Toxic Responses of the Respiratory System Flashcards
The respiratory tract structure and function consists of the _______ and _________ structure
upper; lower
Upper or lower?
extra thoracic airway passages above the neck
upper
upper or lower?
airway passages and lung parenchyma below the pharynx
lower
upper or lower?
from nostrils or mouth to the pharynx
upper
T/F: The oronasal passages belongs to the upper respiratory structures
True
T/F: the Mucociliary clearance and antimicrobial functions of the oronasal passages are accomplished by a wide variety of specialize receptors in major subtypes including olfactory receptors, trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), vomeronasal receptors and formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)
False. The chemosensory functions of the oronasal passages are accomplished by a by a wide variety of specialize receptors in major subtypes including olfactory receptors, trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), vomeronasal receptors and formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)
T/F: The oronasal passage also has other functions such as detecting irritants, thermosensory, and mechanosensory
True
T/F: The oronasal passage functions to conduct heat, humidity, filter and chemosense incoming air
True
This receptor traces amines with fishy or putrid odor
trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs)
This receptor can detect higher molecular weight stimuli and non-volatile chemicals
vomeronasal receptors
This receptor is actually part of the vomeronasal receptors, and it can detect bacterial or mitochondrial-formulated peptides to identify pathogens
formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)
T/F: Mucociliary clearance and antimicrobial are functions of the conducting airways
true
T/F: the beginning of the lower respiratory tract is the larynx
true
This part of the lower respiratory tract is responsible for speech or phonation
larynx
T/F: The conducting airways of the lower respiratory tract can be divided into proximal (bronchioles) and distal regions (trachea and bronchi)
false. The conducting airways of the lower respiratory tract can be divided into proximal (trachea and bronchi) and distal regions (bronchioles).
What are the gas exchange regions?
terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli, blood vessels and lung interstitium
This is where gas exchange occurs, and it is approximately 85% of the total lung parenchymal volume
alveoli
T/F: adult lungs have 50 million to 100 million of alveoli
false. 300-500 million
This type of alveolar cell is an attenuated cytoplasm to enhance gas exchange
alveolar type I cells
This type of alveolar cell produces and secretes surfactants, a mixture of lipids, and four surfactant-associated proteins
alveolar type II cells
What are the 5 surfactant-associated proteins of alveolar type II cells?
Surfactant A1, A2, B, C, and D
These surfactant-associated protein from alveolar type II cell do not alter the lipid structure and do not bind lipopolysaccharides and various microbial pathogens, thus enhancing clearance from the lung
A1 and A2
These surfactant-associated protein from alveolar type II cell is necessary in the suppression of pulmonary inflammation and hosts defenses against viruses, and bacterial pathogens
D
T/F: the four surfactant-associated proteins, which are Surfactant A1, A2, B, C, and D, are members of the C-type lectins called Collectins, which defend against pathogens
False. A1, A2, and D only
The principal function of the lung is gas exchange, consisting of _________,__________, and ___________
ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion
test in which an individual inhales maximally and then exhales as rapidly as possible.
spirometry
In inhalation toxicology, exposure is measured as a concentration (compound mass per unit of air) = _____ or _____
mg/m3 or ug/m3
1m3 = _____ L
1000
For gases, concentration may also be expressed as ____ or ____
ppm or ppb
What are the critical factors in determining how deeply a given gas penetrates into the lung.
Solubility, diffusibility, metabolism/ reactivity in respiratory tissues, and breathing rate
T/F: highly insoluble gases do not penetrate farther than the nose during nasal breathing, unless in high doses. therefore, they are relatively non-toxic
False. Highly soluble gases
T/F: For relatively insoluble gases, like formaldehyde, they penetrate deeply into the lungs and reach the smallest airways and alveoli where they can elicit a toxic response
False. Formaldehyde is not insoluble, it is a highly soluble gas and is non-toxic. Proper examples of relatively insoluble gases for this statement are ozone and carbon monoxide, which are both toxic and harmful
T/F: Particle size is a critical factor in determining the respiratory tract region in which a particle will be deposited.
true
T/F: In respiratory toxicology, aerosols include dust, fumes, smoke, mists, fog, or smog
true
In the general principles in the pathogenesis of lung damage caused by chemicals, what are the deposition mechanisms?
- Impaction
- Interception
- Sedimentation
- Diffusion
- Electrostatic deposition
This deposition mechanism occurs when the trajectory of the particle brings it near enough to a surface so that an edge of the particle contacts with the airway surface
interception
This deposition mechanism is an important factor for the deposition of submicrometer particles
diffusion
This deposition mechanism occurs in the upper respiratory tract and large proximal airways where airflow is faster than the small, distal airways
impaction
this deposition mechanism controls deposition in the smaller bronchi, bronchioles, and other alveolar spaces where velocity of the air is much slower
sedimentation
this deposition mechanism is a minor mechanism for positively-charged particles
electrostatic deposition
What are the different types of particle clearance?
nasal clearance, tracheobronchial clearance, and alveolar clearance
T/F: Particle clearance is equivalent to clearance from the body.
False. Not equivalent
Lung defense is dependent on the ________________ wherein rapid removal lessens the time available to cause damage to the pulmonary tissues or permit local absorption
particle clearance
This particle clearance includes wiping and blowing; mucociliary clearance
nasal clearance
This particle clearance includes mucociliary clearance, particle-laden macrophages
Tracheobronchial clearance
This particle clearance includes specialized cells which include alveolar macrophage
alveolar clearance
Certain gases and vapors stimulate nerve endings in the nose. Name that nerve
Trigeminal nerve
____________________________________ may be activated by many irritants, causing tickling, itching, and painful nasal sensations.
Transient receptor potential channel receptors
Give examples of irritants that activate transient receptor potential channel receptors
acrolein, allicin (garlic), cinnamaldehyde, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide
This causes a decrease in airway diameter and a corresponding increase in resistance to airflow.
bronchoconstriction
give examples of chemicals that cause bronchoconstriction
acrolein, cigarette smoke, air pollutants, histamine, nitric oxide
give the characteristic symptoms of bronchoconstriction
wheezing, coughing, sensation of chest tightness, dyspnea
T/F: exercise can potentiate problems regarding bronchoconstriction
True
Acute lung injury (pulmonary edema) is marked by alveolar epithelial and ___________ perturbation and ________________ that leads to surfactant disruption, pulmonary edema, and ____________.
endothelial cell; inflammatory cell influx; atelectasis
give examples of chemicals that cause acute lung injury
acrolein, HCl, NO2, NH3 (immediate alveolar damage and death with high conc)
T/F: Acute responses of the lung to injury involves COPD, Trigeminally Mediated Airway Reflexes, Acute Lung Injury, Bronchoconstriction, Airway Hyperactivity, and Neurogenic Inflammation
False. All except COPD are part of the acute responses of the lung
This chronic response of the lung to injury is characterized by a progressive airflow obstruction, involving airway (bronchitis) and alveolar pathology.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
This chronic response of the lung to injury is defined by the presence of sputum production and cough for at least three months.
chronic bronchitis
This chronic response of the lung to injury is characterized by destruction of the gas exchanging surface area results in distended, hyperinflated lungs
emphysema
What is the leading cause of death from cancer among men and women.
lung cancer
T/F: there is an association between tobacco smoking and lung cancer
true
T/F: in emphysema, the lungs no longer properly exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide as a result of both loss of tissue and air-trapping
true
What are the potential mechanisms of lung carcinogenesis?
damage to DNA and / or active oxygen species
T/F: Cigarette smoke contains high quantities of active oxygen species and free radicals.
true
This chronic response of the lung to injury is characterized by attacks of shortness of breath caused by narrowing of the large airways (bronchi).
Asthma
The clinical hallmark of asthma is increased ______________ of the bronchial smooth muscle in response to exposure to irritants.
airway reactivity
In pulmonary fibrosis, which is a chronic response of the lung to injury, humans with acute or chronic pulmonary fibrosis contain increased amounts of _________.
collagen
In pulmonary fibrosis, in lungs damaged by toxicants, the response resembles adult or infant _________________________
respiratory distress syndrome
Excess lung collagen in pulmonary fibrosis is usually observed not only in the ___________________, but also throughout the ______________ and respiratory bronchioles
alveolar interstitium; alveolar ducts
T/F: Inhaled xenobiotics can affect lung tissues directly or distant organs after absorption
True
T/F: Water solubility is a decisive factor in determining how deeply a given gas penetrates into the lung (lipid soluble are more toxic)
true
T/F: Respiratory toxicology refers to route of exposure whereas inhalational toxicology refers to target organ toxicity
False
- Inhalational toxicology refers to the route of exposure
- Respiratory toxicology refers to target organ toxicity
