the four substances will cause mental disorders.
A
Ancient Times
7
Q
Which is time has this historical perspective on the treatment of mental illness: Treatment: bloodletting, starving and purging
A
Ancient Times
8
Q
Which is time has this historical perspective on the treatment of mental illness: Primitive and superstitious beliefs
A
Early Christian Times
9
Q
Which is time has this historical perspective on the treatment of mental illness: All diseases were blamed to demons. Mentally ill persons were viewed as possessed
A
Early Christian Times
10
Q
Which is time has this historical perspective on the treatment of mental illness: Treatment for mental illness is performance of exorcisms to rid evil spirits. If that fails = incarceration in dungeons, flogging and starving.
A
Early Christian Times
11
Q
Which is time has this historical perspective on the treatment of mental illness: People with mental illness were distinguished as criminals
A
Renaissance
12
Q
Which is time has this historical perspective on the treatment of mental illness: If harmless = allowed to wander the countryside. If harmful (dangerous lunatics) = thrown in prison, chained and starved
A
Renaissance
13
Q
First hospital for insane
A
Hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem
14
Q
Which is time has this historical perspective on the treatment of mental illness: Inmates were viewed as animals + evil + possessed
A
Renaissance
15
Q
Which is time has this historical perspective on the treatment of mental illness: Treatment = witch hunts were conducted; offenders were burned
A
Renaissance
16
Q
- ) Formulated the concept of asylum (safe refuge)
2. ) during which period
A
- ) Philippe Pinel and William Tuke
2. ) Period of Enlightenment
17
Q
Dorothea Dix
A
advocated adequate shelter, nutritious food and warm clothing to those who are mentally ill during the Period of Enlightenment
18
Q
Person who classified mental disorders according to their symptoms.
A
Emil Kraepelin
19
Q
coined the term schizophrenia.
A
Eugene Bleuler
20
Q
Main tool used by the nurse in Psychiatric Nursing
A
Therapeutic use of self
21
Q
What is the term being described here: Nurses must have a clear understanding of themselves to promote client’s growth.
A
Self Awareness
22
Q
Therapeutic use of self requires _______.
A
Self Awareness
23
Q
It is the process by which the nurse gains recognition of his or her own feelings, beliefs, and attitudes.
A
Self Awareness
24
Q
What is the GOAL of self-awareness?
A
To know oneself so that one’s values, attitudes, and beliefs are not projected to the client, interfering with nursing care.
25
One tool that is useful in learning about oneself is ______________.
Johari's Window
26
What is the ARENA/OPEN/PUBLIC SELF quadrant in Johari's Window?
qualities KNOWN to SELF and OTHERS
27
What is the BLIND/UNAWARE SELF quadrant in Johari's Window?
qualities KNOWN to OTHERS, NOT to SELF
28
What is the FACADE/HIDDEN/PRIVATE SELF quadrant in Johari's Window?
qualities KNOWN to SELF, NOT to OTHERS
29
What is the UNKNOWN quadrant in Johari's Window?
NOT known to SELF AND OTHERS
30
Methods used to increase self awareness?
role play, introspection, discussion and enlarging one's experience
31
Thera comm goals
assess px perception of the problem, identify the most important client concern at the moment and guide the client toward identifying a plan of action to a satisfying and socially acceptable resolution.
32
Thera comm technique: An __________ response indicates the nurse has heard and followed the train of thought. It does not indicate agreement but is non-judgmental. indicating reception.
Accepting
33
Thera comm technique: makes explicit that the client is leading the interaction; may stimulate him or her to take the initiative. Allows the client to take the initiative in introducing the topic.
Broad Openings
34
Examples for Accepting
"Yes, I follow what you said"
| Nodding
35
Examples of Broad Openings
"Is there something you'd like to talk about?"
| "Where would you like me to begin?"
36
Thera comm technique: For verbal communication to be meaningful, it is essential that the words being used should have the same meaning for all participants. Searching for mutual understanding, for accord in the meaning of the words.
Consensual Validation
37
Examples of Consensual Validation
"Tell me whether my understanding of it agrees with yours."
| "Are you using this word to convey that?
38
Theracomm technique: Comparing ideas, experiences, or relationships brings out many recurring themes;
He or she might recall past coping strategies that were effective or remember the he or she has survived a similar situation. Helping the client to understand by looking at similarities and differences
Encouraging Comparison
39
Examples of Encouraging Comparison
'Was it something like?"
| "Have you had similar experiences?
40
Examples of encouraging description of perception
"Tell me when you feel anxious"
"What is happening?"
"What does the voice seem to be saying?"
41
Thera comm: To understand the client. the nurse must see things from his or her perspective; may relieve the tension the client is feeling and he or she might be less likely to take action on ideas that are harmful or frightening. Here, the nurse asks the client to verbalize what he or she perceives.
encouraging description of perception
42
Thera comm: Encourages the client to make his or her own appraisal rather than accepting the opinion of others. Asks the client to appraise/evaluate the quality of his or her experience.
Encouraging Expression
43
Examples of encouraging expression
"What are your feelings in regard to...."
44
Thera comm: This can help them examine the issue more fully; If the client expresses an unwillingness to explore a subject, however, the nurse must respect his or her wishes. Here, the nurse delves further into a subject or idea.
Exploring
45
Examples of statements using Exploring
"Tell me more about that."; 'Would you describe it more fully'?"; 'What kind of work?"
46
Thera comm: This encourages the client to concentrate his or her energies on a single point and prevent a multitude of factors or problems from overwhelming the client; useful technique when a client jumps from one topic to another. Here the nurse concentrates on a single point.
Focusing
47
Examples of statements using Focusing
"This point seems looking at more closely."; "Of all the concerns you have mentioned, Which is most
troublesome?"
48
Thera comm: Asking the client to consider kinds of behavior likely to be appropriate in future situations. Making definite plans increases the likelihood that the client will cope more effectively in a similar situation. It may be helpful for the client to plan in advance what he or she might do in future similar situations.
Formulating a Plan of Action
49
Examples of statements using Formulating a Plan of Action
'What could you do to let your anger out harmlessly?"; "Next time this comes up, what might you do to
handle it?"
50
Thera comm: Giving encouragement to continue. This indicates that the nurse is listening and following what the client is saying without taking away the
initiative for the interaction; encourage the client to continue if he or she is hesitant or uncomfortable about the topic.
General Leads
51
Examples of statements using General Leads
"Good."; "And then?"; "Tell me about it."
52
Thera comm: Making available the facts that the client needs. Informing the client of facts increases his or her knowledge about a topic or lets the client know what to expect; builds trust with the client.
Giving Information
53
Thera comm: Greeting the client by name, indicating awareness of change, or noting efforts the client has made all show that the nurse recognizes the client as a person, as an individual. Here, the nurse is acknowledging, indicating awareness.
Giving Recognition
54
Examples of Giving Recognition
"Good morning, Mr. S..."; "You've finished your list of things to do."' "I noticed that you've combed your hair."
55
Thera comm: Verbalizing what the nurse perceives. Sometimes clients cannot verbalize or make themselves understood.
Making Observations
56
Example of Making Observations
"You appear tense."; "Are you uncomfortable when...?"; "I notice that you are biting your nails."
57
Thera comm: The nurse can offer his or her presence, interest, and desire to understand; It is important that this offer is unconditional, that is, the client does not have to respond verbally to get the nurse's attention. Making oneself available.
Offering self
58
Examples of Giving Information
"My name is..."; "Visiting hours are. . ."; "My purpose in being here is..."
59
Examples of Offering self
"I will sit with you a while."; "I will stay here with you."; "I am interested in what you think."
60
Thera comm: Clarifying the relationship of events in time. This helps both the nurse and client 'to see them in perspective; The client may gain insight into cause-and effect behavior and consequences, or perhaps some things are not related. The nurse may gain information about recurrent patterns or themes in the client behavior relationship.
Placing event in Time Sequence
61
Examples of statements using Placing event in Time Sequence
What seemed to lead up to?"; Was this before or after?"; 'When did this happen?"
62
Thera comm: Offering for consideration that which is real. When it is obvious that a client is misinterpreting reality, the nurse can indicate what is real.
Presenting Reality
63
Examples of Presenting Reality
"I see no one else in the room."; "That sound was a car back firing."; "Your mother is not here. I am a
nurse."
64
Thera comm: Directing client actions, thoughts, and feelings back to the client. This encourages the client to recognize and accept his or her own feelings.
Reflecting
65
Examples of Reflecting
Client: "Do you think I should tell the doctor?"
Nurse: "Do you think you should?"
Client: "My brother spends all my money and then has the nerve to ask for more."
Nurse: "This causes you to feel angry'?"
66
Thera comm: Restatement lets the client know that she communicated the idea effectively; encourages the client to continue. Repeating the main idea expressed.
Restating
67
Examples of Restating
Client: "I can't sleep. I stay awake all night." Nurse: "You have difficulty sleeping."
Client: "I am really mad. I am really upset." Nurse: "You're really mad and upset."
68
Thera comm: Seeking to make clear that which is not meaningful or that which is vague. This can help the nurse to avoid making assumptions that understanding has occurred when it has not; helps the client to articulate thoughts, feelings, and ideas more clearly.
Seeking Information
69
Examples of Seeking Information
"I am not sure that I follow."; "Have I heard you correctly?'
70
Thera comm: This often encourages the client to verbalize provided that it is interested and expectant; gives the client time to organize thoughts, direct the topic of interaction, or focus on issues that are most important. Absence of verbal communication, which provides time for the client to put thoughts or feelings in to words, regain composure, or continue talking.
Silence
71
How silence is performed (thera comm)
Nurse says nothing but continues to maintain eye contact and conveys interest
72
Thera com: Offering to share, to strive, to work with the client for his or her benefit. The nurse seeks to offer a relationship in which the client can identify problems in living with others, grow emotionally, and improve the ability to form satisfactory relationships.
Suggesting Collaboration
73
Examples of Suggesting Collaboration
"Perhaps you and I can discuss and discover the triggers for your anxiety."; "Let's go to your room and I will help you find what you are looking for."
74
Thera com: This brings out the important points of the discussion and to increase the awareness and understanding of both participants; omits the irrelevant and organizes the pertinent aspects of the interaction. Organizing and summing up that which has gone before.
Summarizing
75
Examples of summarizing
"Have I got this straight?"; "You've said that. ."; "During the past hour, you and I have discussed.."
76
Thera com: Seeking to verbalize client's feelings that he or she expresses only indirectly. The nurse must concentrateon what the client might be feeling to express himself or herself this way.
Translating into Feelings
77
Example of Translating into Feelings
Client: "I am dead."
Nurse: "Are you suggesting that you feel lifeless?"
Client: "I am way out in the ocean."
Nurse: "You seem to feel lonely or deserted."
78
Thera com: Voicing what the client has intended or suggested. This tends to make the discussion less obscure.
Verbalizing the Implied
79
Example of Verbalizing the Implied
Client: "I can't talk to you or anyone. It is a waste of time."
Nurse: "Do you feel that no one understands?"
80
Thera comm: This permits the client to become aware that others do not necessarily perceive events in the same way or draw the same conclusions. Expressing uncertainty about the reality of the client's perceptions.
Voicing Doubt
81
Examples of Voicing Doubt
"Isn't that unusual?"; "Really?"; "That is hard to believe."
82
Non-thera com: Telling the client what to do. This implies that the nurse knows what is best for the client.
Advising
83
Examples of Advising (Non-thera com)
"I think you advising should."; 'Why don't you?"
84
Non-thera com: Indicates accord with the client. This indicated agreeing with the patient.
Agreeing
85
Examples of Agreeing
"That is right.” "I agree."
86
Non-thera com: Misjudging the degree of the client’s
discomfort. When the nurse tries to equate in the intense and overwhelming feelings the client has expressed to “everybody” or to the nurse’s own
feelings, the nurse implies that the discomfort is temporary, mild self-limiting, or not very important.
Belittling feelings expressed
87
Examples of Belittling Feelings Expressed
Client: “I have to live for…I wish I was dead”
Nurse: “Everybody gets down in the dumps” or “I have felt the way myself.”
88
Non-thera com: Demanding proof from the client. Often the nurse believe that if he or she can challenge the client to prove unrealistic idea, the client will realize there is no “proof” and then will recognize reality. Actually _______ causes the client to defend the delusions or misconception.
Challenging
89
Examples of Challenging
”But how can you be the president of the United State?”
| “if you are dead, why is your heart beating?"
90
Non-thera com: attempting to protect someone or
| something from the verbal attack. this implies that he or she no right to express impression, opinion or feeling
Defending
91
Examples of Defending
"The hospital has a fine reputation”; “ I am sure your doctors has your best interest in mind.”
92
Non-thera: Opposing the client’s idea. this implies the client is “ wrong”; consequently the client feels
defensive about his or her point of view or ideas.
Disagreeing
93
Examples of Disagreeing
”that is wrong”; ”I definitely disagree with…”;”do not believe on that…”
94
Non-thera: Sanctioning the client's behavior
or ideas. Saying what the client thinks or feels if "good" implies that the opposite is "bad"; tends to limit the client's freedom to think, speak, or act
in a certain way; can lead to the client's acting in a particular way just to please the nurse.
Giving approval/agreeing
95
Examples of Giving approval/agreeing
"That is good."; "I am glad that......"
96
Non-thera: Responding to a figurative comment as
though it were a statement of fact. Often the client is at a loss to describe his or her feelings, so such
comments are the best he or she can do; usually it is helpful for the nurse to focus on the client's feelings in response to such statements
Giving literal responses
97
Examples of giving literal responses
Client: "They are looking in my head with a television camera."
Nurse: "Try not to watch television." or 'What channel?"
98
Non-thera com: Attributing the source of thoughts, feelings, and behavior to others or to outside
influences.
Indicating the existence of an external
| source
99
Example of Indicating the existence of an external
| source
'What makes you say that?"; 'What made you do that?";
“Who told you that you were a prophet?"
***The nurse can ask, “What happened?" Or “What events led you to draw such a conclusion?";But to question “What made you think that?" implies that the client was made or compelled to think in a certain way
100
Non thera-com: Asking to make conscious that which is unconscious. ***Client's thoughts and feelings are his or her own, not to be interpreted by the nurse or for hidden meaning.***
Interpreting
101
Examples of Interpreting
“What you really mean is...";"Unconsciously you are saying..."
102
Non-thera com: The nurse takes the initiative for the interaction away from the client. Changing the subject.
Introducing an unrelated topic
103
Examples of Introducing an unrelated topic
Client: “I would like to die”
Nurse: “ did you have visitors last night?”
104
Non-thera com: Offering meaningless clichés or tripe
| comments.
Making stereotype comments
105
Example of making stereotype comments
“Now tell me about this problem. You know I have to find out”; "tell your psychiatric history”.
***Tend to make the client feel used or invaded; clients have the right not to talk about issues or concerns if they choose.***
106
Non-thera com: indicates that there is no reason for
| anxiety or other feelings of discomfort
Reassuring
107
Example of Reassuring
“I would not worry about that”;
"everything would be alright”;
"you are coming along just fine.”
***This is completely devalues the client’s feelings.***
108
Non-thera com: refusing to consider or showing contempt for the client’s idea or behavior. Nurse closes it off during exploring; in turn, the client will feel personally rejected along with his or her ideas.
Rejecting
109
Example of Rejecting
“Let us not discuss…:”
| ”I do not want to hear about…”
110
Non-thera com: asking the client to provide reasons for
| thoughts, feelings, behaviors, events. ***using “ why” question is intimidating.***
Requesting an Explanation
111
Examples of Requesting an Explanation
“why do you think that?"
| “why do you feel that way?’’
112
Non-thera com: This is forces the client to try to recognize his or her problems. Appraising the client’s degree of insight.
Testing
113
Examples of Testing
“do you know what kind of hospital this is”;
| “do you still have the idea that…?’’
114
Non-thera com: Refusing to admit that problem exists.
Using Denial
115
Examples of Using Denial
Client: "I am nothing.
Nurse: "Of course you are something. Everybody is something."
Client: "I am dead."
Nurse: "Do not be silly."
***Denies the client's feelings or the seriousness of
the situation by dismissing his or her comments without attempting to discover the feelings or meaning behind them.***
