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CC2, Toxicology > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

study of the undesirable effects of
xenobiotics in humans

A

Toxicology

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2
Q

chemicals and drugs that are
not normally found in or produced by the
body

A

Xenobiotic

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3
Q

can be obtained through the environmental exposure to chemicals or drugs

A

Xenobiotic

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4
Q

substances that are not
produced within a living cell or
microorganism

A

Toxicant

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5
Q

commonly used to describe
environmental chemicals

A

Toxicant

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6
Q

endogenous substances biologically
synthesized either in living cells or in
microorganisms

A

Toxin

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7
Q

the dose that has a therapeutic effect in 50% of the
population

A

ED50

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8
Q

the dose that would result in
death in 50% of the population

A

LD50

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9
Q

the dose that would produce a toxic response in 50% of the population

A

TD50

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10
Q

The three (3) common routes of exposure

A

Ingestion, Inhalation, and Transdermal Absorption

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11
Q

have the ability to
diffuse across the cell membrane

A

Hydrophobic substances

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12
Q

can be absorbed
anywhere along the GIT

A

Hydrophobic substances

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13
Q

cannot passively diffuse
across membranes

A

Ionized substances

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14
Q

become protonated in gastric
acid

A

Weak acids

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15
Q

can be absorbed in the stomach

A

Weak acids

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16
Q

absorbed in the intestine where
the pH is largely neutral or slightly alkaline

A

Weak bases

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17
Q

Incidence of defined biological effect in an
exposed population

A

DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP

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18
Q

Implies that there will be an increase in the
toxic response as the dose is increased

A

DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP

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19
Q

Can be described by dose-response curves

A

DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP

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20
Q

Most commonly encountered non drug toxins
seen in a clinical setting

A

TOXICOLOGY OF SPECIFIC AGENTS

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21
Q

Cause medical emergencies with acute
exposure

A

TOXICOLOGY OF SPECIFIC AGENTS

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22
Q

Can cause general (depressant on CNS) and
specific effects

A

Alcohols

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23
Q

Site of metabolism of alcohol

A

LIVER

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24
Q

Most commonly abused drug

A

Ethanol

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25
Q

consumption of this during pregnancy may lead to fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Ethanol

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26
Q

it causes brain damage and growth problems

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

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27
Q

this promotes adduct formation

A

Acetaldehyde

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28
Q

product of direct addition of
two or more distinct molecules, resulting in
a single reaction product

A

Adduct

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29
Q

causes diuresis by inhibiting ADH

A

Ethanol

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30
Q

Effects of Ethanol Consumption

A

Toxic hepatitis and Liver cirrhosis

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31
Q

Antidote for chronic intoxication:

A

DIAZEPAM

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32
Q

two enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism

A

Alcoholic dehydrogenase and Aldehyde dehydrogenase

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33
Q

Commonly laboratory solvent

A

Methanol

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34
Q

Effects of Methanol Consumption

A

Severe metabolic acidosis, Tissue injury, Optic neuropathy, and Death

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35
Q

Kind of alcohol that excessive intake may lead to death

A

Methanol

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36
Q

The end product of methanol metabolism

A

Formic Acid

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37
Q

The end product of ethanol metabolism

A

Acetaldehyde adducts

38
Q

The end product of isopropanol metabolism

A

Acetone

39
Q

Another term for methanol

A

Wood Alcohol

40
Q

Another term for Isopropanol

A

Rubbing Alcohol

41
Q

Another term for Ethylene Glycol

A

1,2-ethanediol

42
Q

Another term for Ethanol

A

Grain Alcohol

43
Q

Antidote used for rubbing alcohol

A

Activated Charcoal

44
Q

Component of hydraulic fluid and
antifreeze

A

Ethylene Glycol

45
Q

Indigestion by children is common due to its ____________

A

sweet taste

46
Q

Effects of Ethylene Glycol

A

Metabolic acidosis and deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys

47
Q

The end product of ethylene glycol metabolism

A

oxalic acid

48
Q

What is the alcohol concentration when the symptoms begin?

A

> 0.05% w/v (>50 mg/dL blood alcohol)

49
Q

No obvious impairment

A

0.01 to 0.05

50
Q

Mild euphoria, decreased inhibitions,
some impairment of motor skills

A

0.03 to 0.12

51
Q

Decreased inhibitions, loss of critical
judgment, memory impairment,
diminished reaction time

A

0.09 to 0.25

52
Q

Mental confusion, dizziness, strongly
impaired motor skills (staggering,
slurred speech)

A

0.18 to 0.30

53
Q

Unable to stand or walk, vomiting,
impaired consciousness

A

0.27 to 0.40

54
Q

Coma and possible death

A

0.35 to 0.50

55
Q

Presumptive evidence or driving
under influence of alcohol

A

> 0.10

56
Q

Colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is
rapidly absorbed into the circulation

A

Carbon Monoxide

57
Q

This gas binds with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin (COHb)

A

Carbon Monoxide

58
Q

Treatment for CO poisoning

A

100% O2 therapy

59
Q

Quantitative assay for carbon monoxide poisoning

A

Spectrophotometry and Gas chromatography

60
Q

Effects of Carbon monoxide poisoning

A

causes a leftward shift in O2-Hb
dissociation curve, resulting in a decrease in
the amount of O2 delivered to the tissues →
hypoxia

61
Q

The affinity of CO to hemoglobin

A

200-225x greater
than O2

62
Q

This color indicates a positive result of the carbon monoxide screening assay

A

persistent pink color

63
Q

know as the “Supertoxic” substance

A

Cyanide

64
Q

Toxicity of cyanide is expressed by ___________ causes
uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation that
leads to rapid depletion of cellular ATP as a
result of the inability of O2 to accept electrons

A

binding to
mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase

65
Q

Indication of cyanide toxicity

A

ODOR OF BITTER
ALMONDS breath and altered mental status

66
Q

The high levels of cyanide toxicity will lead to

A

seizure, coma, and DEATH

67
Q

The low levels of cyanide toxicity will lead to

A

headache, dizziness, and respiratory depression

68
Q

Assay used for Cyanide

A

Ion-selective electrode and Photometric analysis

69
Q

most abundant and
responsible for about ⅓ of all pesticide
poisoning

A

Organophosphates

70
Q

Binds with high affinity to several proteins
including cholinesterase resulting to its
inhibition (irreversible inhibition)

A

Pesticides

71
Q

What is the laboratory result when exposed to pesticides?

A

decreased cholinesterase
level

72
Q

Common homicide or suicide
agent and agent of heavy metal
poisoning

A

Arsenic

73
Q

Component of ant poisons,
rodenticides, paints and metal
alloys

A

Arsenic

74
Q

Specimens used for evaluating chronic exposure of arsenic

A

Hair and Nails

75
Q

white lines of discoloration across the nails of the fingers and toes

A

Mees lines

76
Q

Indication of arsenic toxicity

A

GARLICKY
BREATH ODOR AND METALLIC
TASTE

77
Q

Antidote for Arsenic

A

British anti-lewisite
(BAL)

78
Q

methods used for arsenic

A

Reinsch test, Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometry
(AAS)

79
Q

result from
ingestion of acidic foods stored or
prepared in metal containers made up of metal/metalloids

A

Cadmium Poisoning

80
Q

Sources of lead

A

Paint and Gasoline

81
Q

Mode of acquisition of lead

A

Ingestion and inhalation

82
Q

Poisoning where there is a presence of coarse basophilic stippling in RBC

A

Lead

83
Q

Lead chelators

A

EDTA and
dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMA)

84
Q

Potent enzyme inhibitor and has
the ability to amalgamate – mix
or merge with other substances

A

Mercury

85
Q

Modes of acquisition of mercury

A

inhalation,
skin absorption, ingestion

86
Q

General toxic effect of mercury

A

Organ dysfunction: lungs,
kidney, CNS

87
Q

Major toxic effect of mercury

A

Elemental mercury:
➔ Pink disease (acrodynia)
➔ Erethism (hypersensitivity
of an organ to a stimulus)
Alkyl mercury: congenital
Minamata disease

88
Q

hypersensitivity
of an organ to a stimulus

A

Erethism

89
Q

Pink disease

A

acrodynia

90
Q

Methods used for mercury

A

Reinsch test, AAS,
Stripping voltammetry

91
Q

QUALITATIVE test to detect a heavy metal in
which a strip of clean pure copper foil is
heated with the test material in an acid solution
(HCl) to produce a reaction that will indicate
the presence of a heavy metal

A

Reinsch Test

CC2, Toxicology (1 decks)

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