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AVS 4090 Companion Animal Nutrition > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Toxicology- Def.

A

Study of poisons/toxicants and their occurrence, effects, properties, regulation and how to detect

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2
Q

Goals of Toxicology

A

Toxicant Identification, Intoxication Prevention, Mode of Action, Intoxication Management

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3
Q

Intoxication Prevention

A

Eliminate, Minimize Exposure, Maximize Tolerance

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4
Q

Mode of Action

A

Target Organs, Cells Affected, Molecular Site

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5
Q

Intoxication Management

A

Regulate Dose, Treatment

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6
Q

Does toxicology intersect with different fields of study

A

Yes: immunology, nutrition, chemistry

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7
Q

What is nutritional toxicology?

A

a subfield of toxicology that targets the study of poisons delivery through oral exposure

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8
Q

What are the routes of oral exposure?

A

water, diet, accidental ingestion

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9
Q

Nutritional Toxicology also looks at:

A

effects on nutrient utilization, effects on production/health, mitigation of toxicant effects

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10
Q

Challenges of Nutritional Toxicology

A

Route of Exposure: Orally

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11
Q

Why is Oral exposure challenging?

A

diet complexity

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12
Q

What are the general principles of toxicology?

A

Factors Affecting Toxicity, Doses Response Concept, Phases of Toxicity, Risk Assessment

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13
Q

What are the factors affecting Toxicity?

A

exposure, dose, rate/extent of absorption, target species, sex, physiological status, nutritional status, elimination, distribution, bioaccumulation

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14
Q

What is bioaccumulation?

A

toxicant accumulating in bones, fat, or the body: happens often when exposed during growth
usually occurs over multiple exposures and often due to low rate of elimination

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15
Q

What are the general toxicant properties?

A

qualitative and quantitative

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16
Q

What are qualitative toxicant properties?

A

mode/mechanism of action (carcinogen, vasoconstrictor), primary target tissues (hepatotoxin, neurotoxin)

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17
Q

What is the Central Concept of Toxicology?

A

The dose response

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18
Q

What is the dose response?

A

All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy. - Paracelsus

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19
Q

Dose Response Relationship

A

Response Due to Chemical, Response changes with dose, method for response

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20
Q

What does response changing with dose affect?

A

molecular target site, target site dose changes with change in dose administered, response related to target site dose

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21
Q

What are the two types of Dose Responses?

A

Graded Dose Response, Quantal Dose Response

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22
Q

What is Graded Dose Response?

A

dose response elicited by an INDIVIDUAL animal; characterized by dose related changes in the severity of toxic response (weight loss, decreased production)

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23
Q

What is Quantal Dose Response?

A

dose response typically utilized when studying population to a toxicant response
ALL or NONE
characterized by dose related changes in the number of individuals of a population responding (death rate, pregnancy rate)

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24
Q

Potency vs Efficacy

A

straight line- more effective

curved line- more potent

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25
Q

Potency

A

the strength of a toxicant at a given dose

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26
Q

Dose Response may affect:

A

tolerance

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27
Q

What is tolerance?

A

state of decreased responsiveness to toxic effect of a chemical as result of a prior exposure to the chemical

28
Q

What is tolerance?

A

state of decreased responsiveness to toxic effect of a chemical as result of a prior exposure to the chemical

29
Q

What are the two types of tolerance?

A

Dispositional, Reduced Responsiveness

30
Q

What is dispositional tolerance?

A

decrease in amount of toxicant reaching target site

31
Q

What is reduced responsiveness?

A

target tissue less responsive to toxicant: metabolism, toxicant ejection, molecular site become refractory to the toxicant

32
Q

What is the threshold dose?

A

dose below which no adverse effect occurs

33
Q

What is the region of no effect?

A

the normal range, often termed the therapeutic range

34
Q

What must happen for a chemical to elicit a toxic effect in the animal?

A

exposure to toxicant, absorption of toxicant, elicit action at molecular site

35
Q

What are the phases of toxicity?

A

exposure, toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic

36
Q

What does the phase toxicokinetic in phases of toxicity included?

A

absorption (active, passive, facilitated), distribution, metabolism (biotransformation), elimination

37
Q

What does the phase toxicodynamic in phases of toxicity include?

A

toxic action

38
Q

What is the rate of elimination?

A

how long it takes a substance to be eliminated (urinary, feces, metabolic)

39
Q

What does rate of elimination effect?

A

whether animal reaches toxic level in circulation and/or how long they will stay at toxic level

40
Q

What are the two phases of biotransformation?

A

Phase I (cytochrome P-450), Phase II (glucuronidation)

41
Q

What is Phase I of Biotransformation?

A

introduce a polar group (OH, NH, SH, COOH) into a compound

42
Q

What does introducing a polar group do?

A

increases water solubility

43
Q

Examples of Phase I of biotransformation

A

Cytochrome P450: mitochondrial, microsomal
FAD containing monooxygenase: microsomal
Nonmicrosomal oxidation systems: alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases

44
Q

What is Phase II of biotransformation?

A

conjugation reactions: sugars and amino acids are attached to chemicals to increase water solubility

45
Q

Examples of Phase II biotransformation

A

glucuronidation, sulfonation, amino acid

46
Q

Can Phase I biotransformation prepare substance for Phase II?

A

yes

47
Q

First Order Elimination

A

rate DEPENDENT on plasma level

Half-life INDEPENDENT of plasma level

48
Q

Zero Oder Elimination

A

Rate INDEPENDENT of plasma level

Half-life DEPENDENT on plasma level

49
Q

What order of elimination is saturable?

A

Zero Order

50
Q

What order of elimination has a curved line and which one as a straight line?

A

Curved: First order
Straight: Zero Order

51
Q

Can a toxicant shift from zero order to first order?

A

Yes

52
Q

What are the types of Toxic Modes of Action?

A

Reversible interactions, Irreversible covalent interaction, Physical sequestration (accumulation in bone, fat)

53
Q

How does toxicant elect a response?

A

cell maintenance, cell regulation

54
Q

What is Xylitol?

A

5 carbon sugar alcohol sweating agent that is naturally occurring

55
Q

Xylitol may also function as a?

A

hapten (allergic reaction possible)

56
Q

Where can Xylitol in nature be found?

A

animal, plant (beechwood), fungal metabolite

57
Q

Xylitol is Derived from?

A

Xylose via reduction of carbonyl group to an alcohol

58
Q

True or False: Xylitol can cause Prevention of dental carries in humans

A

True

59
Q

What are human treat that have xylitol?

A

gum, candy, cookies, peanut butter (not all)

60
Q

What are some alternative names of Xylitol?

A

birch sugar, sylvite, zylatol, anhydroxylitol

61
Q

What is the toxicant action of xylitol?

A

xylitol is rapidly converted to glucose causing rapid insulin release which causes a rapid drop in blood glucose

62
Q

Xylitol leads to what and how quickly:

A

hypoglycemia, within 30 minutes and last as long as 28 hrs

63
Q

Why does Xylitol cause rapid glucose drop?

A

may have a direct effect on beta cells in pancreas

64
Q

Xylitol can lead to what:

A

Liver insufficiency/failure: only occurs in some dogs, mechanism is unknown (perhaps depletion of ATP in liver)

65
Q

What are common clinical signs of Xylitol Poisoning?

A

vomiting, lethargy, diarrhea, ataxia, seizure, restlessness, reduced food intake

AVS 4090 Companion Animal Nutrition (1 decks)

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