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Applied Aquatic Ecology > Toxicity tests > Flashcards

Toxicity tests Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three ways of measuring toxicity?

A

Early life stages
Biomarkers
Behaviour

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2
Q

Points on ELS

A

Uses organisms at sensitive period of time i.e eggs, larvae, juvenile and tests varying concentrations of toxins on their development
Allows for short tests on long lived species
Time of study species dependent
Most commonly used species - fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)

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3
Q

What is the most commonly used fish in ELS expetiments

A

Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)

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4
Q

Advantages of ELS

A 
Most sensitive stages
Cheap
Simple to do
Requires less space
Repeatable
Allows for short tests on long lived species
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5
Q

Disadvantages of ELS

A

Can be time and resource intensive

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6
Q

Additional Reading ELS - Effective organisms in ELS testing

A

Birge et al., 1983

Fish and amphibians shown to be effective for checking toxicity in ELS tests

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7
Q

Additional Reading ELS - Growth

A

Woltering, 1984 review

Showed that growth is rarely effected in ELS tests and so should be scrapped in order to save time and money

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8
Q

Additional Reading ELS - fathead minnow

A

Benoit et al., 1982

Larval growth and survival rate are the most sensitive indicators of toxic stress in Fathead minnows

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9
Q

Points on Behaviour as a toxicity test

A

Toxicity can be measured by studying induced behavioural changes outwith the normal variability
Fish behaviour is very sensitive to environmental variables and toxic substances
Behavioural changes measured can include locomotive, feeding and social interactions

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10
Q

Advantages of Beh.

A 
Non invasive
More sensitive to lower concentrations
Can be done in the field
Toxic effects can be directly seen on organisms
Looks at secondary/tertiary effects
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11
Q

Disadvantages of Beh.

A

Time consuming
Subjective
Organism must be well studied

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12
Q

Additional Reading Beh. - microorganisms

A

Gilron et al., 1999

Showed protozoan behaviour can be effected by toxins

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13
Q

Additional Reading Beh. - worms

A

Anderson et al., 2004

Showed that nematodes (C.elegans) subjected to heavy metals reduced movement in comparison to controls

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14
Q

Additional Reading Beh. - Crabs

A

Krang and Ekerholm, 2006

Showed that male shore crabs (Carcinus maenus) subjected to copper showed reduced mating behaviour

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15
Q

Points on Biomarkers

A 
Biomarkers are physiological or biochemical changes brought on through interaction with a contaminant which leads to altered structure or function of a cell or organ
Common biomarkers include
Body Condition Index (BCI)
Gonadosomatic Index (GSI)
Measures of Oxidative Stress
Acetlycholinesterase activity
Gill Na+K+ATPase activity
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16
Q

Points on Oxidative stress as a biomarker + study

A

Exposure to toxicants can alter oxidative stress
Sayeed et al., 2003
Showed that in Snakehead fish (Channa puntatus) pyrethroid exposure lead to an increase in the oxidative stress within the fish

17
Q

Points on Acetylcholinesterase activity + study

A

Pollutants have been shown to interfere with acetylcholinesterase, the main component of acetylcholine breakdown.
Lionetto et al., 2003
Showed that AChE levels could be used in mussels found in Italian coastline to measure both metal and pesticide contaminants

18
Q

Points on Na+K+ATPase + study

A

Na+K+ATPase important in osmoregulation
McCormick, 2011
Showed that tests on NaBLA levels can be a non-lethal test of toxicity using Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and removing a small portion of the gill now subsequent harm came to the fish as a result and toxins could be measured effectively

19
Q

Advantages of Biomarkers

A

Can be less invasive
Can be done in the field
More accurate

20
Q

Disadvantages of Biomarkers

A 
Some lethal
Most expensive
Too focused
Time consuming
Specialised
21
Q

Additional Reading - ELS

A

Matta et al., 1998

  • O.mykiss larvae exposure to PCB at concentrations of 1,5 and 20 mg/L
  • no significant difference in accumulation (2.1-2.5 micrograms) in any of the test subjects
  • Significant difference though in gonadal abnormalities between test and control
  • Levels of accumulation commonly seen in wild, if not more so
22
Q

ELS - Additional Reading List

A 
Birge et al., 1983
Woltering 1984
Benoit et al., 1982
Hirao et al., 1995 - iron exposure (O.mykiss)
Fry and Toone, 1981 - Gull eggs
Matta et al., 1998 - PCB O.mykiss
23
Q

Biomarker Reading List

A

Inverts
Schulte-Oehlmann et al., 1996+1997
Lionetto et al., 2003

Birds and Reptiles
Giullette et al., 1998
Fry and Toone., 1981
Fry et al., 1968 
Hellander et al., 1982
Fish 
Zhang et al., 2016
Ferraro et al., 2004
Sayeed et al., 2003
Tyler et al., 2008
McCormick 2011

Mammals
Facemire et al., 2005
Wiig et al., 1998
Cattet et al., 1988

24
Q

Additional Reading - List of Biomarkers

A

Norin and Hansen 2013

Applied Aquatic Ecology (13 decks)

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