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RUSVM toxicology plants > Toxic Princples > Flashcards

Toxic Princples Flashcards

1
Q

Cyanogenic Glycosides

A

MOA:

Acute: inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and inhibtion of cellular respiration

Chronic: neuronal degeneration

CS:

Dyspnea, salivation, dilated pupils, ataxia, musc tremors, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias

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2
Q

Piperdine Alkaloids

A

MOA:

Nicotinic effects (ganglionic & NM stimulation followed by blockade)

CS:

Ataxia, incoordination, birth defects (skeletal malformation, cleft palate)

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3
Q

Nitropropanol Glycoside

A

MOA:

Inhibits enzymes of Krebs cycles & oxidative phosphorylation

CS:

Cattle & sheep: resp and neurologic (cracker heels/roaring)

Horses & rodents: neurologic

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4
Q

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids

A

MOA:

Hepatotoxic

CS:

Liver damage; hepatic photosensitization

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5
Q

Lily

A

MOA:

Unknown toxin causing nephrotoxocity in cats; causes GI irritation in cats & dogs

CS:

Salivation, V, depression, anorexia, polyuria followed by anuria & death

*ARF in cats only*

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6
Q

Insoluble Calcium Oxalates

A

MOA:

Needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals penetrate oral mucosa, tongue, and through causing

CS:

Irritation of lips, mouth, throat; Vomiting

**All parts of the plant is toxic; animal has to chew it**

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7
Q

Cycasin

A

MOA:

Glycoside: GI irritation, liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic

BMAA: neurotoxic amino acid

Unknown: cause axonal degeneration in CNS

CS:

Dogs: V (w/or w/out blood), anorexia, D+, depression, sometimes seizures

Sheep: GI and wt loss

Cattle: neuronal signs (ataxia, weakness, wt loss)

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8
Q

Lectins

(Phytotoxins, toxalbumins)

A

MOA:

Inhibit cellular protein synthesis causing cell death

CS:

Severe GI signs, bloody D+, cyanosis, convulsions, liver & kidney damage

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9
Q

Alsike Clover and Red Clover

A

MOA:

Hepatotoxicity & secondary photosensitization (horses), hepatic encephalopathy

CS:

Lacrimation, photophobia, erythema, pruritus, edema, necrosis, sloughing

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10
Q

Tannic Acid

A

MOA:

Tissue damage: GI and kidney

CS:

Cattle: constipation, brown urine, anorexia, depression, rumen atony (GI/kidney)

Monogastrics: colic, depression, constipation, hemorrhagic D+, hemoglobinuria, hematuria, icterus (GI)

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11
Q

Grapes and Raisins

A

MOA:

Unknown toxin causes acute renal failure in dogs

CS:

V, signs of acute renal failure

*Only dogs*

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12
Q

Selenium

A

Acute: GI irritation & resp signs

Chronic: hoof & hair abnormalities

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13
Q

Solanine and Solanidine Alkaloids

A

MOA:

GI, CNS, resp, cardiac

CS:

GI signs; similar signs to atropine (V, mydriasis, drowsiness)

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14
Q

Protoanemonin

A

MOA:

Volatile oil released by hydrolysis of glycoside

CS:

Severe irritation of GI muscoa and dermatitis

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15
Q

Copper

A

Liver damage, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia

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16
Q

Anthraquinones

A

MOA:

Purgative

CS:

Severe GI signs and D+

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17
Q

Grayanotoxins

A

MOA:

Bind to Na channels & depolarize excitabile cells, GI irritation

CS:

Hypersalivation, V/D, regurg, colic, depression, recumbency, tachycardia, tachypnea, seizures, fever

*death d/t aspiration pneumonia

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18
Q

Gossypol

A

MOA:

Cardiotoxic & secondary liver damage, detroys seminiferous tubules, binds to proteins, amino acids, & iron

CS:

Chronic; male infertility, cardiac toxicity

**Monogastric animals more sensitive**

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19
Q

Propyl disulfide

A

MOA:

Damage of RBC membranes & hemolysis, Heinz body formation

CS:

Anorexia, ataxia, tachycardia, dyspnea, icterus, anion odor, abortion

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20
Q

Coumarin Glycosides

A

MOA:

Form dicoumarol in spoiled plants; antagonize vit K by inhibiting vit K epoxide reductase (inhibits CF 2,7,9,10)

CS:

Hemorrhage

Tx: vit K1 or whole blood

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21
Q

Indolizidine Alkaloids (Swainsonine)

A

MOA:

Inhibit lysosomal enzymes essneital for formation of glycoproteins; alteration of cell function in brain & many organs

CS:

Neuronal signs (locoism), depression, incoordination, ataxia, circling, infertility, congenital defects, heart failure, wt loss, poor performance, decr immune fxn

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22
Q

Diterpene Esters

A

MOA:

Direct irritation of skin & mucous membranes, activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage & enzyme dysfunction

CS:

Irritation & blistering of skin and GI Mucosa, salivation, V/D +/- blood

*More severe in large animals*

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23
Q

Cardiac Glycosides

A

MOA:

Inhibit Na/K ATPase; also cause GI irritation

CS:

Severe GI signs, dilated pupils, convulsions, resp signs, bradycardia, cardiac arrest

24
Q

Ergot Alkaloids

A

MOA:

Vasoconstriction, gangrene, abortion

CS:

Chronic presentation

25
Macadamia Nuts
**_MOA:_** Toxin and MOA are unknown **_CS:_** Weakness (esp in HLs), depression, ataxia, tremors, hyperthermia, lameness, recumbency, V/D, colic, pale mm
26
Xanthine Alkaloids | (Caffeine, Theophylline, Theobromine)
**_MOA:_** Blocks adenosine receptors; inhibits phosphodiesterase **_CS:_** Salivation, V/D, colic, CNS stimulation/seizures, musc tremors, tachycardia, hypotension, urination
27
Triterpene Acids
**_MOA:_** Liver damage & hepatic photosensitization **_CS:_** Depression, anorexia, constipation/D+, icterus, photophobia, erythema, swelling, necrosis, sloughing \*\*Horses are resistant\*\*
28
Isocupressic Acid
**_MOA:_** Vasoconstriction and decr uterine blood flow (release of fetal cortisol) **_CS:_** Abortion in cattle
29
Resins or Resinoids
**_MOA;_** Irritation of nervous or musc tissue
30
Senna
**_MOA:_** Unknown myotoxin causes skeletal musc myopathy & cardiomyopathy **_CS:_** D+, musc weakness, recumbency, good appetite, myoglobinuria, coffee colored urine, tachycardia, death **\*Seeds are most toxic\***
31
Glucosinolate | (Thiocyanate glycosides)
**_MOA:_** Antithyroid **_CS:_** Signs of hypoT4
32
Colchicine
**_MOA:_** Antimitotic (binds to tubulin and nihibits spindle formation during cell division) **_CS:_** All oragn system toxicity \*rapidly dividing cells are most sensitive\*
33
Carboxyatractyloside | (Sulfated glycoside)
**_MOA_****_:_** Hepatotoxicity **_CS:_** Liver is main target; excessive salivation, renal damage, hypoglycemia
34
Black Walnut
**_MOA:_** Ingestion of fresh shavings made from heartwood **_CS:_** Laminitis
35
Pigweed
**_MOA:_** Nitrate: methemoglobinemia/abortion; soluble oxalates: hypocalcemia & kidney damage; unknonw: renal tubular nephrosis in ruminants, pigs, and horses **_CS:_** Hypocalcemia, depression, weakness, incoordination, signs of renal failure
36
Steroidal Saponins
**_MOA:_** Hepatogenic photosensitivity, GI irritation **_CS:_** Photosensitization & liver damage; hypersalivation, V/D +/- blood, colic, nausea Dogs and cats: depression Cats: dilated pupils
37
Lycorine
**_MOA:_** Emetic and pergative **_CS:_** Anorexia, salivation, V/D, hypotension Lg amts: musc tremors & seizures \*\*bulb is the most toxic\*\*
38
Thiaminase
**_MOA:_** Destorys thiamine in diet and produced vit B1 deficiency **_CS:_** Neurotoxicity: wasting, incoordination, posterior paralysis, musc rigidity, convulsive seizures
39
Truterpenoid Saponins
**_MOA:_** Direct irritation of GIT **_CS:_** Salivation, anorexia, V/D, colic, hypothermia
40
Meliatoxins
**_MOA:_** Enterotoxic, Neurotoxic **_CS:_** GI signs +/- blood, CNS and peripheral signs (similar to nicotine), death from resp failure
41
Calcinogenic glycosides | (Vit D analogs)
**_MOA:_** Hypercalcemia (inhibits renal excretion); calcification of elastic tissues (arteries, ligaments, tendons, etc.) **_CS:_** Slow onset of lameness (6m-1yr), incr bone density; *calcinosis*
42
Quinones
**_MOA:_** Primary photosensitization (directly from the plant) **_CS:_** Erythema, pruritus, edema, necrosis of the skin, secondary bacterial infections
43
Yellow starthistle & Russian Knapweed
**_MOA:_** Toxins interact w/dopamine transporter resulting in death of dopaminergic neurons esp substantia nigra & globus pallidus **_CS:_** Sudden onset, inability to eat or drink, drowsiness interrupted by excitation, head down, dehydration **\*Equine Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia\*** **Chewing dz**
44
Diterpene Alkaloids
**_MOA:_** Competitive blockade of nicotinic receptors **_CS:_** Sudden death (cattle), musc weakness, stiffness, staggering, bloating, recumbency, collapse Monkshood: cardiac arrythmias **_Tx:_** **Physostigmine** and neostigmine
45
Molybdenum
**_MOA:_** Causes copper deficiency **_CS:_** Watery, bubbly D+, wasting, anemia, depigementation, demyelination, osteoporosis
46
Tetradymol
**_MOA:_** Hepatogenic photosensitization **_CS:_** Sudden onset of anorexia, depression, icoordination, dyspnea, icterus, head pressing, skin swelling erytehma, necrosis, sloughing \*\*Sheep are most susceptible\*\*
47
Soluble oxalates
**_MOA:_** Hypocalcemia and precipitation of insoluble calcium oxalates in soft tissues Kidney damage **_CS:_** Hypocalcemia, tetany Lg doses can cause renal failure
48
Avocado
**Goats, horses, rabbits, caged birds:** cardiotoxicity **Cattle, horses, goats, rabbits:** non-infectious mastitis & agalactica
49
Red Maple
**_MOA:_** Unknown toxin in dired leaves causes hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia & Heinz body anemia in **horses** **_CS:_** Anorexia, depression, anemia, icterus, brown discoloration of mm, hemoglobinuria, dyspnea, cyanosis, death **\*Horses\***
50
Nitrate
**_Acute:_** GI irritation, methemoglobinemia, resp insuffieicny, abortion **_Chronic:_** decr progesterone during pregnancy & abortion
51
Tropane Alkaloids | (Atropine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine)
**_MOA:_** Similar to atropine All parts of the plant are toxic **_CS:_** Mydriasis, dry mouth, tachycardia, hypertension, urine retention, hallucination, seizures **_Tx:_ physostigmine**
52
Dimethyl Sulfide
**_MOA:_** Oxidation of RBCs forming Heinz bodies **_CS:_** Depression, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, icterus, cyanosis
53
Phytoestrogens
**_MOA:_** Bind to estogen receptors **_CS:_** Infertility in males/females; decr libido & feminization in males
54
Taxine Alkaloids
**_MOA:_** Inhibits Na/K ATPase (Causes excess IC calcium) **_CS:_** Cardiotoxic and GI (similar to glycosides) \*\*CI to give K+\*\*
55
Ptaquiloside
**_MOA:_** Death of precurosr cells in BM; neoplasia in uinary tract; tumors in upper GIT; retinal damage **_CS:_** Aplastic anemia (acute hemorrhage & anorexia), enzootic bovine hematuria (blood in urine, anemia, tachycardia, death), bright blindness in sheed
56
Muscarine
**_MOA:_** Stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors **_CS:_** CNS stimulation
57
Pyridine Alkaloids
**_MOA:_** Low doses: depolarization of nicotinic receptors at autonomic ganglia, NMJ, and CNS High doses: causes blockade **_CS:_** Rapid onset; excitation, salivation, lacrimation, V/D, tachypnea, musc twitching/weakness, dyspnea Death d/t resp failure

RUSVM toxicology plants (3 decks)

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