Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2nd Shifting PHA6131 LEC > Toxic Responses of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Toxic Responses of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

The respiratory tract structure and function consists of the _______ and _________ structure

A

upper; lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Upper or lower?

extra thoracic airway passages above the neck

A

upper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

upper or lower?

airway passages and lung parenchyma below the pharynx

A

lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

upper or lower?

from nostrils or mouth to the pharynx

A

upper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T/F: The oronasal passages belongs to the upper respiratory structures

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T/F: the Mucociliary clearance and antimicrobial functions of the oronasal passages are accomplished by a wide variety of specialize receptors in major subtypes including olfactory receptors, trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), vomeronasal receptors and formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)

A

False. The chemosensory functions of the oronasal passages are accomplished by a by a wide variety of specialize receptors in major subtypes including olfactory receptors, trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), vomeronasal receptors and formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T/F: The oronasal passage also has other functions such as detecting irritants, thermosensory, and mechanosensory

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T/F: The oronasal passage functions to conduct heat, humidity, filter and chemosense incoming air

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

This receptor traces amines with fishy or putrid odor

A

trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

This receptor can detect higher molecular weight stimuli and non-volatile chemicals

A

vomeronasal receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

This receptor is actually part of the vomeronasal receptors, and it can detect bacterial or mitochondrial-formulated peptides to identify pathogens

A

formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T/F: Mucociliary clearance and antimicrobial are functions of the conducting airways

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F: the beginning of the lower respiratory tract is the larynx

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

This part of the lower respiratory tract is responsible for speech or phonation

A

larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T/F: The conducting airways of the lower respiratory tract can be divided into proximal (bronchioles) and distal regions (trachea and bronchi)

A

false. The conducting airways of the lower respiratory tract can be divided into proximal (trachea and bronchi) and distal regions (bronchioles).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the gas exchange regions?

A

terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli, blood vessels and lung interstitium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

This is where gas exchange occurs, and it is approximately 85% of the total lung parenchymal volume

A

alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T/F: adult lungs have 50 million to 100 million of alveoli

A

false. 300-500 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

This type of alveolar cell is an attenuated cytoplasm to enhance gas exchange

A

alveolar type I cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

This type of alveolar cell produces and secretes surfactants, a mixture of lipids, and four surfactant-associated proteins

A

alveolar type II cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 5 surfactant-associated proteins of alveolar type II cells?

A

Surfactant A1, A2, B, C, and D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

These surfactant-associated protein from alveolar type II cell do not alter the lipid structure and do not bind lipopolysaccharides and various microbial pathogens, thus enhancing clearance from the lung

A

A1 and A2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

These surfactant-associated protein from alveolar type II cell is necessary in the suppression of pulmonary inflammation and hosts defenses against viruses, and bacterial pathogens

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T/F: the four surfactant-associated proteins, which are Surfactant A1, A2, B, C, and D, are members of the C-type lectins called Collectins, which defend against pathogens

A

False. A1, A2, and D only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The principal function of the lung is gas exchange, consisting of _________,__________, and ___________

A

ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

test in which an individual inhales maximally and then exhales as rapidly as possible.

A

spirometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In inhalation toxicology, exposure is measured as a concentration (compound mass per unit of air) = _____ or _____

A

mg/m3 or ug/m3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

1m3 = _____ L

A

1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

For gases, concentration may also be expressed as ____ or ____

A

ppm or ppb

30
Q

What are the critical factors in determining how deeply a given gas penetrates into the lung.

A

Solubility, diffusibility, metabolism/ reactivity in respiratory tissues, and breathing rate

31
Q

T/F: highly insoluble gases do not penetrate farther than the nose during nasal breathing, unless in high doses. therefore, they are relatively non-toxic

A

False. Highly soluble gases

32
Q

T/F: For relatively insoluble gases, like formaldehyde, they penetrate deeply into the lungs and reach the smallest airways and alveoli where they can elicit a toxic response

A

False. Formaldehyde is not insoluble, it is a highly soluble gas and is non-toxic. Proper examples of relatively insoluble gases for this statement are ozone and carbon monoxide, which are both toxic and harmful

33
Q

T/F: Particle size is a critical factor in determining the respiratory tract region in which a particle will be deposited.

A

true

34
Q

T/F: In respiratory toxicology, aerosols include dust, fumes, smoke, mists, fog, or smog

A

true

35
Q

In the general principles in the pathogenesis of lung damage caused by chemicals, what are the deposition mechanisms?

A
  • Impaction
  • Interception
  • Sedimentation
  • Diffusion
  • Electrostatic deposition
36
Q

This deposition mechanism occurs when the trajectory of the particle brings it near enough to a surface so that an edge of the particle contacts with the airway surface

A

interception

37
Q

This deposition mechanism is an important factor for the deposition of submicrometer particles

A

diffusion

38
Q

This deposition mechanism occurs in the upper respiratory tract and large proximal airways where airflow is faster than the small, distal airways

A

impaction

39
Q

this deposition mechanism controls deposition in the smaller bronchi, bronchioles, and other alveolar spaces where velocity of the air is much slower

A

sedimentation

40
Q

this deposition mechanism is a minor mechanism for positively-charged particles

A

electrostatic deposition

41
Q

What are the different types of particle clearance?

A

nasal clearance, tracheobronchial clearance, and alveolar clearance

42
Q

T/F: Particle clearance is equivalent to clearance from the body.

A

False. Not equivalent

43
Q

Lung defense is dependent on the ________________ wherein rapid removal lessens the time available to cause damage to the pulmonary tissues or permit local absorption

A

particle clearance

44
Q

This particle clearance includes wiping and blowing; mucociliary clearance

A

nasal clearance

45
Q

This particle clearance includes mucociliary clearance, particle-laden macrophages

A

Tracheobronchial clearance

46
Q

This particle clearance includes specialized cells which include alveolar macrophage

A

alveolar clearance

47
Q

Certain gases and vapors stimulate nerve endings in the nose. Name that nerve

A

Trigeminal nerve

48
Q

____________________________________ may be activated by many irritants, causing tickling, itching, and painful nasal sensations.

A

Transient receptor potential channel receptors

49
Q

Give examples of irritants that activate transient receptor potential channel receptors

A

acrolein, allicin (garlic), cinnamaldehyde, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide

50
Q

This causes a decrease in airway diameter and a corresponding increase in resistance to airflow.

A

bronchoconstriction

51
Q

give examples of chemicals that cause bronchoconstriction

A

acrolein, cigarette smoke, air pollutants, histamine, nitric oxide

52
Q

give the characteristic symptoms of bronchoconstriction

A

wheezing, coughing, sensation of chest tightness, dyspnea

53
Q

T/F: exercise can potentiate problems regarding bronchoconstriction

A

True

54
Q

Acute lung injury (pulmonary edema) is marked by alveolar epithelial and ___________ perturbation and ________________ that leads to surfactant disruption, pulmonary edema, and ____________.

A

endothelial cell; inflammatory cell influx; atelectasis

55
Q

give examples of chemicals that cause acute lung injury

A

acrolein, HCl, NO2, NH3 (immediate alveolar damage and death with high conc)

56
Q

T/F: Acute responses of the lung to injury involves COPD, Trigeminally Mediated Airway Reflexes, Acute Lung Injury, Bronchoconstriction, Airway Hyperactivity, and Neurogenic Inflammation

A

False. All except COPD are part of the acute responses of the lung

57
Q

This chronic response of the lung to injury is characterized by a progressive airflow obstruction, involving airway (bronchitis) and alveolar pathology.

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

58
Q

This chronic response of the lung to injury is defined by the presence of sputum production and cough for at least three months.

A

chronic bronchitis

59
Q

This chronic response of the lung to injury is characterized by destruction of the gas exchanging surface area results in distended, hyperinflated lungs

A

emphysema

60
Q

What is the leading cause of death from cancer among men and women.

A

lung cancer

61
Q

T/F: there is an association between tobacco smoking and lung cancer

A

true

62
Q

T/F: in emphysema, the lungs no longer properly exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide as a result of both loss of tissue and air-trapping

A

true

63
Q

What are the potential mechanisms of lung carcinogenesis?

A

damage to DNA and / or active oxygen species

64
Q

T/F: Cigarette smoke contains high quantities of active oxygen species and free radicals.

A

true

65
Q

This chronic response of the lung to injury is characterized by attacks of shortness of breath caused by narrowing of the large airways (bronchi).

A

Asthma

66
Q

The clinical hallmark of asthma is increased ______________ of the bronchial smooth muscle in response to exposure to irritants.

A

airway reactivity

67
Q

In pulmonary fibrosis, which is a chronic response of the lung to injury, humans with acute or chronic pulmonary fibrosis contain increased amounts of _________.

A

collagen

68
Q

In pulmonary fibrosis, in lungs damaged by toxicants, the response resembles adult or infant _________________________

A

respiratory distress syndrome

69
Q

Excess lung collagen in pulmonary fibrosis is usually observed not only in the ___________________, but also throughout the ______________ and respiratory bronchioles

A

alveolar interstitium; alveolar ducts

70
Q

T/F: Inhaled xenobiotics can affect lung tissues directly or distant organs after absorption

A

True

71
Q

T/F: Water solubility is a decisive factor in determining how deeply a given gas penetrates into the lung (lipid soluble are more toxic)

A

true

72
Q

T/F: Respiratory toxicology refers to route of exposure whereas inhalational toxicology refers to target organ toxicity

A

False

  • Inhalational toxicology refers to the route of exposure
  • Respiratory toxicology refers to target organ toxicity

2nd Shifting PHA6131 LEC (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions