Town Hall Study Deck Flashcards
What are the 3 vectors of transmission?
Surface, Airborne, Person-to-person
Explain cause, mitigation, and a common example of surface transmission
Cause: Touching infected surfaces, then internalizing via mouth, nose, or eyes
Mitigation: Handwashing, cleaning and disinfection
Ex:C. diff., MRSA
Explain cause, mitigation, and a common example of airborne transmission
Cause: Breathing infected air, often while sharing space with infected person
Mitigation: Social distancing, masking, improved ventilation
Ex: Covid-19, influenza, TB
Explain cause, mitigation, and a common example of person-to-person transmission
Cause: Close physical contact with an infected person
Mitigation: Physical separation, vaccination
Ex: Monkeypox, HIV
What is the hardest to mitigate and why?
Airborne, because human’s release aerosols that can remain suspended in the air for hours. If viral particles are exhaled by a sick person they can be breathed in by people in that room hours after the sick person leaves.
What does airborne transmission depend on?
Concentration and exposure time. The more breaths that are exhaled the more aerosols and droplets are released and therefor concentration rises. That activities that are occurring in a shared space also influence the amount of particles exhaled.
What does airborne transmission depend on?
Concentration and exposure time. The more breaths that are exhaled the more aerosols and droplets are released and therefor concentration rises. That activities that are occurring in a shared space also influence the amount of particles exhaled.
What percentage of the air we breathe was previously in someone else’s lungs and what is that called?
4%; respiratory backwash
What is our core reason for getting sick?
Inhaling an infectious dose of air, depending on how contagious the pathogen is and how strong our immune systems are
How is ventilation measured?
CADR & ACH
What does CADR stand for?
Clean Air Delivery Rate -
Volume of clean air delivered per unit time (independent of room size/volume)
CADR enables simple comparison among air cleaners, whether they be high efficiency/low volume , high volume/low efficiency, or other
Use CADR to compare efficacy among devices in sheer ability to clean air, regardless of room size
What does ACH stand for?
Air Changes per Hour:
Number of times the total air volume in a room is replaced in 1 hour (room size dependent)
[Total ACH] = [Outdoor ACH]+[Recirculated ACH]+[eACH]
ACH is a common metric to gauge whether a given room has sufficient ventilation
1 air change reduces concentration of contaminants by 63.2% after 1 air change
UVGI devices would be measured in equivalent ACH (eACH) as they are not physically removing and replacing air in a room, but instead, inactivating harmful contaminants in the air
What are common standards for ACH in an EDU setting?
Typically - 1.5 ACH in 184 minutes
ASHRAE minimum - 3 ACH in 92 min
Good - 6 ACH in 46 min
Better - 9 ACH in 31 min
Best - 12 ACH in 23 min (we top this)
What are ASHRAE minimum ventilation requirements in Hospital Patient rooms, Emergency Rooms, Isolation Rooms, and Operating rooms?
Patient rooms - 4-6
Emergency Rooms - 6
Isolation Rooms - 12
Operating rooms - 20
What are all of the wavelengths of UV-C light that our devices use?
Arc - 254nm
Beam - 265 nm
Vive - 222 nm
Give 3 examples of common viruses / what illnesses they cause
SARS COV -2 - Covid 19
Influenza - Seasonal Flu
Norovirus - “Food poisoning” or “Stomach flu” (inflammation of the stomach and intestines). This leads to diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain.
Give 3 examples of common bacteria / what illnesses they cause
E. Coli - A few strains cause diarrhea/bloody diarrhea, vomiting and stomach pains and cramps. One strain can lead to kidney failure if not properly managed. Eating contaminated food is the most common way to get an E. coli infection
C. Diff -C. diff (also known as Clostridioides difficile or C. difficile) is a germ (bacterium) that causes diarrhea and colitis (an inflammation of the colon). It’s estimated to cause almost half a million infections in the United States each year.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) -
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Give 3 examples of common fungi / what illnesses they cause
Aspergillus - a common mold that lives indoors and outdoors. Can cause Aspergillosis.
Stachybotrys chartarum - “Black mold” toxic to humans and pets
Cladosporium - Long term exposure can lead to sinus infections, ear & eye infections
Long term exposure to any mold that lives in your indoor spaces can lead to allergies
What are the most common viruses and bacteria found in schools?
Staphylococcus aureus.
Coxsackievirus.
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Streptococcus pyogenes.
Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Rubeola virus.
Norovirus.
Influenza A virus.
What are the most common viruses and bacteria found in healthcare settings and likely to cause HAIs (Hospital Acquired Infections)?
Coagulase-negative staphylococc
Staphylococcus aureu
Enterococcus species
Candida species
Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What are the most common viruses and bacteria found in senior living facilities?
Approximately 10% of nursing home patients will develop a skin infection, with the most common being infection of a pressure ulcer (bed sore). The most common pathogens are Group A Streptococcus (GAS) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
What is the hardest microbe to deactivate and why?
Bacterial Spores -
The structure of the spore protects the genomic DNA from intense heat, radiation, and attack by most enzymes and chemical agents. In fact, bacterial spores are so resistant to environmental factors that they can exist for centuries as viable spores.
The more structurally complex the microorganism, the higher the UV-C dose required for its inactivation.
What is B. subtilis?
What are MS2 and T1 etc?
When was UV-C light first used to treat wastewater?
1908
What applications were Upper Room UVGI used for in the 1930s and the 1950s?
30s - To treat measles outbreaks
50s - Tuberculosis outbreak (efficacy confirmed with testing)
When di UV-C become the gold standard in hospitals?
2000s
Explain how Beam works
Beam emits a powerful beam of UV-C across the upper area of a room
Potentially contaminated air in the occupied zone rises to meet the BEAM and is disinfected on contact
Natural airflow recirculates the disinfected air back into the occupied zone
Inactivates 99%+ of certain viruses and bacteria, each beam delivering disinfected air 12x per hour in 500 ft2.
Great for large occupied spaces
How is Beam installed?
Why is Beam such a strong addition to HVAC solutions?
As a supplemental solution to increased ventilation and ACH, you can reduce HVAC costs when applying Beam to your spaces.
Explain how Vive works
How is Vive installed?
Is vive really safe to be exposed to all day at work?
Yes!
How many hours of bulb life are the LEDs rated for in Beam?
6,800 hrs up to 2 years under normal use
How many hours of bulb life are the Krypton bulbs rated for in Vive?
Explain Beam Safety and Commissioning
