Toxicity Flashcards
what are the two types of elements that can cause issue
non essential
essential
Give details about essential elements
These are always present in all healthy living tissue, deficiency is therefore noted with symptoms.
Give six examples of essential elements
Na.Mg,Ca,N,P,K
Talk through the dose response curve for essential elements
death - deficiency - marginal - optimal - marginal - toxic - death
Give an example of a non essential elements
cadmium
Talk through the stages of the dose response curve for non essential elements
Tolerable - lethal
Three elements that are toxic and insoluble (hard to get at)
Titanium
Tungsten
Barium
Five elements that are very toxic and soluble
Zinc Tin Nickle Arsenic Silver
What are the two different effects it can have on the same species and explain them
Homogenus - every organism will act the same (steep shroter curve on graph)
Hetrogenus - organisms will react different (shallwo curve on graph)
How do you measure toxicity
Its normally exposing test organisms to samples of a particular concentration of toxin and measuring how long it takes them to die , ha!
What is the median lethal time
LT50, LM50. Statistical time at which 50% of a given population may be expected to die following acute administration of a given concentration of a toxin
What is the median lethal concentration
This is the concentration of at toxin at which 50% of organisms should be expected to die usually 48hLCm or 96hLM50
What the effective concentration
EC50. The concentration of a toxin when 50% of the population will suffer sub lethal effects
What are the five effects toxins can have on organisms (including humans)
Morphological Behavioral Genetic Tainting Inhibitory
Explain of potential inhibitory effects
Growth and development
Settlement
Reproduction
Respiration
Behavioral effects
(these effects are often rapid)
Feeding
Swimming
Intuition does not work
What is tainting
Can be of: taste/colour Light oil production by fish Fatty fish Tainting of skin
What are the morphological effects
vertebrae damage Tissue changes (fin erosion)
what can be the enviromental effects on pollutants (toxins)
Metal species (form of substance) Salinity Organocomplexs Water hardness pH Temperature
Explain the case study of south florida
Mercury is deposited through atmospheric deposition over >95% Hg / Year. Inorganic mercury is transformed into methlymercury by bacteria. This is rapidly taken up and slowly eliminated. In the water it is 0.10 ppt but in the egg from the apex predator it is at 4.8million ppt
What does the effects of methlymercury have on organisms
Can cause brain issues, birth defectives, reproductive damage, kidney damage
What are three effects of interaction between toxins (more environmental effects)
Additive, antagonism, synergism .
Explain additive interaction
where the sun of two substance are used in combination have a sum which is the same as the sum of the two indivdual compounds.
Explain synergism
When two substance have a combined effect which is greater than the sum of the two individual compounds
