Tourism Ch. 1,2,3,12 Flashcards
domestic traveller
someone who travels at least 80 km from home but is still in the country and stays at least 24 hours
multiplier effect
tourism businesses are integrally connected and because of this, every dollar spent or not spent will cause a ripple effect throughout this sector
deficit
every time a country’s resident leaves their country for vacations, their tourism dollars are lost to their residing country
trip
any travel that takes a person more than 80 km from their home for any reason other than to commute to work, school or emergency medical treatment
excursionist
someone that travels at least 80 km from their place of residence and stays less than 24 hours and are not commuting to work or school
leakage
when a community cannot support the growing influx of tourists and must import workers and goods in order to sustain them
8 components of the tourism sector
travel services, adventure tourism and outdoor recreation, events, attractions, food & beverages, accommodations, transportation, tourism services
major events that have caused tourism to decline
terrorist attacks, war, natural disaster, health
le grand tour
English nobility send sons to Europe for education
Name the 3 major civilizations that dominated the world between 4800 BCE - 300 CE and how they have provided for the advancement of travel
Egyptians: centralized government and built along a river (the Nile)
Greeks: travelled for education and for way of life
Romans: built roads when forming colonies, created universal coinage
who were the Sumerians and Phoenicians
Sumerians: first to develop coinage used as payment
Phoenicians: responsible for creating water maps
5 sub-sectors determined by NAICS
- food and beverage
- accommodations
- transportation
- travel services
- entertainment and recreation
think FATE
foreign tourist
a person visiting a country other than that in which they usually reside for a period of at least 24 hours
push factors and pull factors
push factors: internal forces, needs, motivations, ways of thinking (eg. adventure, challenge, prestige, rest)
pull factors: external things that draw guests to destination (eg. people, places, activities, celebrities, friends)
midcentrics
travel to obtain a break in their routine, not likely to choose a vacation that deprives them of the basic comforts of life
psychocentrics
armchair travellers; prefer to travel to places that feel like home
allocentric
risk takers, innovators
demographics
age, occupation, education, income level and marital status
psychographics
personality, behaviours, likes, dislikes
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- self-actualizations: work on achieving one’s full potential (self-guided tours, building Homes for Humanity)
- ego/self esteem: the need to feel special/important (trip to see a special event like the Olympics, or the need for special service)
- social needs: most common motivator (visiting friends and family)
- safety: tourists must feel safe
- physiological: simple motivations (break from the cold, stress, work)
McIntosh and Goeldner’s four basic motivation categories
physical motivators, cultural motivators, interpersonal motivators, status and prestige motivators
physical motivators
directly related to health (sports, relaxation, health treatment)
cultural motivators
desire to learn more about the music, architecture, food, art, folklore, religion of other people
interpersonal motivators
strongest motivator (2 extremes: visit friends and family and getting away from friends and family)
status and prestige motivators
ego/self-esteem factors; need for recognition, attention, appreciation
why are disabled travellers important for tourism?
- they spend over $81.7 million on travel products annually
- 75% eat out at least once a week
8 barriers to travel
- cost
- lack of time
- accessibility/distance/ease of travel
- health and disabilities
- travel tastes and experience
- education (the higher the level of education, the higher the likeliness to travel)
- age
- fear (fear of change, places, flight)
tourism illiteracy
lack of understanding the benefits tourism brings to a community
10 benefits of tourism
- economic diversity
- cultural preservation
- better choices in entertainment, shopping, food service
- enhanced travel
- area beautification
- tax revenues
- foreign capital
- recreational and educational facilities
- modernization
- favorable world image
9 barriers to travel acceptance
- crime and unwanted behaviour
- air, water, land, noise pollution
- congestion of roadways, parks, shopping areas, rec centers, attractions
- local resentment
- inflation
- seasonality
- leakage
- increases in the cost of services
- diversion of government funds
What are the stages of G.V. Doxey’s index of tourist irritation?
- euphoria
- apathy
- irritation
- antagonism
- final level
what does Industry Canada do?
responsible for overall well-being of tourism sector
10 human resource challenges, issues, and concerns in tourism
- industry image
- unskilled labor
- poor training practices
- poor attitudes/self image
- high turnover
- shrinking labor pool
- demand for qualified labor
- poorly trained managers
- language barriers
- lack of recognition for institutional training
emerit program
program offered by CTHRC to make training easily accessible from home computer for over 60 different occupations
Tourism Education Councils (TEC)
series of studies undertaken between 1983-1990 focusing on human resource needs and challenges for the tourism sector that led to:
- developing occupational standard for each occupation
- training programs to ensure each standard was taught and created a system for certifying qualified people who passed
6 key factors to a TDA’s success
- identify sense of place
- ensure the product/market match fits
- clustering facilities
- creating good transportation systems
- creating positive partnerships within the community
- maintaining/restoring the environment
5 essential components of a tourist destination
- hospitality of host
- infrastructure
- natural resource
- good transportation system
- suprastructure
think HINTS
qualitative methods
use of experts and their accumulated experience and knowledge to predict the likely outcome of events
quantitative methods
the analysis of numerical data, current and historical, to help determine the future
the 5 areas to take inventory of in the first step of the planning process
political atmosphere, social atmosphere, physical atmosphere, infrastructure and suprastructure (product capacity), economic environment
8 steps of the planning process
- inventory (political atmosphere, social atmosphere, physical atmosphere, infrastructure and suprastructure, economic environment)
- forecast trends
- create a vision statement, mission statement, objectives and goals
- alternative plans of action
- select a preferred alternative
- develop a strategy to reach goals
- implement plan
- review, evaluate, revise, continue
8 things that make tourism unique
- intangible
- costly
- highly perishable
- can’t be stored or altered
- fixed supply
- highly seasonal
- curbed by time restraints
- quality of product depends on factors that are beyond the control of the producer/seller
7 factors that hinder tourism growth
- concern for ecosystem
- financial concerns
- tourism illiteracy
- seasonality
- lack of trained personnel
- transportation costs
- poor product packaging/lack of integrated market plan
4 steps to a destination life cycle
- concept
- building
- maturity
- decline
4 P’s of marketing mix
price, product, place, promotion
tourism code of ethics
concept that is taught to all employees early on to ensures the importance of safety and enjoyment in tourism
8 issues causing concern in tourism
- transportation
- role of parks, historic sites, crown lands
- evolving role of Canada Customs and immigration
- tax issue
- training of tourism workers
- financing the future of tourism
- aboriginal tourism
