Toxic Responses of the Respiratory System

Question 1

The respiratory tract structure and function consists of the _______ and _________ structure

Answer 1

upper; lower

Question 2

Upper or lower?

extra thoracic airway passages above the neck

Answer 2

upper

Question 3

upper or lower?

airway passages and lung parenchyma below the pharynx

Answer 3

lower

Question 4

upper or lower?

from nostrils or mouth to the pharynx

Answer 4

upper

Question 5

T/F: The oronasal passages belongs to the upper respiratory structures

Answer 5

True

Question 6

T/F: the Mucociliary clearance and antimicrobial functions of the oronasal passages are accomplished by a wide variety of specialize receptors in major subtypes including olfactory receptors, trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), vomeronasal receptors and formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)

Answer 6

False. The chemosensory functions of the oronasal passages are accomplished by a by a wide variety of specialize receptors in major subtypes including olfactory receptors, trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), vomeronasal receptors and formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)

Question 7

T/F: The oronasal passage also has other functions such as detecting irritants, thermosensory, and mechanosensory

Answer 7

True

Question 8

T/F: The oronasal passage functions to conduct heat, humidity, filter and chemosense incoming air

Answer 8

True

Question 9

This receptor traces amines with fishy or putrid odor

Answer 9

trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs)

Question 10

This receptor can detect higher molecular weight stimuli and non-volatile chemicals

Answer 10

vomeronasal receptors

Question 11

This receptor is actually part of the vomeronasal receptors, and it can detect bacterial or mitochondrial-formulated peptides to identify pathogens

Answer 11

formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)

Question 12

T/F: Mucociliary clearance and antimicrobial are functions of the conducting airways

Answer 12

true

Question 13

T/F: the beginning of the lower respiratory tract is the larynx

Answer 13

true

Question 14

This part of the lower respiratory tract is responsible for speech or phonation

Answer 14

larynx

Question 15

T/F: The conducting airways of the lower respiratory tract can be divided into proximal (bronchioles) and distal regions (trachea and bronchi)

Answer 15

false. The conducting airways of the lower respiratory tract can be divided into proximal (trachea and bronchi) and distal regions (bronchioles).

Question 16

What are the gas exchange regions?

Answer 16

terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli, blood vessels and lung interstitium

Question 17

This is where gas exchange occurs, and it is approximately 85% of the total lung parenchymal volume

Answer 17

alveoli

Question 18

T/F: adult lungs have 50 million to 100 million of alveoli

Answer 18

false. 300-500 million

Question 19

This type of alveolar cell is an attenuated cytoplasm to enhance gas exchange

Answer 19

alveolar type I cells

Question 20

This type of alveolar cell produces and secretes surfactants, a mixture of lipids, and four surfactant-associated proteins

Answer 20

alveolar type II cells

Question 21

What are the 5 surfactant-associated proteins of alveolar type II cells?

Answer 21

Surfactant A1, A2, B, C, and D

Question 22

These surfactant-associated protein from alveolar type II cell do not alter the lipid structure and do not bind lipopolysaccharides and various microbial pathogens, thus enhancing clearance from the lung

Answer 22

A1 and A2

Question 23

These surfactant-associated protein from alveolar type II cell is necessary in the suppression of pulmonary inflammation and hosts defenses against viruses, and bacterial pathogens

Answer 23

D

Question 24

T/F: the four surfactant-associated proteins, which are Surfactant A1, A2, B, C, and D, are members of the C-type lectins called Collectins, which defend against pathogens

Answer 24

False. A1, A2, and D only

Question 25

The principal function of the lung is gas exchange, consisting of _________,__________, and ___________

Answer 25

ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion

Question 26

test in which an individual inhales maximally and then exhales as rapidly as possible.

Answer 26

spirometry

Question 27

In inhalation toxicology, exposure is measured as a concentration (compound mass per unit of air) = _____ or _____

Answer 27

mg/m3 or ug/m3

Question 28

1m3 = _____ L

Answer 28

1000

Question 29

For gases, concentration may also be expressed as ____ or ____

Answer 29

ppm or ppb

Question 30

What are the critical factors in determining how deeply a given gas penetrates into the lung.

Answer 30

Solubility, diffusibility, metabolism/ reactivity in respiratory tissues, and breathing rate

Question 31

T/F: highly insoluble gases do not penetrate farther than the nose during nasal breathing, unless in high doses. therefore, they are relatively non-toxic

Answer 31

False. Highly soluble gases

Question 32

T/F: For relatively insoluble gases, like formaldehyde, they penetrate deeply into the lungs and reach the smallest airways and alveoli where they can elicit a toxic response

Answer 32

False. Formaldehyde is not insoluble, it is a highly soluble gas and is non-toxic. Proper examples of relatively insoluble gases for this statement are ozone and carbon monoxide, which are both toxic and harmful

Question 33

T/F: Particle size is a critical factor in determining the respiratory tract region in which a particle will be deposited.

Answer 33

true

Question 34

T/F: In respiratory toxicology, aerosols include dust, fumes, smoke, mists, fog, or smog

Answer 34

true

Question 35

In the general principles in the pathogenesis of lung damage caused by chemicals, what are the deposition mechanisms?

Answer 35

* Impaction * Interception * Sedimentation * Diffusion * Electrostatic deposition

Question 36

This deposition mechanism occurs when the trajectory of the particle brings it near enough to a surface so that an edge of the particle contacts with the airway surface

Answer 36

interception

Question 37

This deposition mechanism is an important factor for the deposition of submicrometer particles

Answer 37

diffusion

Question 38

This deposition mechanism occurs in the upper respiratory tract and large proximal airways where airflow is faster than the small, distal airways

Answer 38

impaction

Question 39

this deposition mechanism controls deposition in the smaller bronchi, bronchioles, and other alveolar spaces where velocity of the air is much slower

Answer 39

sedimentation

Question 40

this deposition mechanism is a minor mechanism for positively-charged particles

Answer 40

electrostatic deposition

Question 41

What are the different types of particle clearance?

Answer 41

nasal clearance, tracheobronchial clearance, and alveolar clearance

Question 42

T/F: Particle clearance is equivalent to clearance from the body.

Answer 42

False. Not equivalent

Question 43

Lung defense is dependent on the ________________ wherein rapid removal lessens the time available to cause damage to the pulmonary tissues or permit local absorption

Answer 43

particle clearance

Question 44

This particle clearance includes wiping and blowing; mucociliary clearance

Answer 44

nasal clearance

Question 45

This particle clearance includes mucociliary clearance, particle-laden macrophages

Answer 45

Tracheobronchial clearance

Question 46

This particle clearance includes specialized cells which include alveolar macrophage

Answer 46

alveolar clearance

Question 47

Certain gases and vapors stimulate nerve endings in the nose. Name that nerve

Answer 47

Trigeminal nerve

Question 48

____________________________________ may be activated by many irritants, causing tickling, itching, and painful nasal sensations.

Answer 48

Transient receptor potential channel receptors

Question 49

Give examples of irritants that activate transient receptor potential channel receptors

Answer 49

acrolein, allicin (garlic), cinnamaldehyde, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide

Question 50

This causes a decrease in airway diameter and a corresponding increase in resistance to airflow.

Answer 50

bronchoconstriction

Question 51

give examples of chemicals that cause bronchoconstriction

Answer 51

acrolein, cigarette smoke, air pollutants, histamine, nitric oxide

Question 52

give the characteristic symptoms of bronchoconstriction

Answer 52

wheezing, coughing, sensation of chest tightness, dyspnea

Question 53

T/F: exercise can potentiate problems regarding bronchoconstriction

Answer 53

True

Question 54

Acute lung injury (pulmonary edema) is marked by alveolar epithelial and ___________ perturbation and ________________ that leads to surfactant disruption, pulmonary edema, and ____________.

Answer 54

endothelial cell; inflammatory cell influx; atelectasis

Question 55

give examples of chemicals that cause acute lung injury

Answer 55

acrolein, HCl, NO2, NH3 (immediate alveolar damage and death with high conc)

Question 56

T/F: Acute responses of the lung to injury involves COPD, Trigeminally Mediated Airway Reflexes, Acute Lung Injury, Bronchoconstriction, Airway Hyperactivity, and Neurogenic Inflammation

Answer 56

False. All except COPD are part of the acute responses of the lung

Question 57

This chronic response of the lung to injury is characterized by a progressive airflow obstruction, involving airway (bronchitis) and alveolar pathology.

Answer 57

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Question 58

This chronic response of the lung to injury is defined by the presence of sputum production and cough for at least three months.

Answer 58

chronic bronchitis

Question 59

This chronic response of the lung to injury is characterized by destruction of the gas exchanging surface area results in distended, hyperinflated lungs

Answer 59

emphysema

Question 60

What is the leading cause of death from cancer among men and women.

Answer 60

lung cancer

Question 61

T/F: there is an association between tobacco smoking and lung cancer

Answer 61

true

Question 62

T/F: in emphysema, the lungs no longer properly exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide as a result of both loss of tissue and air-trapping

Answer 62

true

Question 63

What are the potential mechanisms of lung carcinogenesis?

Answer 63

damage to DNA and / or active oxygen species

Question 64

T/F: Cigarette smoke contains high quantities of active oxygen species and free radicals.

Answer 64

true

Question 65

This chronic response of the lung to injury is characterized by attacks of shortness of breath caused by narrowing of the large airways (bronchi).

Answer 65

Asthma

Question 66

The clinical hallmark of asthma is increased ______________ of the bronchial smooth muscle in response to exposure to irritants.

Answer 66

airway reactivity

Question 67

In pulmonary fibrosis, which is a chronic response of the lung to injury, humans with acute or chronic pulmonary fibrosis contain increased amounts of _________.

Answer 67

collagen

Question 68

In pulmonary fibrosis, in lungs damaged by toxicants, the response resembles adult or infant _________________________

Answer 68

respiratory distress syndrome

Question 69

Excess lung collagen in pulmonary fibrosis is usually observed not only in the ___________________, but also throughout the ______________ and respiratory bronchioles

Answer 69

alveolar interstitium; alveolar ducts

Question 70

T/F: Inhaled xenobiotics can affect lung tissues directly or distant organs after absorption

Answer 70

True

Question 71

T/F: Water solubility is a decisive factor in determining how deeply a given gas penetrates into the lung (lipid soluble are more toxic)

Answer 71

true

Question 72

T/F: Respiratory toxicology refers to route of exposure whereas inhalational toxicology refers to target organ toxicity

Answer 72

False * Inhalational toxicology refers to the route of exposure * Respiratory toxicology refers to target organ toxicity