Tourism Flashcards
Types of Tourists:
- Ecotourism:
-> The Daintree rainforest - Religious tourists:
-> Vatican city - Sports and recreational tourists:
-> Following tour de france on buses - Backpacking or youth tourists:
-> South-East Asia hostels - Health or medical tourists:
-> Stem cell treatment in Mexico - Business tourists:
-> London 30 million tourist, business hub - Educational tourists:
-> 130,000 international students in NYC - Adventure tourism:
-> Queenstown (New Zealand) rock climbing - Cultural tourists:
-> Vatican city - Incentives tourists:
-> Travelling to Cambodia to volunteer in the construction of houses.
Nature of tourism:
Toruism industry is a multifacted economic activity and a geographically complex one.
Tourism is luxury item and therefore required discretionary spending (which can be limited during financial crisis such as Covid)
- Advanced economics seen a +5% increase in tourist annually while developing world saw +2%.
Industrialization has developed new travelers, causing mass tourism (tens of thousands going to the same resort each year)
- 1,300 million international tourists 2024
-> Massive scale of tourism, resulting in massive economic benefits for local regions however, lead to increased demand on the biophysical and built environment.
-> Exploitation of locals in the developing world, due to their weakness of their dollar, evident in Bali 10,000 Rupiah to one Australian dollar.
Tourism is dominated by big business due to its requirement for large infrastructure and complex linkages.
* Private: Disney theme parks & Carnival Cruise line
* Public: Construction of airports and governmental transport (huge investments)
-> However, small businesses still thrive due to tourism, as tourists require tour guilds in which they employ locals.
Tourism results in the spread of culture, currency and ideals, therefore increasing globalization and the interconnectedness of the world economy.
Tourism is 24/7 business during the season, with there being: Peak, Off peak and shoulder season.
Spatial patterns (Geographical distributions)
Western Europe and North America dominate global tourism.
* Europe 50% share of tourism with 615 million
- France recieves 84.5 million tourist in 2015.
* Americas 16% share with 200 million
Rapid growth of tourism in the Asia-Pacific region due to China’s emerging middle class in which desire to travel internationally, in addition to the regions ‘discovery’ by tourist companies.
* 2016 China citizens expenditure of $261 US billion.
Globalisation has resulted in more countries to become destinations, although the developing world and developed countries are significantly divided upon their ability to travel.
* Advanced economics seen a +5% increase in tourist annually while developing world saw +2%
-> This due to the amount of disposable income for developed world citizens and workers right in which Australia mandates 4 weeks of annual leave.
Future direction:
560 million international tourists foreshadowed for Asia, while Asian pacific in 2016 had 310 million tourists.
Australia: Toursim Reseach Australia’s (TRA) forecasts that Australia will hit its lower bound $115 billion per year for overnight vistoris expenditures (international tourists) by 2020.
* China emerging middle class resulting in China to contribute to 43% of international torusit to Australia in 2018
-> while 2025 expects it see 60% of tourist growth contributed by the Chinese.
* Sporting events will increase in arrivals from the Uk - the third largest inbound market.
* Lower value of Australain dollar promotes international and domestic tourism.
-> Shift in Australian economics towards tourism: 2016 12.5% of Australias total export earning from 2015 3%.
New technolgy and socialel developments:
* Industrial revolution: creation of an urbanisised middle class and implementation of railway and stramship
-> facilitated middle class who wasn’t tied to the land to traval domestically and internationally.
* Jumbo jet: Prime mode of transport which brings large groups of travellers over large distances in a short period.
-> facilitates mass tourism and switch from transport of ships and railway.
Impact: 2019 International torusim represents 7% of the worlds exports in goods and serives, up from 6% in 2014 - third largest exporter.
-> tourism growth is faster then the world economy.
A recent 21st century has disproved this ‘temporary’ ideal of tourism, with the growth of digit nomadism where people stay long term and live remotely.
Biophysical: climate, soils, topography, site.
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For each tourist activity there is an optimal climaite for comfatable particpation, factors which influence activities are a combination of temperature, humidity, solar radiation, windspeed and visibility.
Tropical trade wind and equatorial climates: The Caribbean
* Moderatley high temperatues and high humidity year around
-> encourages beach tourism all year round, due to warm water temperatues.
* Only two distinict seasons (dry and wet) however have consitent temperaturs
-> Decrease of tourism in the wet seasons (May to Novemeber) which also includes hurricane season (August to October)
Dry climate: Egypt
* Littile to no rainfall.
-> Creates issues surrounding water supply, dust stroms and extreme summer heat, as a result disturbing toruist activities such as tours to the pyramids.
* Intense solar radiation.
-> tourism is focused towards the coastline where its cooler therefore making it more comfortable.
Highland climates (Mountains and plateaus above 1,500m): Tibet - MT Everest
* Above 4000m the thin air resticts strenuous activities.
-> restircts tourist from climbing MT Everest requiring a prolonged training period and hike up the largest mountain.
* Uniquie plant and animal life.
-> Attracts a wide spectrum of recreationatial tourists which provides job opportunities to locals who act as tour guilds.
Snowy climates:
* Steep gradients, good access and heavy snowfalls found in mountainous areas
-> However, most ski resorts have only 3 to 5 months to generate their entire annual income.
Economic: competitive advantage, consumer demand, mobility of labour
and capital
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In Australia, 2005, foreign tourists generated export earnings of $18.3 billion, surpassing the contribution of wool ($2.5 billion)
Tourism is a major source of employment, large numbers working in accomodation, catering, trasnport, enterainment and small bussiness operating in souvenir trade
The more developed an economy, the greater levels of toruist demand
-> rising income in developing world has brought an increase in tourism.
Tourism brings additional revenue and this an economic restructuring towards tourism from primary and secondary sectors.
-> Leaves them vulnerable, if events such as Covid 19 happen = mass unemployment.
Culture influences:
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- Inanimate peices of culutre i.e unique architechtial or historic buildings such as Dachau concentration camp or the statue of liberty
- Reflects everyday culture i.e observation of islamic daily prays
- Animinated and a un-regular event i.e music desticals or re-enactment of old battles.
This leds to cultural exhanchange and culutral enrichment of both the residents and toruists.
-> May push aside lcoal culturals, McDondals in Bali for example.
Social influence
Tourism is driven by either those who desire to relex and mentally reset from their daily routine or tose who wish to explore and expereince unique place, culture and people.
Particitpation is affected by demographic values such as age, level of education and occupation
-> All factors in income
-> higher disposable income = higher participation in toruism
Rapid growth of tourism is driven by the sudden rise in life expectancy and growing porpotion of population retiring.
Participation of women in the workforce has resulted in growing disaposbale income
-> Women are having less children, which leads to less funds spent on education and food.
-> Family feels like they deserve to have more hoildays due to both working.
Political influences:
Although tourism is a private sector activity, government involvment is required due to its imapct on local, regional, national and international relationships.
Governemnt desenitate funds towards infrastructure such as roads, railways and airports which are fundementally in facilitating tourism
Governemnts often foster the development of an economy inwhich the toursist industry can florish.
-> Promting local enterprises, it can thus increase economic well-being and enhance quaility of life for its citizens.
Consumer choice
Tourist motivation and decision-making are increasingly shaped by changing technology- the internet has greatly increased the amount of information available to tourists (view hotel facilities, make a reservation and access the websites of the attraction
-> enabling people to ‘experience’ a place before they leave home- courtesy of virtual reality technology, people will be able to go rafting, mountain climbing and trekking and at least gain some impressions of what they may experience
Changed the way people record their experiences i.e. cameras, camcorders and CDs can record all sorts of detail and store them conveniently for instant viewing
Transport technolgies: Aircraft
New generation of aircraft is unlikely to travel any faster than existing subsonic aircraft; they have a greater range and increased capacity. they will also need to be fuel efficient. they will help to further reduce the real cost of international travel- there is an increasing concern about the carbon dioxide emissions associated with aircraft movements
Land transport
Considerable investment in infrastructure has made surface transport faster and more competitive over longer trips.
Governments that recognise the enormous economic potential of tourism are pumping billions of dollars into transport development projects
Sea transport: Technologies
The cruise industry is one of the fastest growing sectors of international tourism:
-> 12 million people holidayed on cruise ships in 2005
-> the world’s cruise fleet tripiled to more than 320 ships in the last decade of the 20th centur
Technolgogy: Enhancing the Tourist’s expereience
Relationship between production and consumption
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Three major compodents: Country of origin of tourist, the tourist destination, and the route to get to those destinations.
Origin of tourists:
This stimulate demand for torusim, as the location and its socioeconomic and demographic are key factors for tourism.
Tourist destination:
They attract toruist by providing a site of service which isn’t avaiable at home
-> Such as retailing or enteratiment and recreation.
Routes:
The efficencies of routes are key factors in the quanity of toursit allowed to visit toursit sites.
Factors for changing nature of the production process
-> Wealth of industial socieities
-> Developments in transport
-> Organisation and servicing of travel
Internationalism of tourism
Technoligical advancments (making transport safer, faster and more accessible)
Global transport is rapidly becoming a ‘seamless, interconnected pathway’ with the majoirty of the world accessable.
-> as it becomes cheeper, travel isn’t resticted to short distances
Globalisation has increases in range -> majority of the world accessiable to mass tourism.
-> Both the developed and developing world.
Organisational developments:
Evolving tourism product: Package tourism
Developed during the 1960’s, it contained a package which included tours, accomindation and travel plans
-> Made tourists more efficent, cost effective and easier for the consumer.
-> This is common for crusie liners and mass tourism.
Evolving toruism product: Small group tours
A constrast to mass-produced package tours, average trip of 16 people.
-> More envriomentally friendly, and the able to understand cultural lifestyles and backgrounds
-> Utilisation of local infrastructure.
Evolving toursim product: Individual travel
Provides tourist further freedom, as they aren’t resticted to a group
-> Often performed by sophisicated consumers
Allows for a deeper understanding of culture and as an escape from mass toruism, results in consumers becoming involved in local culture.
Evolving tourism product: Adventure tourism
Once purley for the sophisicated consumers is now a mainstream style of tourism.
-> Large scale operation now focus on interaction with nature such as MT Versuvius and Pompeii.
Adventure tourism include hiking or white water rafting
-> Wish to escape from the munderity of their every-day life
Change in ownership, decision making and control: Increasing the scale of production
The rapid growth of the desire for tourism and created a very profitable industry.
-> Thus the emergence of large scale operation
-> Wyndham Worldwide had 1000 hotels now has 6500 hotels
Large scale operation are buying properties or smaller accomondation bussiness
-> Not singial the demise of small scale, but the exploitation of smaller operations.
Growth of major investimaent from the gloabl market, leading to large scale operation to use economices of scale to mass produce tourist products.
Changes in ownership, decision making and control: Horizontal and vertical integration
With the growth of scale, its casued an increase concentration on ownership
Horizontal integration:
The integration of compitors allows large scale operation to centralise management and thus can promote their message through marketing
Vertical integration:
Bringing in a variety of different types of bussiness i.e controlling both the accomondation and transport
-> Evident at most 5 star resorts, where accomondation provides private transport to consumers.
