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VBMS410 > Toxicology Exam 2 Bonus Questions > Flashcards

Toxicology Exam 2 Bonus Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the environment?

A
  • Air, water, soil
  • Biota
  • Space where we live
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2
Q

Environmental toxicology

A

A multidisciplinary field of science concerned with the study of the harmful effects of various chemical, biological, and physical agents on living organisms.

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3
Q

Ecotoxicology

A

The study of the harmful effects of toxicants at the population and ecosystem levels
Terrestrial
Aquatic

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4
Q

Chemodynamics

A

The study of the release, distribution, degradation, and fate of chemicals in the environment
- Entry paths for chemicals
Evaporation –> Atmosphere
Dissolution –> Hydrosphere
Adsorption –> Lithosphere

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5
Q

Types of environmental pollutants

A

Air pollutants
Water and soil pollutants

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6
Q

Examples of air pollutants

A

Indoor and Outdoor
Particles
Gases
Volatile organic compounds

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7
Q

Types of water and soil pollutants

A

Inorganic ions
Phosphates
Fluoride
Nitrates (Fertilizers, Animal manure)
Synthetic and persistent chemicals:
One word: “plastics”

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8
Q

Sources of environmental pollutants

A

The main sources of pollution are household activities, factories, agriculture, and transport. Once they have been released into the environment, the concentration of some pollutants is reduced by dispersion, dilution, deposition, or degradation.

–> microplastics

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9
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

Harmful algal blooms, dead zones, and fish kills are the results of a process called eutrophication — which occurs when the environment becomes enriched with nutrients, increasing the amount of plant and algae growth to estuaries and coastal waters.

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10
Q

Bioavailability

A

The portion of the total quantity of a chemical present in the environment that is potentially available for uptake by a specific organism
- Behavior and Ecosystem
- Speciation
- Phase partitioning

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11
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

How pollutants enter the food chain and accumulate in relationship to their absorption

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12
Q

Biomagnification

A

Increase in contaminant concentration as it moves through a food web

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13
Q

What is occupational toxicology?

A

Occupational toxicology is the application of the principles and methodology of toxicology toward chemical and biologic hazards encountered at work. The objective of the occupational toxicologist is to prevent adverse health effects in workers that result from their work environment.

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14
Q

What is the primary objective of occupational toxicology?

A

To assess the permissible dose (concentration/duration/frequency) of exposure to toxicants encountered in the work environment

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15
Q

What are occupational exposure limits?

A

Conditions under which workers can be repetitively exposed to chemical, biological and physical agents without adverse effects

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16
Q

How are occupational exposure limits determined?

A
  1. Experimental animals
  2. Clinical observations:
    - Clinical expressions might be indistinguishable from those arising from non-occupational exposures
    - Long interval between the exposure and expression of disease
    - Multifactorial nature of diseases linked to occupational exposures
  3. Epidemiological studies
    - Prospective studies
    - Retrospective studies
17
Q

What is the difference between a prospective and retrospective epidemiological study?

A

In prospective studies, individuals are followed over time, and data about them is collected as their characteristics or circumstances change. Birth cohort studies are a good example of prospective studies.

In retrospective studies, individuals are sampled, and information is collected about their past.

18
Q

Interactors and modifiers of environmental/occupational toxicity

A
  • Environmental and occupational exposures very often if not always
    happen as mixtures
    Potentiate or enhance toxic effects
    Additive
    Synergistic
    Antagonistic
  • Other
    Lifestyle
    alcohol, diet, fitness
    Medication and disease state
    Genetics (gender) and age
19
Q

What is the goal outcome of Occupational Toxicology?

A
  • Reduce exposure to toxicants
  • Provide screening of health and wellness and exposure monitoring
20
Q

What is the surveillance of occupational toxicology?

A
  • The ongoing systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of data for the purpose of prevention.
  • Detect excessive exposures before the occurrence of disturbances (biological and health)
  1. Environmental monitoring
  2. Biological monitoring
21
Q

Environmental monitoring

A

a. Tailored to the agent and environment
b. Repeated measures
c. Group based

22
Q

Biological monitoring (Biomonitoring)

A

a. The measurement of environmental chemicals and/or their
metabolites in biological media.
b. An important tool for assessing exposure to both naturally
occurring and synthetic chemicals.
c. Measures “molecular signatures” of effect
d. Routes of excretion, blood, bronchial lavage, “dead” tissue
e. Influenced by individual behavior and physiology

23
Q

What is a toxin?

A

Poison originated from a biological process (an organism)

24
Q

Venomous vs Poisonous

A

Venomous
- Venom produced in exocrine glands or groups of cells
- Delivered during a biting or stinging act

Poisonous
- No mechanisms of delivery
- Poisoning occurs via ingestion or skin absorption

25
Q

Targets for venoms/poisons in the neuromuscular synapse

A

Inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation –> bee

Inhibition of epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation –> snake

Prothrombin activation –> snake

Thrombin inhibition –> snake

26
Q

Other components of venoms

A
  1. Amino acids, polypeptides, and proteins
  2. Lipids and Steroids
  3. Amines and Neurotransmitters
  4. Polysaccharides
27
Q

Proteases

A

Extracellular matrix –>
Proteases to degrade extracellular matrix

28
Q

Thrombin-like

A

Proteolytic enzymes: Snake venom
thrombin-like enzymes (svTLEs)

29
Q

Inhibitors of Protein and Lipid synthesis; Cytoskeleton

A

Mycotoxins
- Phalloidin (stabilizes the actin cytoskeleton) and amatoxins (RNA polymerase) from

30
Q

Symptoms of venom

A
  • Pain
  • Allergies
  • Cough reflex
31
Q

Mechanism of pain from venom

A

Peripheral sensory neuron terminal

32
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

can happen if your nervous system is damaged or not working correctly. You can feel pain from various levels of the nervous system—the peripheral nerves, the spinal cord, and the brain. About 30% happens because of diabetes, but other diseases
like alcoholism and shingles can cause it.

33
Q

Inflammatory pain

A

Is the spontaneous hypersensitivity to pain that occurs in response to tissue damage and inflammation (e.g., postoperative pain, trauma, arthritis).

VBMS410 (6 decks)

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