toxicology Flashcards
1
Q
new definition of toxicology
A
the study of the adverse effects of chemical agents on biological systems
2
Q
define poison
A
any substance that causes harmful effects upon exposure; substances that are not absorbed that produces local effects
3
Q
4 major areas of toxicology
A
CLINICAL (study inetrrelationships between toxic exposure and disease states)
DESCRIPTIVE (results from animal experiments to predict what level of exposure will cause harm in humans; risk assessment)
FORENSIC (primary concern in medico-legal in toxic exposure consequences)
MECHANISTIC (cellular and biochemical effects of toxins)
4
Q
define toxic substance
A
substance with a capacity to produce injury or illness
5
Q
3 types of toxic hazardous materials
A
- chemical agents and drug abuse;
- physical agents;
- biological agents
6
Q
irreversible effects of toxicants
A
- carcinogens
- mutagen
- teratogen
- reproductive hazards
7
Q
acute effects of toxicants
A
-short term
-appears shortly after exposure (<24hrs)
-can be from single exposure
8
Q
chronic effects of toxicants
A
-with latency
-it takes a long period of time before you see the effects (>3months)
-exposure can be due to repeated doses
9
Q
what are the major factors that influence toxicity
A
- route of administration
- duration and frequency of exposure
- dose or concentration
10
Q
route of administration that affects toxicity
A
inhalation (mouth/nose, then to lungs, then bloodstream
ingestion (mouth to stomach to bloodstream)
injection (cuts/punctures/wounds and then bloodstream)
11
Q
true or false: the frequency of the exposure affects the concentration at the target site (can build up to a steady level)
A
true
12
Q
what is dose
A
the amount of chemical entering the body
13
Q
the dose of a chemical which produces death in 50% of a population
A
LD50
14
Q
the dose that would be predicted to produce a toxic response in 50% of the population
A
TD50
15
Q
the dose that would be predicted to be effective or have therapeutic benefit in 50% of the population
A
ED50
16
Q
elimination of toxins
A
- excretion (kidneys, liver, lungs)
- detoxification (biotransformation of chemicals into something less harmful)
- storage in fatty tissue
17
Q
common CNS depressants which causes disorientation, euphoria, and confusion
A
alcohols
18
Q
grain alcohol
A
ethanol
19
Q
most common alcohol that is converted to acetic acid
A
ethanol
20
Q
ethanol is converted to –
A
acetic acid and acetaldehyde
21
Q
ethanol is converted to acetic acid - hangover is due to – (via what activity)
A
acetaldehyde (dehydrogenase activity)
22
Q
fatal dose of ethanol
A
300-400mL
23
Q
stages of impairment by ethanol
no obvious impairment, some changes observable during testing
A
0.01-0.05
24
Q
stages of impairment by ethanol
mild euphoria, low inhibitions, some impairment of motor skills
A
0.03-0.12
25
# stages of impairment by ethanol
low inhibitions, loss critical judgement, memory impairment, low reaction time
0.09-0.25
26
# stages of impairment by ethanol
mental confusion, dizziness, strong impaired motor skills
0.18-0.30
27
# stages of impairment by ethanol
unable to stand and walk, vomiting, impaired consciousness
0.27-0.40
28
# stages of impairment by ethanol
coma and possible death
0.36-0.50
29
wood alcohol
methanol
30
common solvent, contaminant to homemade liquors
methanol
31
Methanol is converted to -- and then to -- in the liver
forMaldehyde and then to forMic acid
32
fatal dose of **methanol**
60-250mL
33
rubbing alcohol
isopropanol
34
isopropanol is converted to -- by --
converted to acetone by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase
35
fatal dose of isopropanol
250mL
36
colorless, odorless, tasteless
carbon monoxide
37
form gasoline and cigarette smoke
carbon monoxide
38
true or false: few amounts of carbon monoxide are produced in the body from metabolism
true
39
carbon monoxide have a high affinity to -- that leads to -- formation and to tissue hypoxia
hemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin
40
physical state of cyanide
solid or gas
41
this is a super toxic substance in **insecticides**, **rodenticides**, **pyrolysis products**
cyanide
42
**cyanide** binds to **iron**-binding substances and may cause
cellular hypoxia (fast acting)
43
cyanide have a odor of
bitter almonds
44
symptoms of cyanide poisoning
| TCC
* tachypnea
* convulsions
* coma
45
heavy metals
lead
cadmium
arsenic
mercury
46
arsenic is a common component of poisons, rodenticides, and paints with a high affinity to --
keratin
47
commonly used in **homicides**, **suicide** **agents**, and **heavy metal poisoning**
arsenic
48
ar**S**enic inhibits
sulfhydryl enzymes
49
toxicity of arsenic is via binding to
thiol groups in proteins
50
True or False: arsenic can cross the placenta
True
51
methods for ARsenic
* reinsch test
* atomic absorption spectrophotometry
52
soft, bluish-white metal easily cut with a knife
cadmium
53
a significant environmental pollutant
cadmium
54
cadmium is acquired from ingestion of
food stored in cadmium containers
55
main source of cadmium
coal burning
56
cadm1um inhibits
type 1 epithelial cells of the lungs
57
cadmium accumulates in the
- renal tubules
- liver
- muscles
58
toxic indicator of cadmium
positive **GGT** (Gamma-glutamyl transferase) in urine sample
59
this heavy metal is a component of household paints which is a **potent enzyme inhibitor**
lead
60
goes to the matrix of the **bones** and may persist for a long time
lead
61
lea**D** blocks
vitamin D and d-ALA
62
wrist drop or foot drop
lead
63
toxic dose of lead
>0.5mg/day
64
lead toxicity indicator
* increase urine ALA
* increased free RBC protoporphyrin
* basophilic stipplings
65
methods for lead
* inductively coupled plasma emission spectrophotometry
* zinc protoporphyrin
66
specimen for lead
* whole blood (greater sensitivity)
* urine
67
true or false: serum/plasma can be used for lead determination if pretreated with specific enzymes
false, it can't be used since lead **binds to RBCs** and are used for detection
68
**binds with proteins** and is an environmental pollutant
mercury
69
mercury street name
quicksilver
70
amalgamates with other substance
mercury
71
Small drops are highly dangerous in a poorly ventilated room
mercury
72
mercury accumulates in
CNS
73
mercury affects the
glomerular integrity
74
mercury is highly toxic in this form
vapor form
75
method for mercury
reinsch test
76
specimen for mercury
whole blood (organic mercury) and urine (inorganic mercury)
77
mercury health effects
| LESSIR DDDD
* loss of hearing and muscle coordination
* excessive perspiration
* skin burns
* severe brain damage
* irritation of nose and skin
* rashes
* damage to the kidneys
* damage to vision
* dysfunction of the CNS
* death
78
overuse or consumption of drugs other than for medical reasons or more than recommended dose
drug abuse
79
compulsion to use a drug to experience psychological or physical effects despite any deterioration in health, work, or social activity
drug dependence
80
almost all drugs are basic drugs with --
benzene rings (acidic=barbiturates)
81
natural drugs
* raw opium
* marijuana
* coca bush
82
example of synthetic drugs
* methamphetamine
* barbiturates
83
Any drug that produces **sleep or stupor** and also **relieves pain** (Medical)
narcotics
84
Depress the CNS to produce marked **reduction in sensitivity to pain**, create **drowsiness** and **reduce physical activity**
narcotics
85
large doses of narCOtics may cause
* coma
* convulsions
86
Psychotropic drugs with inhibitory type of action
* neuroleptics
* tranquilizers
* sedatives
87
Psychotropic drugs with exciting type of action:
* Psychostimulants
* Antidepressants
88
New **psychoactive drugs** that tend to be abused by teens and young adults at the bars, clubs and raves
designer drugs
89
properties and effects of designer drugs are similar to -- and -- but have altered chemical structure
hallucinogens or narcotics
90
examples of designer drugs
* ecstacy
* synthetic cannabinoids
* synthetic cathiones
91
effects of amphetamines
| other than RHPDCCC
increase mental alertness and physical capacity
| reduces appetite, relieves mental depression, comfort fatigue, and sleep
92
used for narcolepsy and attention deficit disorders
amphetamine
93
amphetamine is structurally related to
dopamine and catecholamines
94
acute amphetamine intoxication can lead to
hyperpyrexia
| exceptionally high fever (greater than 41 C)
95
popular designer drug
ecstacy (3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
96
toxic effects of amphetamines
- restelessness
- coma
- hypertension
- cardiac arrhythmias
- convulsions
- pancytopenia
- death
97
street name of methamphetamine HCL
shabu
98
white, odorless, and crystalline substance
shabu
99
route for shabu
* ingestion
* inhalation
* injection
* snorting
100
white, yellow or brown in color; in capsule or tablet
ecstacy (3,4 methylene dioxide N methylamphetamine)
101
route for ecstacy
* oral
* snorting
102
effects of ecstacy
* feeling of emotional closeness to others
* increased sociability
* rise in blood pressure
* exaggerated emotions
103
amphetamine like compounds
* ephedrine
* pseudoephedrine
* phenylpropanolamine
| white powder with numbing taste
104
effects of methamphetamine
- death
- cardiovascular anomalies
- jaundice
- microcephaly among babies
105
other name for anabolic steroids
anabolic androgenic steroids
106
associated with testosterone; increased muscle mass (for athletes)- improves athletic performance
anabolic steroids
107
toxic effects of anabolic steroids
## Footnote
AACC
* chronic hepatitis
* cardiomegaly
* atherosclerosis
* abnormal platelet aggregation
108
street names for phencyclidine
angel dust
angel hair
109
has **hallucinogenic** and **anaesthetic** properties, **depressant** effects; inhaled or ingested
phencyclidines
110
% of **phencyclidine** that is unchange and can be seen in urine
10-15%
111
major metabolite of phencyclidine
phencyclidine HCL
112
toxic effects of angel hair
* stupor
* coma
113
street names for cannabinoids
marijuana
hashish
mary jane
pampapogi
114
most potent component of cannabinoids
tetrahydrocannabinol
115
effects of cannabinoids
* tachycardia
* red conjunctiva
* euphoria
* mood changes
* poor memory
* sense of well being
## Footnote
Slow down user’s mental and psychomotor activities; long term use may lead to psychological dependence
116
cannabinoids can be detected in urine for -- after use
3-5 days up to 4 weeks
117
urinary metabolite for cannabinoids
“11 nor-delta-tetrahydrocannabinol” (THC-COOH)
118
true or false: tetrahydrocannabinol is lipophilic, stays in adipose tissue (long time)
true
119
crack
cocaine
120
an alkaloid salt
cocaine
121
cocaine is from what plant that is used as additive for some foods
coca plant (erythroxylon)
122
one of the strongest and *shortest acting stimulant* that elicits a **sense of excitement and euphoria**
cocaine
123
a local anaesthetic in **nasopharyngeal surgery**
cocaine
124
**route for cocaine** and its long term effects
inhalation or IV
physical and mental deterioration
violent behavior
125
cocaine is easily passed in
placenta and breastfeeding
126
cocaine can be detected in urine up to
3 days (20 for chronic users)
127
urinary metabolite of cocaine
benzoylecgonine
128
cocaine can cause sudden death due to
toxicity on myocardium
129
opiates is capable of
| what are its medical uses
* analgesia
* sedation
* anaesthesia
130
opiate is not highly addictive: true or false
false, it is highly addictive
131
opium is from
opium poppy
132
natural opiates
* opium
* morphine
* codeine
133
chemically modified opiates
* heroin
* hydromorphone
* oxycodone
134
common synthetic opiates
* meperidine
* methadone
* propoxyphene
* pentazocine
* fentanyl
135
major metabolites for opiates
* N-acetylmorphine (heroin)
* morphine
136
lab test for opiates
immunoassays
137
effects of opiates (overdose)
**acute overdose:** respiratory acidosis, myoglobinuria
**high overdose:** death due to cardiopulmonary failure
138
sedative hypnotics causes
respiratory depression
139
what are examples of **sedative hypnotics**
**BARITURATES**:
- pento*barbital*
- seco*barbital*
- pheno*barbital*
**BENZODIAZEPINES**
- chlordiazepoxide
- lorazepam
- diazepam
140
specimen for currently circulating drug or alcohol
blood
141
specimen to check drug metabolites
urine
142
specimen for currently circulating drug
serum
143
specimen for low levels but with longer positivity
hair
144
specimen for alcohol testing
exhaled breath
145
specimen to check parent drug
sweat
146
specimen to check for **free or active form** of the drug
saliva
147
confirmatory methods for drug abuse
* thin layer chromatography
* liquid chromatography
* HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography)
* gas chromatography
148
indicator of carbon monoxide
| other effects of carbon monoxide later on...
**cherry red** color of the fase
| **HYPOVOLEMIA** - increased number of RBCs
149
why serum/plasma is not allowed in testing lead?
lead CANNOT be detected
bcos it can **bind RBCs**
150
