Toxicology

Question 1

Defie Toxicant

Answer 1

AKA poison, any substance (solid, liquid, gas) when applied or introduced into the body may interfere with life processes or biological functions of the cells of the animal.

Question 2

Define Toxicology

Answer 2

the science of poisons (toxicants)

Question 3

What are the main aspects of clinical toxicology

Answer 3

Exposure, Diagnosis, Treatment, Toxicokinetics, and Prognosis

Question 4

Define xenobiotics

Answer 4

foreign chemicals that the body does NOT produce

Question 5

What can be xenobiotics

Answer 5

drugs and poisons

Question 6

Can drugs be poisons and poisons drugs?

Answer 6

TRUE, but the dose is the difference

Question 7

What are some sources of poisons?

Answer 7

natural and synthetic

Question 8

What are some natural sources?

Answer 8

plants (poisonous plants)
animal (snake venom, insect stings, fish toxins)
mineral (lead, arsenic nitrate)
fungi or bacteria (mycotoxins)
gaseous (carbon monoxide, cyanide gas)

Question 9

What are some synthetic sources?

Answer 9

organophosphate and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides

organic herbicides

Question 10

Define toxin (biotoxin)

Answer 10

is a poison from a biological process (ex. zootoxins or animal toxins, phytotoxins or plant toxins, bacterial toxins and mycotoxins)

Question 11

Define Toxic

Answer 11

is used to describe the deleterious or undesirable effects of poisons

Question 12

Define Toxicosis

Answer 12

is the disease caused by exposure to a poison (AKA poisoning or intoxication)

Question 13

Define Toxicity

Answer 13

is the amount of a poison that under certain circumstances will cause toxic effects

Question 14

What are the different types of toxicity?

Answer 14

acute, subacute, subchronic, and chronic

Question 15

Explain acute toxicity

Answer 15

Most common seen in small animal clinic practices.

Is the effect of a single dose ore multiple doses during a 24-hr period.

Question 16

Explain subacute toxicity

Answer 16

is the effect produced by daily exposure from 1 day to 30 days.

Question 17

Explain subchronic toxicity

Answer 17

is the effect of exposure from 30 days to 90 days

Question 18

Explain chronic toxicity

Answer 18

is the effect produced by daily exposure for a period of 3 months or more

Question 19

Define chronicity factor

Answer 19

is the ratio between acute LD50 and chronic LD50

Question 20

Name several factors that influence toxicity values

Answer 20

species, breed, individual, sex, age, dosage of poison, duration of exposure, and other factors

Question 21

Scheme that describes the relative toxicity:

Answer 21

Extremely toxic = 1mg/kg or less
Highly toxic > 1-50 mg/kg
Moderately toxic > 50-500 mg/kg
Slightly toxic > 0.5-5 g/kg
Practically nontoxic > 5-15 g/kg
Relatively harmless >15 g/kg

Question 22

Name the types of toxic doses

Answer 22

highest nontoxic dose (HNTD), max tolerated dose or minimal toxic dose (MTD), toxic dose low (TDL), toxic high dose (TDH) and no-effect level (max nontoxic level)

Question 23

Define highest nontoxic dose (HNTD)

Answer 23

is the highest or largest dose which does not result in undesirable or toxic alterations (clinical, hematologic, biochemical, or pathological alterations)

Question 24

Define Maximum tolerated dose or minimal toxic dose (MTD)

Answer 24

is similar to the highest nontoxic dose

Question 25

Define Toxic dose low (TDL)

Answer 25

is the lowest dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will not cause death

Question 26

Define toxic dose high (TDH)

Answer 26

is the dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will result in death

Question 27

no-effect level (max nontoxic level)

Answer 27

is the amount of a chemical that can be ingested w/o causing any deaths, illness or toxic alterations in any of the animals for the stated period (usually 90 days to 2 years or more depending on the species)