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CC2 lab finals > toxicology > Flashcards

toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

new definition of toxicology

A

the study of the adverse effects of chemical agents on biological systems

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2
Q

define poison

A

any substance that causes harmful effects upon exposure; substances that are not absorbed that produces local effects

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3
Q

4 major areas of toxicology

A

CLINICAL (study inetrrelationships between toxic exposure and disease states)
DESCRIPTIVE (results from animal experiments to predict what level of exposure will cause harm in humans; risk assessment)
FORENSIC (primary concern in medico-legal in toxic exposure consequences)
MECHANISTIC (cellular and biochemical effects of toxins)

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4
Q

define toxic substance

A

substance with a capacity to produce injury or illness

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5
Q

3 types of toxic hazardous materials

A
  • chemical agents and drug abuse;
  • physical agents;
  • biological agents
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6
Q

irreversible effects of toxicants

A
  • carcinogens
  • mutagen
  • teratogen
  • reproductive hazards
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7
Q

acute effects of toxicants

A

-short term
-appears shortly after exposure (<24hrs)
-can be from single exposure

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8
Q

chronic effects of toxicants

A

-with latency
-it takes a long period of time before you see the effects (>3months)
-exposure can be due to repeated doses

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9
Q

what are the major factors that influence toxicity

A
  • route of administration
  • duration and frequency of exposure
  • dose or concentration
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10
Q

route of administration that affects toxicity

A

inhalation (mouth/nose, then to lungs, then bloodstream
ingestion (mouth to stomach to bloodstream)
injection (cuts/punctures/wounds and then bloodstream)

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11
Q

true or false: the frequency of the exposure affects the concentration at the target site (can build up to a steady level)

A

true

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12
Q

what is dose

A

the amount of chemical entering the body

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13
Q

the dose of a chemical which produces death in 50% of a population

A

LD50

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14
Q

the dose that would be predicted to produce a toxic response in 50% of the population

A

TD50

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15
Q

the dose that would be predicted to be effective or have therapeutic benefit in 50% of the population

A

ED50

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16
Q

elimination of toxins

A
  • excretion (kidneys, liver, lungs)
  • detoxification (biotransformation of chemicals into something less harmful)
  • storage in fatty tissue
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17
Q

common CNS depressants which causes disorientation, euphoria, and confusion

A

alcohols

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18
Q

grain alcohol

A

ethanol

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19
Q

most common alcohol that is converted to acetic acid

A

ethanol

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20
Q

ethanol is converted to –

A

acetic acid and acetaldehyde

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21
Q

ethanol is converted to acetic acid - hangover is due to – (via what activity)

A

acetaldehyde (dehydrogenase activity)

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22
Q

fatal dose of ethanol

A

300-400mL

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23
Q

stages of impairment by ethanol

no obvious impairment, some changes observable during testing

A

0.01-0.05

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24
Q

stages of impairment by ethanol

mild euphoria, low inhibitions, some impairment of motor skills

A

0.03-0.12

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25
Q

stages of impairment by ethanol

low inhibitions, loss critical judgement, memory impairment, low reaction time

A

0.09-0.25

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26
Q

stages of impairment by ethanol

mental confusion, dizziness, strong impaired motor skills

A

0.18-0.30

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27
Q

stages of impairment by ethanol

unable to stand and walk, vomiting, impaired consciousness

A

0.27-0.40

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28
Q

stages of impairment by ethanol

coma and possible death

A

0.36-0.50

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29
Q

wood alcohol

A

methanol

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30
Q

common solvent, contaminant to homemade liquors

A

methanol

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31
Q

Methanol is converted to – and then to – in the liver

A

forMaldehyde and then to forMic acid

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32
Q

fatal dose of methanol

A

60-250mL

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33
Q

rubbing alcohol

A

isopropanol

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34
Q

isopropanol is converted to – by –

A

converted to acetone by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase

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35
Q

fatal dose of isopropanol

A

250mL

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36
Q

colorless, odorless, tasteless

A

carbon monoxide

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37
Q

form gasoline and cigarette smoke

A

carbon monoxide

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38
Q

true or false: few amounts of carbon monoxide are produced in the body from metabolism

A

true

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39
Q

carbon monoxide have a high affinity to – that leads to – formation and to tissue hypoxia

A

hemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin

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40
Q

physical state of cyanide

A

solid or gas

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41
Q

this is a super toxic substance in insecticides, rodenticides, pyrolysis products

A

cyanide

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42
Q

cyanide binds to iron-binding substances and may cause

A

cellular hypoxia (fast acting)

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43
Q

cyanide have a odor of

A

bitter almonds

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44
Q

symptoms of cyanide poisoning

TCC

A
  • tachypnea
  • convulsions
  • coma
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45
Q

heavy metals

A

lead
cadmium
arsenic
mercury

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46
Q

arsenic is a common component of poisons, rodenticides, and paints with a high affinity to –

A

keratin

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47
Q

commonly used in homicides, suicide agents, and heavy metal poisoning

A

arsenic

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48
Q

arSenic inhibits

A

sulfhydryl enzymes

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49
Q

toxicity of arsenic is via binding to

A

thiol groups in proteins

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50
Q

True or False: arsenic can cross the placenta

A

True

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51
Q

methods for ARsenic

A
  • reinsch test
  • atomic absorption spectrophotometry
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52
Q

soft, bluish-white metal easily cut with a knife

A

cadmium

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53
Q

a significant environmental pollutant

A

cadmium

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54
Q

cadmium is acquired from ingestion of

A

food stored in cadmium containers

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55
Q

main source of cadmium

A

coal burning

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56
Q

cadm1um inhibits

A

type 1 epithelial cells of the lungs

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57
Q

cadmium accumulates in the

A
  • renal tubules
  • liver
  • muscles
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58
Q

toxic indicator of cadmium

A

positive GGT (Gamma-glutamyl transferase) in urine sample

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59
Q

this heavy metal is a component of household paints which is a potent enzyme inhibitor

A

lead

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60
Q

goes to the matrix of the bones and may persist for a long time

A

lead

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61
Q

leaD blocks

A

vitamin D and d-ALA

62
Q

wrist drop or foot drop

A

lead

63
Q

toxic dose of lead

A

> 0.5mg/day

64
Q

lead toxicity indicator

A
  • increase urine ALA
  • increased free RBC protoporphyrin
  • basophilic stipplings
65
Q

methods for lead

A
  • inductively coupled plasma emission spectrophotometry
  • zinc protoporphyrin
66
Q

specimen for lead

A
  • whole blood (greater sensitivity)
  • urine
67
Q

true or false: serum/plasma can be used for lead determination if pretreated with specific enzymes

A

false, it can’t be used since lead binds to RBCs and are used for detection

68
Q

binds with proteins and is an environmental pollutant

A

mercury

69
Q

mercury street name

A

quicksilver

70
Q

amalgamates with other substance

A

mercury

71
Q

Small drops are highly dangerous in a poorly ventilated room

A

mercury

72
Q

mercury accumulates in

A

CNS

73
Q

mercury affects the

A

glomerular integrity

74
Q

mercury is highly toxic in this form

A

vapor form

75
Q

method for mercury

A

reinsch test

76
Q

specimen for mercury

A

whole blood (organic mercury) and urine (inorganic mercury)

77
Q

mercury health effects

LESSIR DDDD

A
  • loss of hearing and muscle coordination
  • excessive perspiration
  • skin burns
  • severe brain damage
  • irritation of nose and skin
  • rashes
  • damage to the kidneys
  • damage to vision
  • dysfunction of the CNS
  • death
78
Q

overuse or consumption of drugs other than for medical reasons or more than recommended dose

A

drug abuse

79
Q

compulsion to use a drug to experience psychological or physical effects despite any deterioration in health, work, or social activity

A

drug dependence

80
Q

almost all drugs are basic drugs with –

A

benzene rings (acidic=barbiturates)

81
Q

natural drugs

A
  • raw opium
  • marijuana
  • coca bush
82
Q

example of synthetic drugs

A
  • methamphetamine
  • barbiturates
83
Q

Any drug that produces sleep or stupor and also relieves pain (Medical)

A

narcotics

84
Q

Depress the CNS to produce marked reduction in sensitivity to pain, create drowsiness and reduce physical activity

A

narcotics

85
Q

large doses of narCOtics may cause

A
  • coma
  • convulsions
86
Q

Psychotropic drugs with inhibitory type of action

A
  • neuroleptics
  • tranquilizers
  • sedatives
87
Q

Psychotropic drugs with exciting type of action:

A
  • Psychostimulants
  • Antidepressants
88
Q

New psychoactive drugs that tend to be abused by teens and young adults at the bars, clubs and raves

A

designer drugs

89
Q

properties and effects of designer drugs are similar to – and – but have altered chemical structure

A

hallucinogens or narcotics

90
Q

examples of designer drugs

A
  • ecstacy
  • synthetic cannabinoids
  • synthetic cathiones
91
Q

effects of amphetamines

other than RHPDCCC

A

increase mental alertness and physical capacity

reduces appetite, relieves mental depression, comfort fatigue, and sleep

92
Q

used for narcolepsy and attention deficit disorders

A

amphetamine

93
Q

amphetamine is structurally related to

A

dopamine and catecholamines

94
Q

acute amphetamine intoxication can lead to

A

hyperpyrexia

exceptionally high fever (greater than 41 C)

95
Q

popular designer drug

A

ecstacy (3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine)

96
Q

toxic effects of amphetamines

A
  • restelessness
  • coma
  • hypertension
  • cardiac arrhythmias
  • convulsions
  • pancytopenia
  • death
97
Q

street name of methamphetamine HCL

A

shabu

98
Q

white, odorless, and crystalline substance

A

shabu

99
Q

route for shabu

A
  • ingestion
  • inhalation
  • injection
  • snorting
100
Q

white, yellow or brown in color; in capsule or tablet

A

ecstacy (3,4 methylene dioxide N methylamphetamine)

101
Q

route for ecstacy

A
  • oral
  • snorting
102
Q

effects of ecstacy

A
  • feeling of emotional closeness to others
  • increased sociability
  • rise in blood pressure
  • exaggerated emotions
103
Q

amphetamine like compounds

A
  • ephedrine
  • pseudoephedrine
  • phenylpropanolamine

white powder with numbing taste

104
Q

effects of methamphetamine

A
  • death
  • cardiovascular anomalies
  • jaundice
  • microcephaly among babies
105
Q

other name for anabolic steroids

A

anabolic androgenic steroids

106
Q

associated with testosterone; increased muscle mass (for athletes)- improves athletic performance

A

anabolic steroids

107
Q

toxic effects of anabolic steroids

AACC

A
  • chronic hepatitis
  • cardiomegaly
  • atherosclerosis
  • abnormal platelet aggregation
108
Q

street names for phencyclidine

A

angel dust
angel hair

109
Q

has hallucinogenic and anaesthetic properties, depressant effects; inhaled or ingested

A

phencyclidines

110
Q

% of phencyclidine that is unchange and can be seen in urine

A

10-15%

111
Q

major metabolite of phencyclidine

A

phencyclidine HCL

112
Q

toxic effects of angel hair

A
  • stupor
  • coma
113
Q

street names for cannabinoids

A

marijuana
hashish
mary jane
pampapogi

114
Q

most potent component of cannabinoids

A

tetrahydrocannabinol

115
Q

effects of cannabinoids

A
  • tachycardia
  • red conjunctiva
  • euphoria
  • mood changes
  • poor memory
  • sense of well being

Slow down user’s mental and psychomotor activities; long term use may lead to psychological dependence

116
Q

cannabinoids can be detected in urine for – after use

A

3-5 days up to 4 weeks

117
Q

urinary metabolite for cannabinoids

A

“11 nor-delta-tetrahydrocannabinol” (THC-COOH)

118
Q

true or false: tetrahydrocannabinol is lipophilic, stays in adipose tissue (long time)

A

true

119
Q

crack

A

cocaine

120
Q

an alkaloid salt

A

cocaine

121
Q

cocaine is from what plant that is used as additive for some foods

A

coca plant (erythroxylon)

122
Q

one of the strongest and shortest acting stimulant that elicits a sense of excitement and euphoria

A

cocaine

123
Q

a local anaesthetic in nasopharyngeal surgery

A

cocaine

124
Q

route for cocaine and its long term effects

A

inhalation or IV
physical and mental deterioration
violent behavior

125
Q

cocaine is easily passed in

A

placenta and breastfeeding

126
Q

cocaine can be detected in urine up to

A

3 days (20 for chronic users)

127
Q

urinary metabolite of cocaine

A

benzoylecgonine

128
Q

cocaine can cause sudden death due to

A

toxicity on myocardium

129
Q

opiates is capable of

what are its medical uses

A
  • analgesia
  • sedation
  • anaesthesia
130
Q

opiate is not highly addictive: true or false

A

false, it is highly addictive

131
Q

opium is from

A

opium poppy

132
Q

natural opiates

A
  • opium
  • morphine
  • codeine
133
Q

chemically modified opiates

A
  • heroin
  • hydromorphone
  • oxycodone
134
Q

common synthetic opiates

A
  • meperidine
  • methadone
  • propoxyphene
  • pentazocine
  • fentanyl
135
Q

major metabolites for opiates

A
  • N-acetylmorphine (heroin)
  • morphine
136
Q

lab test for opiates

A

immunoassays

137
Q

effects of opiates (overdose)

A

acute overdose: respiratory acidosis, myoglobinuria
high overdose: death due to cardiopulmonary failure

138
Q

sedative hypnotics causes

A

respiratory depression

139
Q

what are examples of sedative hypnotics

A

BARITURATES:
- pentobarbital
- secobarbital
- phenobarbital
BENZODIAZEPINES
- chlordiazepoxide
- lorazepam
- diazepam

140
Q

specimen for currently circulating drug or alcohol

A

blood

141
Q

specimen to check drug metabolites

A

urine

142
Q

specimen for currently circulating drug

A

serum

143
Q

specimen for low levels but with longer positivity

A

hair

144
Q

specimen for alcohol testing

A

exhaled breath

145
Q

specimen to check parent drug

A

sweat

146
Q

specimen to check for free or active form of the drug

A

saliva

147
Q

confirmatory methods for drug abuse

A
  • thin layer chromatography
  • liquid chromatography
  • HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography)
  • gas chromatography
148
Q

indicator of carbon monoxide

other effects of carbon monoxide later on…

A

cherry red color of the fase

HYPOVOLEMIA - increased number of RBCs

149
Q

why serum/plasma is not allowed in testing lead?

A

lead CANNOT be detected
bcos it can bind RBCs

150
Q
A

CC2 lab finals (2 decks)

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