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Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Study of poisons

A

TOXICOLOGY

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2
Q

The basic science of poisons (old)

A

TOXICOLOGY

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3
Q

The study of the adverse effects of chemical
agents on biological systems (new)

A

TOXICOLOGY

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4
Q

any substance that causes harmful effects
upon exposure

A

Poison

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5
Q

 Substances not absorb produces local effects

A

Poison

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6
Q

Major areas of Toxicology

A

Clinical
Descriptive
Forensic
Mechanistic

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7
Q

study inter relationships between
toxic exposure and disease states

A

Clinical

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8
Q

results from animal
experiments to predict what level of
exposure will cause harm in humans; risk
assessment

A

Descriptive

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9
Q

primary concern in medico-legal
in toxic exposure consequences

A

Forensic

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10
Q

cellular and biochemical
effects of toxins

A

Mechanistic

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11
Q

A substance with a capacity to produce
injury or illness

A

TOXIC SUBSTANCE

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12
Q

Types of Toxic Hazardous materials

A
  1. Chemical Agents and Drugs of Abuse
  2. Physical Agents
  3. Biological Agents
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13
Q

EFFECTS OF TOXICANTS

A

Irreversible
Acute Effects
Chronic Effects

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14
Q

Irreversible

A
  1. Carcinogens
  2. Mutagen
  3. Reproductive hazards
  4. Teratogen
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15
Q

Acute Effects

A
  1. Short term
  2. Appears shortly after exposure (<24 hrs)
  3. Can be form single exposure
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16
Q

Chronic Effects

A
  1. With latency
  2. It takes a long period of time before you see the
    effects (>3 months)
  3. Exposure can be due to repeated doses
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17
Q

MAJOR FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE TOXICITY

A
  1. Route of admission
  2. Duration and Frequency of exposure
  3. Dose or Concentration
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18
Q

What are the Route of admission

A

Inhalation
Ingestion
Injection

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19
Q

via mouth/nose, then to the
lungs, and to the bloodstream

A

 Inhalation

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20
Q

mouth to stomach to
bloodstream

A

Ingestion

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21
Q

cuts/punctures/wounds and
then to the bloodstream

A

Injection

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22
Q

The frequency of the exposure affects the
concentration at the target site – can build
up to a steady level

A

Duration and Frequency of exposure

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23
Q

The frequency of the exposure affects the
concentration at the target site can build
up to a ?

A

Steady level

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24
Q

the amount of chemical entering the
body

A

Dose or Concentration

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25
Q

MEASURE OF TOXICITY/EFFECTIVE DOSE

A

LD50
TD50
ED50

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26
Q

the dose of a chemical which produces death
in 50% of a population.

A

LD50

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27
Q

the dose that would be predicted to produce
a toxic response in 50% of the population.

A

TD50

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28
Q

the dose that would be predicted to be
effective or have therapeutic benefit in 50% of the population.

A

ED50

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29
Q

is the biotransformation of
chemicals into something less harmful

A

Detoxification

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30
Q

ELIMINATION OF TOXINS

A
  1. Excretion through the kidneys, liver, and lungs
  2. Detoxification is the biotransformation of
    chemicals into something less harmful
  3. Storage in fatty issue
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31
Q

What are the organs involved in the excretion process in the human body?

A

kidneys, liver, and lungs

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32
Q

 Common CNS depressants
 Causes disorientation, euphoria, and
confusion

A

ALCOHOLS

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33
Q

“grain alcohol”

A

Ethanol

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34
Q

 Most common
 Converted to Acetic acid – hangover is due to acetaldehyde (via alcohol dehydrogenase
activity)
 Fatal dose: 300-400 mL

A

Ethanol

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35
Q

Ethanol is converted to?

Hangover is due to______ (via ____________ activity)

A

Acetic acid; acetaldehyde ; alcohol dehydrogenase

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36
Q

Fatal dose of Ethanol

A

300-400 mL

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37
Q

Stages of impairment by Ethanol

A

0.01 – 0.05- No obvious impairment,
some changes observable during testing

0.03 – 0.12 -Mild euphoria, low
inhibitions, some impairment of motor skills

0.09 – 0.25- Low inhibitions, loss critical
judgement, memory impairment, low reaction time

0.18 – 0.30-Mental confusion, dizziness,
strong impaired motor skills

0.27 – 0.40- Unable to stand and walk,
vomiting, impaired consciousness

0.36 – 0.50 COMA and POSSIBLE DEATH

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38
Q

“Wood alcohol”

A

Methanol

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39
Q

-Common solvent, contaminant to homemade liquors
-Converted to formaldehyde and then to formic acid in the liver
-Fatal dose: 60-250 Ml

A

Methanol

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40
Q

Fatal Dose of Methanol

A

60-250 Ml

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41
Q

How is methanol metabolized in the body?

A

it is converted to formaldehyde and then to formic acid in the liver

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42
Q

“Rubbing alcohol”

A

Isopropanol

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43
Q

How is isopropanol metabolized in the body?

A

It is converted to acetone by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase

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44
Q

Fatal Dose of Isopropanol

A

250 mL

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45
Q

 Colorless, Odorless, Tasteless
 From gasoline, and cigarette smoke

A

CARBON MONOXIDE

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46
Q

-Few amounts are produced in the body from metabolism
-With high affinity to hemoglobin that leads
to carboxyhemoglobin formation and to
tissue hypoxia

A

CARBON MONOXIDE

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47
Q

How is carbon monoxide poisoning identified and measured?

A

Indicator: Cherry red color of the face
Method: Carboxyhemoglobin measurement

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48
Q

 Can be solid or gas
 A super toxic substance in insecticides,
rodenticides, pyrolysis products

A

CYANIDE

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49
Q

 Binds to iron-binding substances and may
cause cellular hypoxia (fast acting)

A

CYANIDE

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50
Q

How is cyanide poisoning identified?

A

“Odor of Bitter Almonds”

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51
Q

HEAVY METALS

A

Arsenic
Cadmium
Lead

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52
Q

What are the symptoms associated with Cyanide

A

Tachypnea (rapid breathing)
Convulsions
Coma

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53
Q

They are toxic if ingested and absorbed by the body

A

Heavy Metals

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54
Q

common component of poisons,
rodenticides, paints

A

ARSENIC

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55
Q

Arsenic
 With high affinity to _____
 Commonly used in ______
 Inhibits ______
 Toxicity is via _______
 Can cross ______

A

-keratin
-homicides, suicide agents, and heavy metal poisoning
-sulfhydryl enzymes
-binding to thiol groups in proteins
-PLACENTA

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56
Q

METHOD IN ARSENIC

A

 Reinsch test
 Atomic absorption spectrophotometry

57
Q

-Soft, Bluish-white metal easily cut with a
knife
 A significant environmental pollutant
 Acquired from ingestion of food stored in
cadmium containers

58
Q

MAIN SOURCE source of cadmium

A

Coal burning

59
Q

Where does cadmium accumulates

A

renal tubules, liver, and
muscles

60
Q

How is cadmium toxicity indicated?

A

A positive (+) gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in urine sample

61
Q

Cadmium inhibits

A

type 1 epithelial cells of the lungs

62
Q

components of household paints

63
Q

 A potent enzyme inhibitors
 Goes to the matrix of the bones and may
persist for a long time
 Blocks vitamin D and d-ALA

64
Q

Causes “Wrist drop/Foot drop

65
Q

Toxic dose of Lead

A

> 0.5 mg/day

66
Q

Indicators of Lead Toxicity

A

Increased urine ALA
Increased free RBC protoporphyrin
Basophilic stipplings

67
Q

Method of Lead

A

 Inductively coupled plasma emission
spectrophotometry
 Zinc protoporphyrin

68
Q

Specimen used in Lead

A

Whole blood – with greater sensitivity
Note: Serum and Plasma is NOT ALLOWED

Urine- for recent exposures

69
Q

 Binds with proteins and is an environmental pollutant
 Amalgamates with other substances
 Small drops are highly dangerous in a poorly ventilated room
 Affects glomerular integrity and
accumulates in the CNS
 Highly toxic in vapor form

A

MERCURY “Quicksilver”

70
Q

“Quicksilver”

71
Q

Mercury Detection Method

A

Reinsch Test

72
Q

Specimen for Mercury

A

whole blood for organic mercury,

and urine for inorganic mercury.

73
Q

MERCURY HEALTH EFFECTS

A

 Skin burns
 Irritation of nose and skin
 Rashes
 Excessive perspiration
 Damage to the kidneys
 Damage to vision
 Dysfunctional of the central nervous system
 Loss of hearing and muscle coordination
 Severe brain damage
 Death

74
Q

overuse or consumption of drugs
other than for medical reasons or more than
recommended dose.

A

Drug Abuse

75
Q

Compulsion to use a drug to experience
psychological or physical effects despite any
deterioration in health, work or social
activity

A

Drug dependence

76
Q

Almost all drugs are basic drugs with
benzene rings (Acidic = barbiturates)

A

Drug dependence

77
Q

Classification of Drugs

A

Natural Drugs
Synthetic Drugs

78
Q

Natural Drugs

A

Raw opium
Marijuana
Coca bush

79
Q

Synthetic Drugs

A
  • Methamphetamine
  • Barbiturates
80
Q

Any drug that produces sleep or stupor and
also relieves pain (Medical)

81
Q

Depress the central nervous system to
produce marked reduction in sensitivity to
pain, create drowsiness and reduce physical
activity

82
Q

In large doses, may cause coma and/or
convulsions

83
Q

Psychotropic Drugs

A

 Drugs with inhibitory type of action
 Drugs with exciting type of action

84
Q

 Drugs with inhibitory type of action

A
  1. Neuroleptics
  2. Tranquilizers
  3. Sedative drugs
85
Q

 Drugs with exciting type of action

A
  1. Psychostimulants
  2. Antidepressants
86
Q

 New psychoactive drugs that tend to be
abused by teens and young adults at the
bars, clubs and raves

A

Designer Drugs

87
Q

Properties and effects are similar to
hallucinogens or narcotics but have altered
chemical structure

A

Designer Drugs

88
Q

Designer Drugs
EXAMPLE

A

 Ecstasy
 Synthetic cannabinoids
 Synthetic cathiones

89
Q

DRUGS OF ABUSE

A

Amphetamines
Anabolic steroids
Phencyclidine
Cannabinoids
Cocaine
Opiates
Sedative Hypnotics

90
Q
  • for narcolepsy and attention
    deficit disorders
A

Amphetamines

91
Q

 Increases mental alertness and physical
capacity
 Reduces appetite, relieves mental
depression, comfort fatigue and
sleepiness

A

Amphetamines

92
Q

Amphetamines structurally related to

A

Dopamine and
Catecholamines

93
Q

(Popular designer drug)

94
Q

In Amphetamines

Acute intoxication can lead to

A

hyperpyrexia

95
Q

-One common type of amphetamine
- is commonly known as

A

-“3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine,”
-“Ecstasy,”

96
Q

Toxic effects of Amphetamines

A

 Restlessness
 Coma
 Hypertension
 Cardiac arrhythmias
 Convulsions
 Pancytopenia
 Death

97
Q

Shabu

A

Methamphetamine HCL

98
Q

white, odorless, and crystalline substance

A

Methamphetamine HCL - “Shabu”

99
Q

Methamphetamine HCL - “Shabu”
Route

A

 Ingestion
 Inhalation
 Injection
 Snorting

100
Q

“ecstasy”

A

3,4 methylene dioxide N Methylamphetamine

101
Q

 White, yellow or brown in color
 In capsule or in tablet

A

3,4 methylene dioxide N Methylamphetamine

102
Q

3,4 methylene dioxide N Methylamphetamine

Route

A

 Oral
 Snorting

103
Q

3,4 methylene dioxide N Methylamphetamine

Effects

A

 Feeling of emotional closeness to others
 Increased sociability
 Exaggerated emotions
 Rise in blood pressure

104
Q

Amphetamine-like compounds:

A

 Ephedrine
 Pseudoephedrine
 Phenylpropanolamine

105
Q

 White powder with numbing taste

A

Amphetamine sulfate

106
Q

Effects of Amphetamine sulfate

A
  1. Death
  2. Cardiovascular anomalies
  3. Jaundice
  4. Microcephaly among babies
107
Q

– Anabolic androgenic steroid

A

Anabolic steroids

108
Q

 Associated with male hormone testosterone
 Increases muscle mass (for athletes) –
improves athletic performance

A

Anabolic steroids

109
Q

Toxic effects of Anabolic steroids

A

 Chronic hepatitis
 Atherosclerosis
 Abnormal Platelet aggregation
 Cardiomegaly

110
Q

“Angel dust”, “Angel hair”

A

Phencyclidine

111
Q

-Has hallucinogenic and anaesthetic
properties, depressant effects
 Ingested or inhaled
 10-15% is unchanged and can be seen in
urine

A

Phencyclidine

112
Q

Major metabolite of Phencyclidine

A

Phencyclidine HCL

113
Q

Phencyclidine toxic effects

A

 Stupor
 Coma

114
Q

“Marijuana”, “Mary Jane”,
“Pampapogi” “Hashish”

A

Cannabinoids

115
Q

most potent component

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol

116
Q

Lipophilic, stays in adipose tissue
(long time)

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol

117
Q

Cannabinoid effects

A

Sense of well-being,
Euphoria,
Mood changes

May include
 Red conjunctiva
 Tachycardia
 Poor memory

118
Q

Cannabinoids

Detected in urine for ____ up to _____ after use

A

3-5 days up to 4 weeks

119
Q

Urinary metabolite of Cannabinoids

A

“11 nor-deltatetrahydrocannabinol” (THC-COOH)

120
Q

“Crack”

121
Q

 An Alkaloid salt
 One of the strongest and shortest acting
stimulant that elicits a sense of excitement
and euphoria
-a local anesthetic in nasopharyngeal surgery

122
Q

derived from the Coca plant (Erythroxylon) and is sometimes used as an additive in certain foods.

123
Q

Coca plant

A

“Erythroxylon”

124
Q

-Administered via inhalation or intravenous injection
–Long-term effects include physical and mental deterioration, and violent behavior
-Easily passed in placenta and breastfeeding
-Can cause sudden death due to direct
toxicity on myocardium

125
Q

cocaine can be detected in urine up to _____
For chronic users?

126
Q

urinary metabolite of cocaine is

A

“Benzoylecgonine”

127
Q

 Capable of analgesia, Sedation, Anesthesia
 Highly addictive
 From Opium poppy

128
Q

 Natural:
 Chemically modified:
 Common synthetic opiates:

A

-Opium, Morphine, Codeine

-Heroin, Hydromorphone, Oxycodone

-Meperidine, Methadone, Propoxyphene, Pentazocine, Fentanyl

129
Q

Opiates major metabolite

A

N-acetylmorphine (heroin) and Morphine

130
Q

Opiates laboratory tests

A

Immunoassays

131
Q

Opiate effects

A

 Acute overdose:
Respiratory acidosis, Myoglobinuria

 High overdose:
Death due to cardiopulmonary failure

132
Q

causes Respiratory depression

A

Sedative Hypnotics

133
Q

2 categories of Sedative Hypnotics

A

Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines

134
Q

Barbiturates

A

 Pentobarbital
 Secobarbital
 Phenobarbital

135
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

 Chlordiazepoxide
 Lorazepam
 Diazepam

136
Q

Drug Testing

Specimen:

A
  1. Blood – for currently circulating drug, or alcohol
  2. Urine – to check drug metabolites
  3. Serum – currently circulating drug
  4. Hair – low levels but with longer positivity
  5. Exhaled breath – for alcohol testing
  6. Sweat – check parent drug
  7. Saliva – check for free or active form of the drug
137
Q

Drug testing (confirmatory)

Methods:

A
  1. Thin layer chromatography
  2. Liquid chromatography
  3. HPLC
  4. Gas chromatography
138
Q

Cannabinoids knows as

A

“Marijuana”,
“Mary Jane”,
“Pampapogi”
“Hashish”

CC2 Toxicology (1 decks)

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