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Tourism Flashcards

1
Q

How does tourism bring about positive environmental impacts

A

1) Conservation of natural environments and preservation of biodiversity
2) Restoration or degraded aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems

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2
Q

How does tourism bring about negative environmental impacts

A

1) Pollution
due to:
- Increased greenhouse emissions
- Inadequate sewage facilities and improper waste disposal

2) Depletion of natural resouces and threats to wildlife habitats
lead to:
- Depletion of natural resources
- Threats to wildlife habitats

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3
Q

Who is considered a tourist?

A

A tourist is a person who travels to and stays in a place outside their usual environment for more than 24 hours but not more than 1 consecutive year, regardless of travel purpose.

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4
Q

What are the two main types of tourism?

A

Domestic tourism: travel within a tourist’s own country. International tourism: travel outside of a tourist’s own country.

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5
Q

What are the key components of a tourism system?

A

The key components of a tourism system include tourist generating regions, tourist destination regions, and transit routes, all of which are interconnected.

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6
Q

How do transit routes influence travel between regions?

A

The volume and direction of travel between regions are influenced by transit routes. More transit routes increase travel volume and provide more options, reducing travel time and making travel more convenient.

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7
Q

What is a tourist generating region?

A

A region that is the source of tourists, where they come from, and where significant sectors of the tourism production system may be located or based.

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8
Q

What is a tourist destination region?

A

A region that attracts tourists, experiences the consequences of tourism development, and contains the primary elements of the tourism production system.

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9
Q

What is a transit route?

A

A transit route is the pathway a tourist travels through to reach their destination, which can include air, sea, or land transport.

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10
Q

What are push factors in tourism?

A

Push factors are conditions in the tourist’s home region that motivate them to travel, such as a stressful work environment, unpleasant living conditions, or a lack of recreational opportunities.

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11
Q

What are pull factors in tourism?

A

Pull factors are qualities in tourist destination regions that attract tourists, such as scenic beauty, special events, attractions, facilities, and amenities that provide positive experiences.

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12
Q

How do push and pull factors work together in tourism?

A

Tourists are pushed from their home regions due to unfavorable conditions and pulled to destinations with attractive qualities, creating a movement of people from generating to destination regions.

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13
Q

What is the relationship between tourists, businesses, and organizations in tourism?

A

They are interdependent. Tourists rely on businesses for services like hotels and tour agencies. Businesses depend on tourists for revenue. Organizations provide support and recommendations, benefiting both tourists and businesses.

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14
Q

What are some positive impacts of tourism on the environment?

A

Tourism can raise awareness about conservation, provide funding for research and environmental protection, and encourage responsible travel that minimizes harm to nature.

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15
Q

What are some negative impacts of tourism on the environment?

A

Over-tourism can lead to environmental degradation, pollution, loss of biodiversity, and excessive use of natural resources, sometimes resulting in the closure of destinations for recovery.

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16
Q

How does an increase in the motivation to travel contribute to tourism growth?

A

More people travel for reasons like relaxation, personal growth, self-fulfillment, and unique experiences, leading to increased demand and expansion of the tourism industry.

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17
Q

How does an increase in disposable income affect tourism?

A

Higher disposable income allows people to spend more on travel. As incomes rise, more people can afford vacations, leading to increased tourism numbers.

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18
Q

How does paid vacation contribute to tourism growth?

A

When people have more paid leave, they have both the time and financial ability to travel, increasing tourism demand.

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19
Q

What role does business innovation play in tourism growth?

A

Innovations such as online booking platforms, budget airlines, and ride-sharing services have made travel more affordable and accessible, boosting tourism.

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20
Q

How do budget airlines impact tourism?

A

Budget airlines offer significantly lower prices, making travel affordable for more people, increasing international and domestic tourism numbers.

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21
Q

How does increased private car ownership influence tourism?

A

Owning a car provides flexibility and convenience, allowing people to travel more frequently within their own country, increasing domestic tourism.

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22
Q

What are the six stages of tourism development?

A

The six stages are Exploration, Involvement, Development, Consolidation, Stagnation, and either Decline or Rejuvenation.

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23
Q

What happens during the Exploration stage of tourism development?

A

A small number of tourists visit an area with natural or cultural attractions. There are limited tourism facilities, and tourism has little economic impact.

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24
Q

What happens during the Involvement stage of tourism development?

A

Tourist numbers increase due to advertising. Local businesses begin providing tourism services, and government investment in infrastructure starts.

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25
What happens during the Development stage of tourism development?
Tourism numbers grow rapidly as large businesses invest, infrastructure expands, and advertising increases. Tourism becomes a key economic sector.
26
What happens during the Consolidation stage of tourism development?
Tourist numbers continue growing but at a slower rate. Tourism dominates the local economy, and multinational corporations own many facilities.
27
What happens during the Stagnation stage of tourism development?
Tourism numbers peak, and the destination reaches or exceeds its carrying capacity. Facilities become outdated, and visitor satisfaction declines.
28
What happens during the Decline stage of tourism development?
If no actions are taken, tourist numbers drop, businesses close, and the destination loses its appeal.
29
What happens during the Rejuvenation stage of tourism development?
With investment and redevelopment, attractions are improved, new facilities are built, and marketing efforts help revive tourism.
30
What are the two broad personality types of tourists?
Dependables (prefer routine, comfort, and structure) and Venturers (prefer adventure, spontaneity, and unique experiences).
31
How do Venturer-type tourists influence Dependable-type tourists?
Venturers explore new destinations first, making them popular. As facilities improve, Dependables follow, leading to further tourism growth.
32
How can a declining tourist destination be rejuvenated?
Investments in infrastructure, rebranding, marketing campaigns, and developing new attractions can help restore a destination’s appeal.
33
How does globalization influence trends in international tourism?
- Increased ability, motivation, and mobility for travel. - More affordable tours due to competition. - New media (social media) increases awareness. - Improved transport connectivity enhances mobility.
34
How has the diversity of tourist-generating and destination regions changed?
- European countries remain top destinations. - Asia-Pacific nations like China, Thailand, and Malaysia are rising. - More international tourists originate from China, India, Brazil.
35
What are the emerging tourism trends?
1. Growing interest in lesser-known or remote destinations (e.g., Antarctica, second cities like Manchester). 2. New forms of tourism, including adventure, heritage, sports, and health tourism.
36
What are examples of sports and health tourism?
- **Sports Tourism**: Tourists travel to observe or participate in sporting events (e.g., visiting Manchester for EPL matches). - **Health Tourism**: Tourists seek medical care or wellness activities (e.g., South Korea for cosmetic procedures, Bali for yoga retreats).
37
What are the positive economic impacts of tourism?
1. **Employment Opportunities**: Jobs in transport, accommodation, and leisure sectors. 2. **Income Generation**: Tourists’ spending benefits local economies and government revenues (e.g., Maldives' economic growth due to tourism).
38
What are the negative economic impacts of tourism?
1. **Economic Leakages**: Money spent by tourists flows out of local economies (e.g., only $5 out of $100 remains in some developing countries). 2. **Overdependence on Tourism**: Countries relying heavily on tourism (e.g., Maldives) are vulnerable to crises like pandemics, natural disasters, and economic downturns.
39
How does tourism positively impact society and culture?
1. **Cultural Preservation**: Tourism revenues support traditional art and practices (e.g., shadow puppetry in China using VR). 2. **Enhancing Cultural Ecosystem Services**: National parks offer aesthetic, educational, and spiritual benefits (e.g., Sanjiangyuan National Park in China).
40
What are the negative social impacts of tourism?
1. **Commodification of Culture**: Traditions become commercialized, losing authenticity (e.g., Maasai performances in Kenya). 2. **Cultural Clashes**: Tourists disrespect local customs, leading to conflicts (e.g., protests against over-tourism in Hawaii). 3. **Rise in Crimes**: Pickpocketing and anti-tourist violence (e.g., vandalized tour buses in Barcelona).
41
How does tourism benefit the environment?
1. **Conservation & Biodiversity Preservation**: Tourism revenue funds environmental protection (e.g., entrance fees in Galápagos National Park support conservation efforts). 2. **Restoration of Ecosystems**: Degraded natural areas are rehabilitated (e.g., coral reef restoration in Mauritius and Seychelles).
42
What are the negative environmental impacts of tourism?
1. **Pollution**: Greenhouse gas emissions from transport, improper waste disposal (e.g., Mount Everest’s trash problem, sewage pollution in Boracay). 2. **Depletion of Resources & Habitat Destruction**: Overuse of water (e.g., Bali’s tourism depleting local water supply), habitat loss (e.g., coastal destruction in the Maldives).
43
What is sustainable tourism development?
Sustainable tourism development is achieved when sustainability principles are applied to economic, social, and environmental aspects of tourism, ensuring long-term sustainability.
44
How can tourism ensure economic sustainability?
By providing stable employment and income growth for locals, and increasing the provision of social services like schools and clinics.
45
How can tourism ensure social sustainability?
By respecting the authenticity of local cultures and contributing to intercultural understanding and tolerance.
46
How can tourism ensure environmental sustainability?
By maintaining ecological processes and conserving natural heritage and biodiversity.
47
What are the roles of governments in sustainable tourism?
Governments establish policies, create plans, and enforce regulations to minimize negative impacts and support local communities.
48
What limits governments' effectiveness in tourism?
Poor enforcement of regulations and prioritizing economic growth over sustainability.
49
How do international organizations influence tourism?
They offer consultancy, provide financial aid, and raise public awareness for sustainable practices.
50
What limits international organizations' effectiveness?
Lack of local context understanding and limited funding.
51
How do businesses support sustainable tourism?
By seeking advice, participating in decision-making, and adopting practices that attract eco-conscious tourists.
52
What are business limitations in tourism sustainability?
They may compromise sustainability for profits or engage in greenwashing.
53
How do locals influence sustainable tourism?
By seeking advice and participating in decision-making with their local knowledge.
54
What limits locals' influence in tourism?
Lack of financial/technical assistance and prioritizing short-term economic benefits.
55
How can tourists promote sustainable tourism?
By making responsible choices, supporting eco-friendly businesses, and respecting local cultures.
56
What limits tourists' role in sustainability?
High cost of sustainable options and lack of clear information.
57
What is ecotourism?
A form of sustainable tourism in natural areas that conserves the environment and benefits local communities. It imvolves many stakeholders ( government, local communities, and tourists being the main ones)
58
What are limitations of ecotourism?
Mass tourism can harm environments, and locals may be excluded due to lack of training or support. the effectiveness of tourism is limited by * uncertainty over continuity of efforts in conserving nature * uncertainty over involving local communities
59
What is community-based tourism (CBT)?
A local-managed tourism model focusing on cultural and nature-based experiences that benefit locals economically and socially. type of innovative small-scale tourism experience managed by local communities
60
What are limitations of CBT?
* Loss of culture * competition with large-scale tourism developments
61
What is pro-poor tourism (PPT)?
A tourism approach that aims to reduce poverty by training locals and giving them access to micro-finance. PPT is an **approach to tourism** developmment that focuses on **improving the livelihoods of the poor through training and access to micro-finance**
62
What are limitations of PPT?
Benefits may be minimal or unevenly distributed, often favoring non-poor locals. * inability to significantly reduce poverty * economic benefits may be poorly distributed, most of the benefits goes to the non-poor locals
63
What is sustainable tourism production?
* Tourism development that doesn't exceed ecosystem service limits * different stakeholders adopting a long-term coordinated approach
64
What is sustainable tourism consumption?
When tourists and regions manage tourism demand responsibly and support local needs. it is achieved when: * destination regions manage demand and when tourism is consumed responsibly consumed * policies give local communities primary attention while considering the needs of tourists
65
How can tourism benefits be distributed equitably?
Through effective tourism management and minimizing trade-offs among economic, social, and environmental goals.
66
Hard tourism vs soft tourism
67
Strategies of CBT
* encourage the local community to participate in decision making on tourism development in their community * put in place measures to increase economic and social benefits to local communities * educate and increase tourists' appreciation of local cultures and protection of environment
68
Strategies of PPT
* Training * Increasing access to micro-finance

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