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Pharmacology > Toxicity Introduction > Flashcards

Toxicity Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Most exposure of humans to chemicals is from what source

A

Food plants containing naturally occuring compounds

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2
Q

What makes the poison

A

Dose

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3
Q

Toxicity

A

Ability of a chemical to cause injury or harm

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4
Q

Dose

A

How much chemical gains access to the body

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5
Q

Dose-Response curve

A

Reaction to a dose with increasing concentration

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6
Q

True or False: All individuals respond similar to drugs or toxins

A

False

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7
Q

Therapeutic range or window

A

Margin in which response increases with dose to show efficacy can also have side effects

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8
Q

What is the rule of toxicology

A

Exposure before risk

Magnitude of risk is proportional to potency and extent of exposure

The dose makes the poison

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9
Q

Routes and sites of exposure

A

Ingestion: GI

Inhalation: Lungs

Dermal/Topical: Skin

Injection: IV, IM, IP

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10
Q

Typical effectiveness with route of administration

A

IV > Inhale > IP > IM > Ingest > Topical

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11
Q

What route of exposure is the norm in pharmacy

A

Oral

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12
Q

What route of exposure is mostly seen in hospitals and drug abuse

A

IV

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13
Q

What are important components of exposure and dose

A

Duration and frequency

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14
Q

What is meant

T. Y acute exposure

A

24-28 hours or single exposure

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15
Q

What are the three classification of repeated exposure

A

Sub-acute

Sub-Chronic

Chronic

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16
Q

Up to 30 days exposure

A

Sub-acute

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17
Q

30-90 days exposure

A

Sub-chronic

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18
Q

Greater than 90 days exposure

A

Chronic

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19
Q

What is LD50

A

50% percent of the dose that causes mortality

20
Q

Pharmacokinetics is concerned with

A

ADME

21
Q

Pharmacodynamics is concerned with

A

DME

Efficacy

Toxicity

22
Q

Ability of a chemical to enter the blood

A

Absorption

23
Q

The kinetics of absorption is altered by what factor

A

Drug concentration

24
Q

Therapeutic dose follow what order

A

First

25
Q

Toxic dose follow what order

A

Zero

26
Q

Can increasing the half life increase toxicity

A

Yes

27
Q

Process in which a chemical agent translocate throughout order

A

Distribution

28
Q

Rate of distribution is dependent on what factors

A

Blood flow

Toxin characteristics

29
Q

Can higher toxic dose alter distribution

A

Yes

30
Q

What metal can rapid mobilization of fat increase is blood concentration

A

Mercury

31
Q

What element/metal is distributed in the bone

A

Fluoride

Lead

Strontium

32
Q

What can happen to endogenous compounds of toxins bind to plasma protein

A

They can be displaced

33
Q

True or false: A toxin deposited in fat or bone cannot be removed by hemodialysis or chelation

A

True

34
Q

True or false: Only free drugs are available for adverse effect or excretion

A

True

35
Q

What does adverse reaction depend on

A

Concentration of active compound at the target site overtime

36
Q

What is the primary objective to preventing accumulation of active metabolite at Target tissue

A

Make agents more water soluble and easier to excrete

37
Q

Bioactivation

A

Biotransformation that can result in the formation of reactive metabolite

38
Q

How can toxic doses induce bioactivation

A

By saturating primary metabolic pathway (CYP450)the metabolism of a drug can occur via a new pathway that can bioactivate instead of detoxify

39
Q

What is an example of a drug that can bioactivate by a new pathway

A

Acetaminophen

40
Q

What are the two normal pathway for acetaminophen metabolism

A

Phase I reaction of conjugation to form a glucuronide or sulfate to form non-toxic moiety

41
Q

What happens to acetaminophen when CYP450 2E1 is activated as a new pathway

A

Formation of toxic n-acetyl-p-benzo-quinine- mine (NAPQI) a toxic metabolite

42
Q

What is the importance of glutathione in acetaminophen toxicity

A

It binds to NAPQI and converts it to cysteine and mercapturic and which are non-toxic

43
Q

What two things can deplete glutathione causing increasing NAPQI levels

A

Alcohol and overdose

44
Q

What are routes by which toxicants can be eliminated

A

Urine

Exhalation

Billary excretion via feces

Milks, sweat, saliva

45
Q

Hoar can elimination be enhanced with some toxicants

A

Changing ph of urine

Increasing urine flow

Increasing blood volume

46
Q

Where do You find toxicity info

A

Drug cards

MSDS

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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