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Pollution (part b - rhoda 30marks) > Toxicity > Flashcards

Toxicity Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of elements that can cause issue

A

non essential

essential

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2
Q

Give details about essential elements

A

These are always present in all healthy living tissue, deficiency is therefore noted with symptoms.

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3
Q

Give six examples of essential elements

A

Na.Mg,Ca,N,P,K

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4
Q

Talk through the dose response curve for essential elements

A

death - deficiency - marginal - optimal - marginal - toxic - death

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5
Q

Give an example of a non essential elements

A

cadmium

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6
Q

Talk through the stages of the dose response curve for non essential elements

A

Tolerable - lethal

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7
Q

Three elements that are toxic and insoluble (hard to get at)

A

Titanium
Tungsten
Barium

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8
Q

Five elements that are very toxic and soluble

A 
Zinc
Tin
Nickle
Arsenic
Silver
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9
Q

What are the two different effects it can have on the same species and explain them

A

Homogenus - every organism will act the same (steep shroter curve on graph)
Hetrogenus - organisms will react different (shallwo curve on graph)

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10
Q

How do you measure toxicity

A

Its normally exposing test organisms to samples of a particular concentration of toxin and measuring how long it takes them to die , ha!

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11
Q

What is the median lethal time

A

LT50, LM50. Statistical time at which 50% of a given population may be expected to die following acute administration of a given concentration of a toxin

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12
Q

What is the median lethal concentration

A

This is the concentration of at toxin at which 50% of organisms should be expected to die usually 48hLCm or 96hLM50

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13
Q

What the effective concentration

A

EC50. The concentration of a toxin when 50% of the population will suffer sub lethal effects

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14
Q

What are the five effects toxins can have on organisms (including humans)

A 
Morphological 
Behavioral
Genetic 
Tainting 
Inhibitory
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15
Q

Explain of potential inhibitory effects

A

Growth and development
Settlement
Reproduction
Respiration

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16
Q

Behavioral effects

A

(these effects are often rapid)
Feeding
Swimming
Intuition does not work

17
Q

What is tainting

A 
Can be of:
taste/colour 
Light oil production by fish
Fatty fish 
Tainting of skin
18
Q

What are the morphological effects

A 
vertebrae damage
Tissue changes (fin erosion)
19
Q

what can be the enviromental effects on pollutants (toxins)

A 
Metal species (form of substance)
Salinity 
Organocomplexs
Water hardness
pH
Temperature
20
Q

Explain the case study of south florida

A

Mercury is deposited through atmospheric deposition over >95% Hg / Year. Inorganic mercury is transformed into methlymercury by bacteria. This is rapidly taken up and slowly eliminated. In the water it is 0.10 ppt but in the egg from the apex predator it is at 4.8million ppt

21
Q

What does the effects of methlymercury have on organisms

A

Can cause brain issues, birth defectives, reproductive damage, kidney damage

22
Q

What are three effects of interaction between toxins (more environmental effects)

A

Additive, antagonism, synergism .

23
Q

Explain additive interaction

A

where the sun of two substance are used in combination have a sum which is the same as the sum of the two indivdual compounds.

24
Q

Explain synergism

A

When two substance have a combined effect which is greater than the sum of the two individual compounds

25
Q

explain antagonism

A

When the sum of two substances have a total less than the effect of the two individual substances

26
Q

What are the six complications that can occour

A 
Delayed impacts
Detoxification
Bio-accumulation
Bioaccumulation factors
Bioconcentration 
Biomagnification
27
Q

Explain detoxification

A

Formation of metallothioens which are molecules that bind to metal to remove it from the system as well as granular storage

28
Q

Explain bioaccumulation

A

this is when the concentration of a toxin is higher in the organism that its surroundings

29
Q

what is the bioaccumlatuon factors (BAF)

A

rate of chemical concentration in the organism when compared to the surrounding medium

30
Q

What is bioconcentration

A

chemical concentration in organism exceeds water coloum

31
Q

what is biomagnification

A

the increase in concentration of a toxin throughout the food chain as a result of: Persistence, low detoxification

32
Q

what are toxicity considerations? when planning an experiment

A 
Reproduction of environmental conditions
Species related (growth tests)
33
Q

What are the impacts of health of species as well as the reaction from the organism

A

Good health = homeostatis
Stress= compensation
Ill curable = non-compensation
ill fatal = death

Pollution (part b - rhoda 30marks) (3 decks)

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