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Tox final Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is NOT effective in the treatment or prevention of chronic selenium toxicosis? (2)

a. the addition of copper to diet
b. the addition of organic arsenicals to the diet
c. intramuscular injection of BAL
d. Increasing the dietary level of sulfur-containing proteins

A

c. intramuscular injection of BAL

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2
Q 
Which of the following metal toxicoses causes inhibition of the activity of several enzymes in heme
synthesis?
a. iron
b. zinc
c. inorganic arsenic
d. lead
A

d. lead

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3
Q
  1. The presence of an odor of rotten garlic in a fresh carcass is suggestive of acute toxicosis with (2)
    a. molybdenum
    b. iorn
    c. selenium
    d. urea
    e. nitrate
A

c. selenium

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4
Q
  1. Lameness, hoof abnormalities, emaciation, and loss of hair in cattle MOST likely suggest toxicosis with
    a. urea
    b. monensin
    c. soluble oxalates
    d. acute selenium
    e. chronic selenium
A

e. chronic selenium

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5
Q

Methylene blue IV is the antidotal treatment for (2)

a. cyanide
b. soluble oxalate
c. 2,4-D
d. nitrate
e. paraquat

A

d. nitrate

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6
Q

The MOST appropriate treatment for nitrate poisoning is

a. calcium disodium EDTA
b. dioxymethysufoxide (DMSO)
c. BAL (dimercaprol)
d. methylene blue
e. prussian blue

A

d. methylene blue

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7
Q 
Clinical signs in cows suffering from milk fever are MOST similar to poisoning with which of the
following toxicants in sheep? (2)
a. fluoride
b. soluble oxalate
c. cyanide
d. nitrate
e. urea
A

b. soluble oxalate

colic, muscles twitching, rapid breathing, blood tinged froth around the mouth, sim to
milk fever

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8
Q

A toxicant that causes elevated thiocyanate levels in urine is (2)

a. cyanide
b. nitrate
c. oxalate
d. selenium
e. molybdenum

A

a. cyanide

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9
Q

Ingestion of plants that have been sprayed with the recommended levels of 2,4-D herbicides may cause
poisoning in livestock MAINLY because
a. recommended levels of 2,4-D herbicides usually cause poisoning in livestock
b. conversion of 2,4-D herbicides to more toxic metabolites
c. accumulation of toxic levels of soluble oxalates by the plant
d. accumulation of toxic levels of nitrate by the plant
e. direct inhibition of the satiety center resulting in increasing ingestion of toxic levels of the 2,4-D
herbicide

A

d. accumulation of toxic levels of nitrate by the plant

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10
Q

Ingestion of a plant that has been sprayed with a 2,4-D herbicide may cause poisoning in livestock
MAINLY because of accumulation of toxic levels of which of the following toxicants by the plant?
a. selenium
b. nitrate
c. soluble oxalates
d. all of the above

A

b. nitrate

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11
Q

Soluble oxalate poisoning is often associated with which plants (2)

a. Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium)
b. Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus)
c. milkweed (Asclepias carassavia)
d. castor bean (Ricinus communis

A

b. Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus)

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12
Q

A selenium indicator plant which is grown widely in the west is (2)

a. larkspur (Delphenium spp.)
b. greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus)
c. princess plume (Stanlyea spp.)
d. halogeton (Halogeton spp.)
e. wild cherry (Prunus spp.)

A

c. princess plume (Stanlyea spp.)

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13
Q

Poisoning by ingestion of seleniferous plants can be seen in the following states EXCEPT

a. South Dakota
b. North Dakota
c. Wyoming
d. Florida
e. Montana

A

d. Florida

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14
Q

Poisoning by ingestion of seleniferous plants can be seen in the following states EXCEPT

a. South Dakota
b. North Dakota
c. Montana
d. Wyoming
e. New York

A

e. New York

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15
Q

Dogs poisoned by ingesting large amount of chocolate will be expected to show which of the following
clinical signs? (2)
a. Posterior paralysis and constipation – chronic cyanide
b. CNS depression, skin rashes, and oliguria
c. bleeding, vomiting, dehydration and shock
d. convulsions, tremors, tachycardia, and urination
e. redening of the skin, alopecia, and lameness

A

d. convulsions, tremors, tachycardia, and urination

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16
Q 
Poisoning by which of the following plants may cause signs of vitamin B1 (thiamine) defficiency in
monogastric animals? (2)
a. wild cherry (Prunus spp.)
b. soybean (Glycine spp.)
c. horsetail (Equisetum hymenale)
d. oleander (Nerium oleander
A

c. horsetail (Equisetum hymenale)

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17
Q

Which of the following plants is very toxic because it has a phytotoxin? (2)

a. oleander (Nerium oleander)
b. castor bean (Ricinus communis)
c. marijuana (Cannabis sativa)
d. black nightshade (Solanum niger)

A

b. castor bean (Ricinus communis)

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18
Q

This extremely toxic plant initially causes abdominal pain and vomiting in monogastric animals,
followed by digitalis-like effects. This plant is known as (2)
a. crotolaria (Crotolaria spp.)
b. pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)
c. balck nightshade (Solanum niger)
d. oleander (Nerium oleander)
e. cabbage (Brassica spp.)

A

d. oleander (Nerium oleander)

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19
Q 
Which of the following poisonous plants is MOST likely to produce a photodynamic substance that
causes photosensitivity?
a. horstail (Equisetum hymenale)
b. cottonseed (Gossypium spp.)
c. johnsongrass (Sorghum spp.)
d. St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum)
A

d. St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum)

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20
Q

Ragwort or senecio (Senecio spp.) is a common plant in western Oregon and Washington that causes
many losses in livestock MAINly because it has this toxic principle (2)
a. belladonna alkaloids
b. pyrrolizidine alkaloids
c. cyanide
d. selenium
e. thiaminase

A

b. pyrrolizidine alkaloids

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21
Q 
Sudden onset of signs of hepatic insufficiency such as weight loss, icterus, incoordination, head
pressing, aimless wandering, walking in circles and other signs of mania, GI distress, tenesmus, are
MAINLY sings due to ingestion of (2)
a. halogeton (Halogeton spp.)
b. oleander (Nerium oleander)
c. ragwort (Senecio spp.)
d. cottonseed (Gossypium spp.)
e. pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)
A

c. ragwort (Senecio spp.)

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22
Q

The toxic principles of which of the following poisonous plants act MAINLY by blocking nicotinic
receptors at the neuromuscular junction? (2)
a. castor bean (Ricinus communis)
b. lily-of-the -valley (Convallaria majalis)
c. larkspur (Delphinium spp.)
d. milkweed (Asclepias spp.)

A

c. larkspur (Delphinium spp.)

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23
Q

Which of the following poisonous plants acts by a mechanism similar to vitamin D?

a. Day-blooming jessamine (Cestrum diurnum)
b. jimsonweed (Datura stramonium)
c. St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum)
d. monkshood (Aconitum spp.)
e. johnsongrass (Sorghum spp.)

A

a. Day-blooming jessamine (Cestrum diurnum)

calcinogenic glycoside

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24
Q

The toxic principle in day-blooming jessamine (Cestrum diurnum) is

a. pyrrolizidine alkaloid
b. atropine
c. cardiotoxic glycoside
d. vitamin D analog
e. photodyamic substance

A

d. vitamin D analog

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25
Q

Cyanide and hydrogen sulfide both
a. are plant related toxicants
b. react with other metals to form black or dark colored compounds in the GI tract and may stain the
tissues
c. cause sudden death mainly due to preventing tissue oxygen utilization
d. are free of irritant effects to mucous membranes
e. can cause tolerance in animlas to their characteristic odors

A

c. cause sudden death mainly due to preventing tissue oxygen utilization

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26
Q

Which of the following statements concerning hydrogen sulfide and cyanide is TRUE?

a. They are plant related toxicants
b. They react with metals to form black or dark colored compounds in the GI tract
c. They are free of irritant effect
d. Sodium nitrite IV is useful in their treatment

A

d. Sodium nitrite IV is useful in their treatment

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27
Q

The specimen of choice for nitrate poisoning in an animal that has been dead for several hours is (2)

a. rumen contents
b. plasma
c. blood
d. urine
e. ocular fluid

A

e. ocular fluid

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28
Q

Which of the following is LESAST effective in the treatment of poisoning by cyanogenic plants? (2)

a. sodium nitrite IV
b. sodium thiosulfate IV
c. vinegar in cold water orally
d. activated charcoal orally
e. mineral oil orally

A

d. activated charcoal orally

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29
Q

All of the following may be effective in the treatment of poisoning by cyanogenic plants EXCEPT

a. sodium nitrite IV
b. sodium thiosulfate IV
c. vinegar in cold water orally
d. activated charcoal orally
e. mineral oil orally

A

d. activated charcoal orally

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30
Q

The plant part that accumulates the HIGHEST amount of nitrate is (2)

a. leaves
b. stems
c. stalk
d. seeds
e. flowers

A

c. stalk

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31
Q 
A toxicant that causes very rapid death, has a characteristic odor, and causes bright red mucous
membranes and cherry red blood is (2)
a. carbon monoxide
b. hydrogen sulfide
c. nitrate
d. urea
e. cyanide
A

e. cyanide

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32
Q 
Chronic poisoning with which of the following is MOST likely to cause abortion in cattle due to decrease
in progesterone production?
a. nitrate
b. cyanide
c. selenium
d. slobule oxalate
A

a. nitrate

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33
Q 
Atropine is useful in the treatment of organophosphate toxicosis because it antagonizes all of the
following effects EXCEPT (2)
a. miosis
b. excessive salivation
c. bradycardia
d. muscle fasciculaiton
e. GI hypermotility
A

d. muscle fasciculaiton

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34
Q

The first clinical signs in organophosphate poisoning are MAINLY due to

a. CNS stimulation
b. neuromuscular blockade
c. muscarinic stimulation
d. ganglionic blockade
e. ganglionic stimulation

A

c. muscarinic stimulation

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35
Q

If the type of the anticoagulant rodenticide is unknown, duration of vitamin k1 treatment should be

a. 3 days
b. 7 days
c. 10 days
d. 3-4 weeks

A

d. 3-4 weeks

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36
Q

Warfarin acts as an anticoagulant in-vivo and in-vitro by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase
inhibiting activation of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.
a. True
b. False

A

b. False

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37
Q

Signs of chronic cyanide poisoning in horses are MAINLY due to

a. calcification of soft tissues
b. osteoperosis and abnormal bones
c. respiratory insufficiency
d. neuronal degeneration of the spinal cord and brain
e. hyperthyroidism

A

d. neuronal degeneration of the spinal cord and brain

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38
Q

The plant that commonly causes cyanide poisoning is

a. larkspur (Delphenium spp.)
b. greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus)
c. princess plume (Stanlyea spp.)
d. halogeton (Halogeton spp.)
e. wild cherry (Prunus spp.)

A

e. wild cherry (Prunus spp.)

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39
Q

Caladium is common house plant. Which of the following is the PRIMARY toxic principle in Caladium

spp. ?
a. alkaloid
b. insoluble calcium oxalate
c. soluble calcium oxalate
d. glyocoside
e. cyanide

A

b. insoluble calcium oxalate

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40
Q

Which of the following metals is MOST likely to cross the blood-brain barrier?

a. iron
b. zinc
c. inorganic arsenic
d. organic arsenic
e. lead

A

e. lead

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41
Q

Poisoning by which of the following toxicants is LEAST likely to cause convulsive seizures in cattle?

a. lead
b. urea
c. chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides
d. nicotine
e. chronic selenium

A

e. chronic selenium

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42
Q

Chronic selenium in horses MAINLY causes

a. hemolytic anemia
b. peripheral neurontoxicity
c. brain damage and signs of mania
d. hoof abnomalities and loss of hair
e. abnormal bone and teeth

A

d. hoof abnomalities and loss of hair

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43
Q 
Lameness, hoof abnormalities, emaciation, and loss of hair in cattle MOST likely suggest toxicosis
with
a. urea
b. monensin
c. soluble oxalates
d. acute selenium
e. chronic selenium
A

e. chronic selenium

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44
Q

Carbamate and organophosphate pesticides have the following in common EXCEPT

a. sources of poisoning are generally similar
b. both are lipid soluble and can penetrate the intact skin
c. both can be activated by storage
d. both are quickly eliminated
e. both have clinical sings due to excess acetylcholine

A

c. both can be activated by storage

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45
Q

Decreased blood coagulability after exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides is MAINLY due to

a. chelation of Ca+2
b. inhibition of platelet coagulation
c. stimulation of PGI2 (prostacyclin)
d. decreased prothrombin and coagulation factors VII, IX, and X
e. acativation of fibrinolysis

A

d. decreased prothrombin and coagulation factors VII, IX, and X

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46
Q

A toxicant that MOST likely causes calcification of soft tissues is

a. zinc phosphide
b. cholecalciferol
c. fluoroacetate
d. bromethalin
e. strychnine

A

b. cholecalciferol

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47
Q 
The recommended chelating agent for lead toxicosis in pet birds is
a. calcium disodium EDTA
b. BAL (dimercarpol)
c. d-penicillamine
d . dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer)
e. deferoxamine
A

d . dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer)

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48
Q 
All of the following decrease GI absorption of lead EXCEPT
a. zinc
b. protein
c . acidity
d. calcium
A

c . acidity

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49
Q 
What is the sample of choice for detection of lead to submit to a laboratory to help confirm toxicosis in
a puppy?
a. vomitus
b. serum
c. urine
d . whole blood
e. toe nails
A

d . whole blood

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50
Q

The most common source of lead toxicosis in small animals is lead-based paints.
a . True
b. False

A

a . True

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51
Q 
Which of the following is LEAST likely a source of lead toxicosis in cattle in USA?
a . insecticide
b. storage batteries
c. contaminated pasture
d. paint
A

a . insecticide

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52
Q 
Which of the following should NOT be used in the treatment of organophosphate poisoning in dogs?
a . acepromazine
b. atropine
c. activated charcoal
d. diphenhdramine
e. diazepam
A

a . acepromazine

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53
Q 
The first clinical signs in organophosphate poisoning are MAINLY due to
a. CNS stimulation
b. neuromuscular blockade
c . muscarinic stimulation
d. ganglionic blockade
e. ganglionic stimulation
A

c . muscarinic stimulation

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54
Q

2-PAM antagonizes the toxic effects of organophosphates by
a. inhibition of the enzyme choline acetylase
b. direct stimulation of the respiratory center
c . reactivation of acetylcholinesterase
d. competitive blockade of the excess acetylcholine in the circulation
e. direct stimulation of skeletal muscles

A

c . reactivation of acetylcholinesterase

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55
Q 
The route of choice for administration of vitamin K is
a . PO
b. SC
c. IV
d. IM
e. all of the above
A

a . PO

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56
Q

Which of the following statements about the mechanism of action of anticagulant rodenticides is TRUE?
a. They inhibit production of precursor proteins of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X
b. They increase metabolism of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
c . They inhibit activation of precursor proteins of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X
d. They stimulate carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
e. They activate vitamin K epoxide reductase

A

c . They inhibit activation of precursor proteins of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X

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57
Q
  1. Administration of the following drug may increase warfarin toxicity EXCEPT
    a. aspirin
    b. sulfonamides
    c . phenobarbital
    d. steroids
    e. thyroxine
A

c . phenobarbital

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58
Q

Which of the following species are sensitive to anticoagulant roedenticides in decreasing order?
a. dogs an cats, pigs, horses, chikcens, ruminants
b. ruminants, horses, dogs and cats, pigs, chickens
c. pigs, chickens, dogs and cats, ruminants, horses
d . pigs, dogs and cats, ruminants, horses, chickens
e. chickens,l horsesl, ruminants, dogs and cats, pigs

A

d . pigs, dogs and cats, ruminants, horses, chickens

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59
Q 
What is the BEST sample, for chemical analysis, to help confirm a diagnosis of cholecalciferol toxicosis in
a live German shepeard dog?
a. whole blood
b . serum
c. urine
d. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
e. aqueous humor
A

b . serum

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60
Q 
Cholecalcferol toxicosis is LEAST likely to be associated with which of the following clincopathological
changes
a. hypercalcemia
b. hypokalemia
c . hypophosphatemia
d. elevated creatinine
e. elevated BUN
A

c . hypophosphatemia

61
Q 
Activated charcoal is LEAST likely to be an effective adsorbent to
a. insecticides
b. alkaloids
c. bacterial toxins
d. glycosides
e . cyanide
A

e . cyanide

62
Q 
After absorption and distribution, organophosphate pecticides have the HIGHEST concentration in the
a. liver
b. kidney
c. heart
d. brain
e . none of the above
A

e . none of the above

63
Q 
What is the BEST sample to submit to a toxicology laboratory to help confirm a diagnosis of
organophosphate in a live cow?
a. serum
b. urine
c. brain
d . whole blood
e. fat biopsy
A

d . whole blood

64
Q

An immediate reversal of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin rodenticides can be produced by
intravenous
a. injection of protamine sulfate
b. injection of menadione (vitamin K3)
c. injection of phytonadione (vitamin K1)
d . infusion of whole fresh blood

A

d . infusion of whole fresh blood

65
Q

Selenium deficiency causes the following diseases EXCEPT

a. white muscle disease in lambs
b. hepatosis dietetica in youn pigs
c. exudative diathesis in chicks
d. nutritional pancreatic atrophy in chickens
e. blind staggers in cattle

A

e. blind staggers in cattle

66
Q

You are asked by a cattle farmer to examine his cows because two cows have suddenly died. He tells
you that other cows developed signs of weakness followed by increased heart and respiratory rates,
staggering gait and recumbency within 4-6 hours of consumption of forage. On clinical examination, the
mucous membranes expecially the vaginal mucous membranes revelaed a brownish discoloration.
These cows are MOST likely poisoned with
a. cyanide
b. nitrate – brown color of blood - methemoglobin
c. soluble oxalates
d. insoluble oxalates
e. fluoride

A

b. nitrate – brown color of blood - methemoglobin

67
Q

Poisoning due to plants containing soluble oxalates is MOST common in

a. pigs
b. horses
c. dogs
d. chickens
e. ruminants

A

e. ruminants

68
Q

Methemoglobin forms when

a. nitrate combines with reduced hemoglobin
b. nitrate converts hemoglobin to a molecule which can not release oxygen
c. nitrite oxidzes hemoglobin to the ferric state
d. nitrite reduces hemoglobin to the ferrous state
e. nitrite is reduced to NH3 in the blood

A

d. nitrite reduces hemoglobin to the ferrous state

69
Q

The toxic principle in monkshood (Aconitum spp.) is a

a. pyrrolizidine alkaloid
b. cardiotoxic alkalolid
c. saponin
d. photosensitizing pigment
e. cyanogenic glycoside

A

b. cardiotoxic alkalolid (diterpene)

70
Q 
Signs of thiamine deficiency in the horse including loss of condition, incoordination, horse declined to
move, knuckling of the fetlocks when walking, muscle twitches and covulsions are caused by chronic
ingestion of
a. castor bean (Ricinus communis)
b. horsebrush (Tetradymia spp.)
c. jimsonweed (Datrua spp.)
d. bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum)
e. oleander (Nerium oleander
A

d. bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum)

71
Q

The PRIMARY effect of pyrrolizidine alkaloids is

a. hepatic damage
b. hemolysis
c. nephrotoxicity
d. skeletal muscle damage
e. CNS damage

A

a. hepatic damage

72
Q

Which of the following drugs is a specific antidote for jimsonweed (Datrua stramonium) poisoning?

a. physostigmine
b. glycopyrrolate
c. epinephrine
d. aminophylline
e. digoxin

A

a. physostigmine

73
Q

A dog suffering from cardiac arrhythmias due to chocolate poisoning should be treated with

a. atorpine
b. propranolol
c. epinephrine
d. phenylephrine
e. calcium IV

A

b. propranolol

74
Q 
Which of the following poisonous plants is MOST likely associated with neurotoxicity and causes
neuronal vaculation?
a. pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)
b. locoweed (Astragulus spp.)
c. ragwort (Senecio spp.)
d. soybean (Glycine spp.)
e. saltbrush (Atriplex spp.)
A

b. locoweed (Astragulus spp.)

75
Q 
Poisoning caused by ingestion of of large amounts of rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum) is MOST likely
associated with
a. liver damage
b. kidney damage
c. hemolysis
d. skeletal muscle damage
e. skin lesions
A

b. kidney damage

76
Q

An animal showing signs of diarrhea, dry mouth and mucous membranes, dilated pupils, and
convulsions or coma is MOST likely poisoned with
a. buttercups (Ranunculus spp.)
b. jimsonweed (Datura spp.)
c. poisnous mushroom (Amanita muscaria)
d. castorbean (Riciunus communis)
e. sweet clover (Melioltus spp

A

b. jimsonweed (Datura spp.)

77
Q

A selenium indicator plant which grows widely in western part of the US is

a. chokecherry (Prunus spp.)
b. princess plume (Stanleya spp.)
c. halogeton (Halogeton spp.)
d. greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus)
e. castor bean (Ricinus communis

A

b. princess plume (Stanleya spp.)

78
Q

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from rattlebox (Crotolaria spp.) are MOST likely to precipitate toxicosis with

a. molybdenum
b. copper
c. organic arsenic
d. lead
e. selenium

A

b. copper

79
Q 
Poisoning by ergot (Claviceps purpurea) in cattle shows clinical signs generally similar to chronic
toxicosis with
a. nitrate
b. lead
c. pentachlorophenol (PCP)
d. selenium
A

Selenium…

80
Q 
Which of the following poisonous plants may cause clinical signs due to a mechanism similar to
warfarin poisoning?
a. caster bean (Riciunus communis)
b. oleander (Nerium oleander)
c. Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium)
d. spoiled sweet clover (Melilotus spp.)
e. wild cherry (Prunus spp.)
A

d. spoiled sweet clover (Melilotus spp.)

81
Q

Which of the following is the MOST common cause of acute death in cholinesterase inhibitor toxicity?

a. hypertension
b. congestive heart failure
c. cardiac arrhythmias
d. respiratory failure
e. dehydration and shock

A

d. respiratory failure

82
Q

Which of the following NPN sources is MOST toxic?

a. ammonium sulfate
b. ammonium chloride
c. ammonium phosphate
d. biuret
e. urea

A

e. urea

83
Q 
Which of the following metal toxicoses causes inhibition of the activity of several enzymes in heme
synthesis?
a. iron
b. zinc
c. inorganic arsenic
d. lead
A

d. lead

84
Q

Phenoxy acetic acid herbicides are plant hormones that change plant metabolism resulting in
increasing toxicity of plants by improving plant palatability and increasing toxin content.
a. True
b. False

A

a. True

85
Q

Which of the following is contraindicated in Snake envenomation?

a. fluid therapy
b. Antibiotics
c. Blood transfusions
d. Morphine
e. Glucocorticoids

A

e. Glucocorticoids

86
Q

Which of the following detergent compounds is MOST toxic?

c) hand soap
d) dish washing detergent
e) automatic dishwashing soap
f) laundry soap
g) Hand sanitizer

A

e) automatic dishwashing soap

87
Q

Which causes inhibition of key enzymes in HEME synthesis?

h) lead
i) iron
j) zinc
k) phenolics
l) organic arsenic

A

h) lead

88
Q

Which of the following is NOT true for acute toxicosis of Dipyridyl herbicides?

m) Signs of vomiting, anorexia, and depression are present
n) High doses may cause ataxia, dyspenea, seizures
o) Respiratory signs may be observed within 1-4hrs
p) Production of free radials that damage tissue

A

o) Respiratory signs may be observed within 1-4hrs

89
Q

Paraquat is a plant hormone that alters the metabolism of plants which increases
their toxicity and improves palatability
a) True
b) False

A

b) False

90
Q

In NPN toxicosis, a blood serum tests should result as.

a) alkaline rumen, acidosis, elevated BUN, elevated ammonia
b) acid rumen, alkalanosis, normal BUN, elevated ammonia
c) alkaline rumen, alkalonosis, low BUN, low ammonia
d) alkaline rumen, acidosis, normal BUN, low ammonia

A

a) alkaline rumen, acidosis, elevated BUN, elevated ammonia

91
Q

Which of the following is not clinical sign for toad toxins?

s) hypersalivation (foaming)
t) Vomiting
u) Brick red mucous membrane
v) Hemolysis
w) Brady or tachycardia

A

v) Hemolysis

92
Q

an acute ingestion of Xylitol in the dog would have what effect

a. hyperglycemia
b. hypoglycemia
c. anorexia
d. acidosis
e. hemolysis

A

b. hypoglycemia

93
Q

Dipyridyl herbicides are plant hormones that change plant metabolism resulting in increasing toxicity
of plants by improving plant palatability and increasing certain toxin content.
a. True
b. False

A

b. False

94
Q

Nonionic detergents are the most toxic, while anionic detergents are more toxic than cationic
detergents.
a. True
b. False

A

b. False

95
Q

Which of the following rodenticides causes cerebral and spinal edema MAINLY by uncoupling
oxidative phosphorylation and inhibiting ATP?
a. cholecalciferol
b. zinc phosphide
c. strychnine
d. bromethalin

A

d. bromethalin

96
Q

Adding 20% ferric chloride to urine sample results in purple color urine is used to detect the
presence of which of the following toxicants in urine?
a. ethylene glycol
b. phenol
c. detergent
d. bleach

A

b. phenol

97
Q

The MOST toxic detergents are

a. soaps
b. dishwashing liquids
c. laundry detergents
d. automatic dishwashing detergents

A

d. automatic dishwashing detergents

98
Q 
Which of the following is LEAST likely a clinical sign of marine toad (Bufo marinus)
intoxication?
a. slow onset clinical signs (2-3 days)
b. foaming of the mouth
c. seizures
d. tachycardia or bradycardia
A

a. slow onset clinical signs (2-3 days)

99
Q 
Which of the following metal toxicosis causes inhibition of the activity of several enzymes in
heme synthesis?
a. iron
b. zinc
c. inorganic arsenic
d. lead
A

d. lead

100
Q

The diagnosis of lead toxicosis in dogs is BEST established on the basis of

a. symptoms of colic
b. encephaletic signs
c. blood levels of lead
d. the occurrence of basophilic stippling of erythrocytes

A

c. blood levels of lead

101
Q

Activated charcoal is LEAST likely to be an effective adsorbent to:

a. Insecticides
b. Alkaloids
c. Bacterial toxins
d. Glycosides
e. Cyanide

A

e. Cyanide ==and ammonia,Fl-,ethanol,methanol,heavy metal salts,NaCl

102
Q

Which of the following agents is LEAST likely to be adsorbed by activated charcoal?

a. Organophosphate insecticides
b. Heavy metals
c. Alkaloids
d. Cyanide
e. Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides

A

d. Cyanide

103
Q

After absorption and distribution, organophosphate pesticides have the HIGHEST concentration in the:

a. Liver
b. Kidney
c. Heart
d. Brain
e. None of the above- wide dist but no accumulation

A

e. None of the above- wide dist but no accumulation

104
Q

Which of the following clinical signs would be LEAST expected with carbamate insecticide toxicosis in a
Hereford heifer?
a. Convulsive seizures- does not cause siezures but does cause convulsions
b. Muscle tremors – nicotinic stim
c. Miosis- muscarinic stim
d. Diarrhea –muscarin stim
e. Dyspnea –nicotinic blockade

A

a. Convulsive seizures- does not cause siezures but does cause convulsions

105
Q 
What is the BEST sample to submit to a toxicology laboratory to help confirm a diagnosis of organophosphate
in a live cow?
a. Serum
b. Urine
c. Brain
d. Whole blood
e. Fat biopsy
A

d. Whole blood – look for acteylcholinesteraste in whole blood/OP stomach rumen,hari , skin

106
Q

Administration of the following drugs may increase warfarin toxicity EXCEPT:

a. Aspirin
b. Sulfonamides
c. Phenobarbital
d. Steroids
e. Thyroxine

A

c. Phenobarbital

107
Q

An immediate reversal of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin rodenticides can be produced by intravenous:

a. Injection of protamine sulfate
b. Injection of menadione (vitamin K3)- not effective
c. Injection of phytonadione (vitamin K1) – can reverse but not IV
d. Infusion of whole fresh blood- only thiing given IV
e. Injection of calcium gluconate

A

d. Infusion of whole fresh blood- only thiing given IV

108
Q

Vitamin D3 rodenticide toxicosis is associated with:

a. Hypercalcemia
b. Hyperphosphatemia
c. Hyperkalemia
d. All of the above
e. A and B

A

e. A and B

109
Q 
Which of the following rodenticides causes cerebral and spinal edema MAINLY by uncoupling oxidative
phosphorylation and inhibiting ATP?
a. Cholecalciferol 
b. Zinc phosphide 
c. Strychnine
d. Bromethalin 
e. Fluoroacetate
A

d. Bromethalin - no energy hanging with the bros

110
Q

Carbamate and organophosphate pesticides have the following in common EXCEPT:

a. Sources of poisoning are generally similar
b. Both are lipid soluble and can penetrate intact skin
c. Both can be activated by storage – carbamate = no storage
d. Both are quickly eliminated
e. Both have clinical signs due to excess acethylcholine

A

c. Both can be activated by storage – carbamate = no storage

111
Q

The first clinical signs in organophosphate poisoning are MAINLY due to:

a. CNS stimulation
b. Neuromuscular blockade
c. Muscarinic stimulation
d. Ganglionic blockade
e. Ganglionic stimulation

A

c. Muscarinic stimulation- 1st

112
Q 
To help confirm your diagnosis of organophosphate poisoning in a dead angus steer, you should look for the
parent compound in which specimen?
a. Rumen content
b. Brain
c. Whole blood
d. Aqueous humor
e. Liver
A

a. Rumen content

113
Q

If the type of anticoagulant rodenticide is unknown, duration of antidotal treatment should be:

a. 3 days
b. 7 days
c. 10 days
d. 3-4 weeks- 2 nd generation have a t ½ of 3-4 wks

A

d. 3-4 weeks- 2 nd generation have a t ½ of 3-4 wks

114
Q

The specimen of choice for chemical analysis of the anticoagulant rodenticides in a live animal is:

a. Vomitus
b. Blood or serum
c. Liver biopsy
d. Urine
e. Feces

A

b. Blood or serum – or plasma

115
Q

Which of the following statements about the mechanism of action of warfarin is TRUE?

a. It inhibits production of precursor proteins of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X.
b. It increases metabolism of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
c. It activates precursor proteins of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X
d. It stimulates carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
e. It inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase- cant convert reduced Vit K

A

e. It inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase- cant convert reduced Vit K

116
Q

Administration of vitamin K1 immediately reverses the action of anticoagulant rodenticides.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False-takes 24hrs while whole blood provides clotting facots -immediate

117
Q

Decreased blood coagulability after exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides is MAINLY due to:

a. Chelation of calcium
b. Inhibition of platelet coagulation
c. Stimulation of PGI2 (prostacyclin)
d. Decreased prothrombin and coagulation factors VII, IX, and X

A

d. Decreased prothrombin and coagulation factors VII, IX, and X –depletes precursos

118
Q

A toxicant that MOST likely causes calcification of soft tissues is:

a. Zinc phosphide
b. Cholecalciferol
c. Fluoracetate
d. Bromethalin
e. Strychinine

A

b. Cholecalciferol- only on the causes I Ca levels - calcification

119
Q 
Atropine is useful in the treatment of organophosphate toxicosis because it antagonizes all of the following
EXCEPT:
a. Miosis
b. Excessive salivation
c. Bradycardia
d. Muscle fasciculation
e. GI Hypermotility
A

d. Muscle fasciculation- would onl counter musc stim – diphenhydramine – nicotinic effects countered

120
Q

Which of the following should NOT be used in the treatment of organophosphate poisoning in dogs

a. Acepromazine
b. Atropine
c. Activated charcoal
d. Diphenhydramine
e. Diazepam

A

a. Acepromazine - depress respiration also NMB, muscle relax, aminoglycosides, opoids

121
Q

2-PAM antagonizes the toxic effects of organophosphates by:

a. Inhibition of the enzyme choline esterase
b. Direct stimulation of the respiratory center
c. Reactivation of acetylcholinesterase
d. Competitive blockade of the excess acetylcholine in the circulation
e. Direct stimulation of skeletal muscles

A

c. Reactivation of acetylcholinesterase- MOA of Protopam

122
Q 
A dog showing signs of anorexia, vomiting blood, cardiac arrhythmias, polyuria, and polydipsia is MOST likely
intoxicated with:
a. Carbamate
b. Pyrethroids
c. Warfarin 
d. Cholecalciferol- 
e. Bromethalin
A

d. Cholecalciferol- only things that causes PU/PD with arrythemias

123
Q

The route of choice for administration of vitamin K is:

a. PO
b. SC
c. IV
d. IM
e. All of the above

A

a. PO- only way can give K

124
Q

Which of the following species are sensitive to anticoagulant rodenticides in decreasing order?

a. Dogs and cats, pigs, horses, chickens, ruminants
b. Ruminants, horses, dogs and cats, pigs, chickens
c. Pigs, chickens, dogs and cats, ruminants, horses
d. Pigs, dogs and cats, ruminants, horses, chickens
e. Chickens, horses, ruminants, dogs and cats, pigs

A

d. Pigs, dogs and cats, ruminants, horses, chickens- just know chickens are resistatnt and most sensi
are pids/dogs/cats

125
Q 
What is the BEST sample for chemical analysis to help confirm a diagnosis of cholecalciferol toxicosis in a live
German shepherd dog?
a. Whole blood
b. Serum
c. Urine
d. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
e. Aqueous humor
A

b. Serum- will show hypercalcemia first , also I BUN/CRET/AZO,hyperphos

126
Q 
Cholecalciferol toxicosis is LEAST likely to be associated with which of the following clinicopathological
changes:
a. Hypercalcemia
b. Hypokalemia
c. Hypophosphatemia 
d. Elevated creatinine
e. Elevated BUN
A

c. Hypophosphatemia - causes hyperphosphatemia

127
Q 
Which of the following drugs would you use to reduce brain swelling caused by bromethalin rodenticide
toxicosis in animals?
a. Aspirin
b. Diazepam
c. Morphine
d. Glucocorticoid
e. Barbiturates
A

d. Glucocorticoid

128
Q

In general, which of the following pesticides is relatively MOST toxic?

a. Pyrethrin
b. Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides
c. Carbamate
d. Organophosphate
e. Rotenone

A

d. Organophosphate

129
Q

Which of the following coagulation tests is considered MOST sensitive and accurate for aiding diagnosis and
monitoring therapy of anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis:
a. Prothrombin time (PT)
b. One-stage prothrombin time (OSPT)
c. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)
d. Proteins induced by vitamin K absence (PIVKA)- most sensi/accurate

A

a. Prothrombin time (PT)

130
Q

Which of the following statements about the mechanism of action of anticoagulant rodenticides is TRUE:

a. They inhibit production of precursor proteins of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X
b. They increase metabolism of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
c. They inhibit activation of precursor proteins of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X
d. They stimulate carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
e. They activate vitamin K epoxide reductase

A

c. They inhibit activation of precursor proteins of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X

131
Q

The specimen of choice to confirm exposure of anticoagulant rodenticides in a dead animal is:

a. Adipose tissue
b. Brain
c. Liver
d. Kidney
e. Spleen

A

c. Liver – also GI / vomit / baits

132
Q

Warfarin acts as an anticoagulant in-vivo and in-vitro by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase, inhibiting
activation of vitamin K –dependent clotting factors.
a. True
b. False

A

b. False

133
Q

Clinical signs of delayed organophosphate toxicosis are MAINLY due to:

a. Liver damage
b. Kidney damage
c. Cardiac damage
d. CNS toxicity
e. Peripheral neurotoxicity

A

e. Peripheral neurotoxicity- also does CNS but more muscarinic

134
Q 
Immediate administration of which of the following is MOST likely to treat muscle fasciculation resulting from
organophosphate insecticide poisoning?
a. Fluid therapy
b. Oxygen
c. Atropine
d. 2-PAM
e. Acetylchysteine
A

d. 2-PAM

135
Q 
Which of the following toxicosis is LEAST likely to be in the differential diagnosis list of fluoroacetate
(compound 1080) toxicosis in dogs?
a. Strychnine
b. Zinc phosphide
c. Chlorinated hydrocarbons
d. D-limonene
e. Bromethalin
A

d. D-limonene

136
Q 
All of the following agents can be used to treat hypercalcemia associated with cholecalciferol toxicosis
EXCEPT:
a. Normal saline
b. Calcitonin
c. Thiazide diuretics
d. Loop diuretics
e. Glucocorticoids
A

c. Thiazide diuretics- causes the reabsorption of Ca

137
Q 
Which of the following rodenticides is MOST likely to cause increased intracranial pressure and posterior
paralysis?
a. Cholecalciferol 
b. Zinc phosphide
c. Strychnine 
d. Bromethalin
A

d. Bromethalin

138
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning both ethylene glycol and cholecalciferol?

a. Dogs are the most sensitive species
b. They are absorbed mainly from intact skin
c. They are metabolized by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase
d. They cause precipitation of calcium in kidney tubules

A

d. They cause precipitation of calcium in kidney tubules

139
Q

Which of the following is NOT true about organophosphate toxicity:

a. Can occur through malicious poisoning
b. With thiophosphates it is worsened after biotransformation in the liver
c. Has a syndrome of delayed neurotoxicity due to aging of the OP to esterase bond
d. Causes muscarinic and nicotinic signs

A

c. Has a syndrome of delayed neurotoxicity due to aging of the OP to esterase bond- the bond is
irreversible so no delayed acitons

140
Q

A dog is brought in having recently eaten an unknown agrochemical. The dog started seizures while on
the journey to your clinic. You notice the dog has bilateral miosis and give atropine whereupon the animal’s
pupils return to normal diameter. The possible list of toxicants includes:
a. Organophosphates only
b. Organochloride only
c. Carbamate only
d. Organophosphate and carbamate
e. Organochloride and carbamate

A

d. Organophosphate and carbamate - atropine to treat both toxics difference is with carbamates don’t use
2-PAM

141
Q

Which of the following is the best antidotal therapy for carbamate poisoning?

a. Penicillamine
b. Penicillamine and pralidoxime
c. Atropine
d. Atropine and pralidoxime
e. Pralidoxime

A

c. Atropine- will counteract the musc effects of carbamate like OP

142
Q

Which of the following is the best antidotal therapy for organophosphate poisoning?

a. Penicillamine
b. Penicillamine and pralidoxime
c. Atropine
d. Atropine and pralidoxim
e. Pralidoxime

A

d. Atropine and pralidoxime - if carbamate just atropine pralidox = 2PAM

143
Q

Which of the following is the most likely to cause miosis:

a. Strychnine
b. Carbamate
c. Aluminum phosphide
d. Metaldehyde
e. Amitraz

A

b. Carbamate- muscarinic stim

144
Q

Anticoagulant rodenticides work through affecting:

a. Glutamate receptors
b. Glycine receptors
c. Vitamin K epoxide
d. Fibrinogen
e. Glass Factor

A

c. Vitamin K epoxide

145
Q

Bromethalin works by:

a. Reducing vitamin K-dependent clotting factors- anticoagulant rodenticides
b. Blocking alpha-2 adrenergic receptors - amataz
c. By blocking NMDA receptors
d. By uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation
e. Causing drowning in the victim’s own secretions

A

d. By uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation

146
Q

You are called to a group of young pigs, which are off their hind legs but otherwise alert. Some of the pigs
are trembling and a few are salivating. The farmer insists he has not been using organoarsenicals. Which of
the following is MOST likely to be the cause:
a. Strychnine
b. Metaldehyde
c. Fluoroacetate
d. Organophosphates
e. Ethylene glycol

A

d. Organophosphates- only one with hypersalivation

147
Q

Bromethalin is a second generation anticoagulant.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

148
Q

Which of the following is noted for causing CNS lesions:

a. Bromethalin
b. Chlorate
c. Metaldehyde
d. Fluoroacetate
e. Strychnine

A

a. Bromethalin- diffuse white matter vacuolization

149
Q

The rodenticide that is characterized by acetylene odor is

a. warfarin
b. cholecalciferol
c. zinc phosphide
d. strychnine
e. bromethalin

A

c. zinc phosphide

Tox (1 decks)

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