tourism 2.1-2.4

Question 1

How is globalisation encouraging international tourism ?

Answer 1

1. increasing ability to travel
   - ability to search for info and research –> tourism related services
   - higher comp in biz –> emergence of cheap options available
2. increasing motivation to travel
   - greater access to new ideas and experiences, thru SM.
   eg. Phi phi island v popular due to airing of The Beach movie starring leonardo d’caprio
3. increasing mobility to travel
   - more trspt options, internationally and locally.
   - scoot –> cheaper flights
4. increasing emergence of different tourist destination regions
   - european countries still popular, but developing countries esp in SEA inc popular. eg china, malaysia, THAILAND.

Question 2

how is demand for tourism changing from popular to less visited regions?

Answer 2

1. inc of unpopular destinations
   - tourists seek to discover new travel experiences –> visit unpopular places
   - globalisation made easier, advancement in tech and transport, obtain info + travel to regions easier
   - eg. worlds least visited country ANTARTICA, inc in popularity as more ppl want to explore + inreased avail of cruise rides there –> easy access

• increasingly visit second-cities
• fulfil unique travel experience, lower cost.
• eg. more people gg to Versailles, France to explore architecture and history, instead of paris

Question 3

how is demand for tourism changing due to emergence of adventure, heritage, sports and health tourism ?

Answer 3

1. adventure tourism
   - travel to NATURAL envi –> challenging physical activities
   - eg. climb mount everest –>
   - PERSONAL GROWTH AND SELF-FULFILMENT
2. Heritage tourism
   - learn about culture and heritage, fulfil the NEED TO UNDERSTAND and learn ab unique heritages.
   - eg. people visit village of CHIANG MAI –> KAYAN LAWHI tribe, long-neck women with rings around neck –> learn ab diverse unique culture outside of home country
3. Sports tourism
   - participate / observe sporting events
   - personal growth when compete / enjoyment adn stress-relief
   - eg. 2024, paris olympics, many tourists travelled to paris to watch games.
4. Health tourism
   - seek med services that may not be available / cheaper / shorter waiting time
   - enhance physical / mental health –> personal fulfilment and assurance
   - eg. 2 million ppl travelled to SK in 2018 for cosmetic surgery
   - many people travel to BALI for relaxing yoga and wellness sessions –> relax and enhance overall health

Question 4

how is supply of tourism changing ?

Answer 4

Mass market → specialist tour operators
Large companies, include tspt n accommodation, cheaper as in bulk, reduces hassle of booking

specialised tour groups –> travel experiences, bit more expensive as tourist specialised to cater individuals needs n pref, however become inc pop as greater demand to travel to unique destinations. Eg. quark expeditions bring tourists to visit antartica

traditional –> online
- advertising thru social media
- 70% of tourists use internet to research and plan trips
- klook promoted using instagram and facebook

Question 5

what are the positive econ impacts of tourism ?

Answer 5

1. employment opportunities
   - tourism labour intensive –> creates wide range of job opps w/ varying skills and requirements for BOTH tourist generating and destination regions –> REDUCE UNEMPLOYMENT
   - eg. accommodation, leisure activity staff, transport
   - eg. in 2019 tourism accounted for 330 million formal jobs worldwide
2. revenue generated
   - tourist spend money on goods and services –> income and revenue for locals + gov increase
   - invest in infrastructure eg. schools + clinincs, provide essential services –> increase SOL
   - reduce poverty
   - eg. 1980, Maldives one of the poorest countries –> aft tourism, low poverty rate

Question 6

what are the negative econ impact from tourism ?

Answer 6

1. economic leakages
   - revenue generated by destination region lost to economies of other countries
   - eg. when have to pay for import of food overseas to cater to tourists needs, revenue generated reduced.
   - eg. when tourists booj to stay at hotel owned by major company eg. MARRIOT HOTEL in phuket, large sum of revenue goes to big company owner rather than locals n gov.
2. overdependence on tourism
   - vulnerable to sudden fall in tourists

• natural disasters –> damage to infra in destination regions –> people scared to come –> 2011 christchurch eq NZ –> significant drop in tourists arrivals and loss of revenue of 700 million
• unfavourable political events –> riots n protests –> avoid travellling + gov issue travel advisory to discourage ppl –> EG. 2020 protest in Thailand, travel advisory issued to citizens to not go thailand –>
• economic turndown –> retrenchment / unemployment –> loss of income –> no money to travel
• eg. in 1997, asian financial crisis, many countries sig drop in tourist activities.
• outbreak of diseases –> gov issue travel advisories –> reduce num of tourists
• eg. 2020, COVID-19, LOCKDOWN –> tourist arrivals globally fell by more than 65%

Question 7

positive social impacts of tourism ?

Answer 7

1. cultural preservation
   - tourists like to visit places w deep cultural heritage –> tourism revenues boost local economy –> INCENTIVE for locals to preserve culture and heritage to attract tourists
   - planning authorities invest money to preserve cultural heritage by building museums
   - eg. paris able to preserve rich cultural heritage as notre-dam cathedral and louvre museum significant to heritage + tourist attraction
2. enhance cultural ecosystem services
   - protecting environment or tourism –> ENHANCE cultural eco servs
   - eg. Sanjiangyuan National Park in China is protected , villagers run CBT programme where tourists can homestay –> aesthetic benefits, scenery –> recreational benefits, leopard viewing/hiking.

Question 8

negative social impacts of tourism

Answer 8

1. commodification of culture
   - may exaggerate / stage culture to suit needs and interest of tourist –> LOSE AUTHENTICITY
   - CONFLICT ARISE btwn want to preserve // want to exaggerate
   - eg. tour operators org interactive session w maasai tribe in kenya BUT inauthentic, exaggerated –> not meaningful, tourists not happy.

2.cultural clash
- tourists insensitive to local norms / tourists pollute and congest destination regions –> locals unhappy
- eg. in Hawaii, locals did not wish for Hawaii to be reopened aft COIVD as many tourists did not respect indigenous hawaiin culture + did not follow mask rules

3. rise in crimes
   - locals target relaxed / offguard tourists –> PICKPOCKET / SCAM
   - increase tensions between local and tourist
   - eg. in Paris, many people fell for “survey” scam.

Question 9

positive envi impacts brought ab by tourism

Answer 9

1. conservation of natural envi
   - in order to attract tourists –> motivated to maintain pristine envi
   - tourism revenue can be channelled into funding environmental restoration/protection projects
   - eg. establishing National Parks to restrict development in natural areas –> habitat not disturbed
   - employing park rangers to ensure rules eg no illegal poaching are abided by.
2. restoration of ecosystems
   - to attract tourists, restore aq / terretrial ecosystems
   - eg in great barrier reed, corals destroyed, however as coral reefs attract a lot of tourists to snorkell / dive, gov has set up restoration of such coral reef ecosystems through coral IVF.
   - maya bay, entrance fee of $15 for tourists –> revenue channelled to coral restoration projects.

Question 10

negative envi impacts of tourism ?

Answer 10

1. pollutant emission
   - transport by air, sea, land / accommodation –> GHG released
   –> global warming
   - pollutans eg. SO2, NO2 –> respiratory diseases
2. Inadequate sewage disposal
   - tourism industry generate large amts of waste –> no proper waste disposal system –> pollute environment
   - eg. Borocay island, hotels and accommodation no proper sewage disposal system –> directly into ocean –> THREAT TO AQ ECOSYSTEMS
   - tourists also pollute destination regions eg. mount everet, discard tents, plastic etc on mountain –> chemicals contaminate groundwater –> LAND AND WATER POLLUTION
3. depletion of natural resources
   - a lot of resources required for constructions of tourists fac / maintainence –> OVERUSE of natural resources –> depletion.
   - eg. Bali draws 3 million litres of water a day –> deplete water resource –> dry up river / droughts –> that can harm people and environment
   - lack of resources –> increase food prices as insufficinet water for agriculture
4. threats to wildlife
   - enroach into natural areas, destroy ecosystems and habitats
   - tourists visiting nature areas –> noisy / trample / provoke wildlife