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Pharmacology Test 3 > Toxicology 1 > Flashcards

Toxicology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

When considering exposure to a toxin what information is important?

A

Route, duration, single versus repeated exposures, and frequency of exposure.

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2
Q

What are the different toxins discussed in the beginning of class?

A

Croton(household plant), snakes (coral snake ‘red and yellow kill a fellow”), platypus (male), pitohui (bird), slow loris (monkey that has poison similar to poison dart frogs).

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3
Q

What is toxicology?

A

Study of adverse effects of chemicals in living organisms.

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4
Q

What is a poison?

A

Agent that can cause a deleterious response in a biological system.

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5
Q

What is a toxin?

A

Toxic substances produced by biological systems.

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6
Q

What is a toxicant?

A

Toxic substances produced by or are by-products of anthropogenic (man made) activities.

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7
Q

What is a xenobiotic?

A

A compound in an organism that is not normally produced by or expected to be present in that organism.

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8
Q

What are the prinicples of toxicology?

A

Source, exposure, ADMET, Dose, Target and Mechanism of Action.

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9
Q

What are the different sources of toxins?

A

Environmental exposures
Occupational exposures
Critter bites and stings
Medications

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10
Q

What are the factors related to exposure that can affect the potential toxic response?

A

Route
Duration
Single vs. Repeated
Frequency

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11
Q

What are the major routes of exposure for toxic agents?

A

Oral
Inhalation
Topical
Parenteral

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12
Q

What are the routes in descending order of effectiveness?

A

Intravenous, Inhalation, Intraperitoneal(body cavity), Subcutaneous, Intramuscular, Intradermal, oral, dermal

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13
Q

The route affects what of the agent?

A

toxicity.

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14
Q

What is the duration qualifications for short term exposures in animal studies?

A

Usually single exposure

Acute - Less than 24 hours

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15
Q

What is the duration qualifications for long term exposures in animal studies?

A

usually repeated exposures
Subacute (1 month or less)
Subchronic (1-3 months)
Chronic (more than 3 months)

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16
Q

Effects from single exposures may be different than from repeated exposures. T/F

A

True

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17
Q

A fast absorbing compound will only produce an immediate effect. T/F

A

False, a fast absorbing compound is likely to produce an immediate effect, but may also produce a delayed effect.

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18
Q

A chronic exposure may produce an immediate effect after each exposure. T/F

A

True

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19
Q

Benzene can produce what after a long term exposure?

A

Leukemia (short term is drowsiness)

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20
Q

What is ADME?

A 
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Toxicology (sometimes added on)
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21
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Toxication/Bioactivation/Metabolic Activation

Detoxificaiton

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22
Q

What is Toxication/Bioactivation/Metabolic Activation?

A

Biotransformation of potential poisons to an active harmful route. Means that when the compound is metabolized it turns into something bad.

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23
Q

What is detoxification?

A

Biotransfomrations that eliminate the ultimate toxicant or prevent its formation.

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24
Q

What is an example of metabolism or bioactivation?

A

APAP is usually metabolized by Glucuronidation and Sulfation but those are overwhelmed. The remainder is APAP is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (mainly 2E1 in the liver) to NAPQI which is a free radical that is toxic to macromolecules(proteins and nucleic acids). Glutathione may save it from turning into NAPQI if there is enough in your system.

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25
Q

What is used to treat APAP overdoses?

A

N-Acetylcystein (NAC) provides a precursor to produce Glutathione.

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26
Q

Do we always know what the duration of exposure to a toxin is?

A

No, it may be an occupational exposure.

27
Q

If there is tissue damage that doesn’t get cleared after a toxin is out of your system what can it do?

A

The toxicity can build up over time with repeated exposures. Blood concentrations of the drug do not matter so much.

28
Q

What is the toxic doses of APAP?

A

4g

29
Q

What is the most poisonous substances?

A

Botulinum toxins found in canned goods. If it squirts don’t eat it.

30
Q

What are the types of dose-response curves?

A

Individual Dose-Response Curves

Population Dose-Response Curves

31
Q

What is an individual dose-response curve?

A

Describes the response of an individual to varying doses.

Many chemicals have more than one effect because of multiple targets.

32
Q

What is a population dose -response curve?

A

Describes the population of a population to varying doses.

Helps find the LD50, Threshold dose.

33
Q

For some nutritional drugs you need a specific range to be therapeutic. T/F

A

True, too little or too much may be bad.

34
Q

What is 2-AAF?

A

A test compound that they know causes cancer.

35
Q

Why does the threshold dose for some drugs lower the longer an organism lives?

A

A cumulative dose may be what kills them.

36
Q

How can you tell the potency in compounds in a graph?

A

The stronger the slope.

37
Q

What is a therapeutic index?

A

Comparison of therapeutically effective dose to toxic dose.
TI = Toxic Dose/ Therapeutic Dose
Provides no information about the slope.

38
Q

What is NOAEL?

A

No observable adverse effect level

39
Q

What is a margin of safety?

A

Provides information about the slpe for different compounds. MOS = TD1 / ED99

40
Q

What is margin of Exposure used for?

A

MOE is used to compare drugs that have no therapeutic effects. Use NOAEL.

41
Q

What is important to consider when looking at Target and Mechanism of Action?

A

Organ or physiological endpoint
Multiple targets
Variation in toxicity at multiple targets
Target organ may not be site of highest concentration
Dose at the target determines toxicity (does different formulations cause different affects)
The mechanism of action at multiple targets may be different.

42
Q

What are the approaches to toxicology?

A

Descriptive
Mechanistic
Regulatory

43
Q

What is descriptive toxicology?

A

Describe gross toxic responses using in vitro (cell culture systems) and in vivo (animals) systems.
Data from descriptive studies are used for…
Safety evaluations for human health and environmental risk assessments.
Providing a starting point for elucidating mechanisms.

44
Q

What is mechanistic toxicology?

A

Identify and understand cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms causing toxic effects
Data from mechanistic studies used for…
Risk assessment
Design and production of safer alternative chemicals, therapy for poisonings, and treatment of disease.
Contributes to knowledge of basic physiology, pharmacology, cell biology, and biochemistry.
(What enzymes are being used or inhibited)

45
Q

What is regulatory toxicology?

A

The science of determing if drugs and chemicals are safe for use.
Use information from descriptive and mechanistic toxicity data
May also use epidemiology data
Many regulatory agencies use toxicologists.
(compile data and write policies for FDA or CDC)

46
Q

What regulatory agencies uses toxicologists?

A

FDA, NIOSH, EPA, CPSC, OSHA, DOT

47
Q

What is the overlap between Toxicology Approaches?

A

Risk Assessment Toxic genomics

48
Q

What are the approaches to risk assessment?

A

Process to evaluate the potential for adverse health or environmental effects from exposure to naturally occurring or synthetic agents.
Includes an estimate of the probability of harm and description of the assumptions and uncertainties that go into the process

49
Q

What is the goal of risk assessment?

A

To provide risk mangers with a rational basis for making decisions about managing the use of chemicals or physical agents to protect health and the environment.

50
Q

What other factors are involved in risk assessment other than risk assessment results?

A

Social values, technical feasibility, and economic factors.

51
Q

In the article, what was the source for humans?

A

Excretion, flushing medications down the toilet, pollution for manufacturing (industrial processes), animals. There is no mechanism to take out pharmaceuticals from drinking water.

52
Q

In the article, what was the source for wildlife?

A

Excretion, flushing medications down the toilet, pollution for manufacturing (industrial processes), animals

53
Q

In the article, what was the exposure for humans?

A

drinking water, bathing, eating fish

54
Q

In the article, what was the exposure for wildlife?

A

wildlife are exposed more because they live in it

55
Q

In the article, what was the ADME for humans?

A

Lots of studies out. Depends on drug.

56
Q

In the article, what was the ADME for wildlife?

A

Need more animal studies

57
Q

In the article, what was the dose for humans?

A

well under therapeutic level for humans (Don’t really know what long term exposure will do)

58
Q

In the article, what was the dose for wildlife?

A

The dose could be high enough to cause a problem. Like estrogen.

59
Q

In the article, what was the target/MOA for humans?

A

It depends on the drug. Refer to info from clinical studies. Drugs are made for us. It will probably be ok in low doses.

60
Q

In the article, what was the target/MOA for wildlife?

A

Not enough information from studies.

61
Q

When a patient comes into the pharmacy worried about the pharmaceuticals in the water what are you going to tell them?

A

The concentrations in the water are so low that it will most likely not adversely affect humans. However, it may affect animals because the drugs were not meant for them and could have unknown adverse affects on them and the dose is relatively higher for them.

62
Q

What is a career option for pharmacists?

A

Clinical Toxicologists

63
Q

What are the five principles, or issues, that are evaluated when studying toxins?

A 
Source
Exposure
ADME
Dose
Target/MOA
64
Q

If you were involved in working on the issue of the presence of a detected pharmaceutical in San Antonio’s drinking water supply, which of the approaches used by toxicologists would you use?
I. Mechanistic
II. Descriptive
III. Regulatory

A

I, II, and III

Mechanistic, Descriptive, and Regulatory

Pharmacology Test 3 (4 decks)

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