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Pharmacology I Exam #1 > Toxicity > Flashcards

Toxicity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the timeline for acute toxicity? How about for subacute toxicity? How about for chronic toxicity?

A
  • Acute toxicity: single/multiple exposure to agent over 1-2 days
  • Subacute toxicity: repeated exposures of an agent over a period less than 3 months
  • Chronic toxicity: repeated exposures of an agent over a period greater than 3 months
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2
Q

What are two examples of cell death? Which is acute and which is chronic?

A
  • Necrosis (acute)

- Apoptosis (chronic)

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3
Q

When should gastric lavage NOT be used (2)?

A
  • Corrosive material

- >4 hours since exposure

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4
Q

What group of drugs adsorb toxins?

A

Activated charcoals

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5
Q

What is the drug that increases excretion of weak bases?

A

Ammonium Chloride

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6
Q

What is the drug that increases excretion of weak acids?

A

Sodium Bicarbonate

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7
Q

What medication is used to treat arsenic poisoning?

A

Dimercaprol

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8
Q

What medication is used to treat copper poisoning?

A

Penicillamine

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9
Q

What medication is used to treat iron poisoning?

A

Deferoxamine

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10
Q

What medication is used to treat lead poisoning?

A

Calcium Disodium Edetate

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11
Q

What is the antidote for methanol poisoning or ethylene glycol poisoning?

A

Ethanol

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12
Q

What is an example of a cholinesterase inhibitor poisons (OPs)? What type of toxins is it used to treat?

A

Atropine

- Used to treat Organophosphates

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13
Q

What is the antidote for ethylene glycol poisoning?

A

Fomepizole

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14
Q

What is the antidote used in the Cyanide Antidote Package? What is the second part of treatment involve?

A
  1. Sodium nitrite in Cyanide Antidote Package

2. Sodium Thiosulfate (IV)

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15
Q

What toxin alter calcium homeostasis? What will be found in the urine diagnostically?

A 
Ethylene Glycol (antifreeze)
- Calcium oxalate crystals in urine
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16
Q

What is the treatment for botulism toxins?

A

ABE (equine trivalent antitoxin)

17
Q

What is the acute symptomatic presentation for Organophosphate poisoning?

A

SLUD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation)

18
Q

How are DDT and TCDD (Round-Up) treated?

A

Symptomatic only

19
Q

Chronic exposure of which two toxins may contribute to Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Paraquat, Organophosphates

20
Q

What toxin has a possible half life of years? Where will be drug be found in the body?

A

Lead has a possible half life of years in the bone

21
Q

What type of toxin involves possible presentation of “wrist drop” and/or “ankle drop”?

A

Lead poisoning

22
Q

What is Wilson’s Disease? What can be a symptomatic presentation of this?

A

Genetic disorder in which body cannot eliminate copper

- Kayser-Fleischer rings: copper deposits in the cornea

23
Q

Why is carbon monoxide poisoning a problem (think Hb affinity)? What does this result in and how does it appear?

A

CO has greater affinity for Hb than O2

- It forms carboxyhemoglobin, which is a darker, cherry red color

24
Q

What is the primary example of a compound that undergoes redox cycling? What does this result in?

A

Paraquat undergoes redox recycling and results in ROS = more free radicals = bad

25
Q

When is dialysis the most effective?

A

When Vd is small (because this means it is concentrated in the plasma, not the tissues)

26
Q

What is the mechanism of organophosphates?

A

Irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors (anticholinesterases)

- Do not allow ACh to be degraded

27
Q

What is the mechanism of organochlorine?

A

Alters inactivation of sodium channels

- Sodium channels remain open and sodium concentration increases causing rapid, repetitive firing

28
Q

What is the mechanism of TCDD?

A

Induces gene expression

- Agonist for AH receptor

29
Q

What toxic exposure can involve treatment with both lavage and activated charcoal?

A

Paraquat

30
Q

What is the mechanism of chloroform?

A

It is metabolized by CYP450 to form free radicals

31
Q

What is the mechanism of cyanide?

A

Interferes with energy production (by messing with ETC)

32
Q

How does Paraquat present acutely?

A

May involve the eyes (ocular surface toxicity)

Pharmacology I Exam #1 (5 decks)

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