Tourism Flashcards
Domestic tourism
Inbound tourism
Outbound tourism
Travelling within ones own country
Non residents travelling in the given country
Residents travelling in another country
6As
Affordability
- Budget
- Price of food/transport/ accommodation etc.
Accessibility
- Availability of transport (land, water and air)
- Communication (availability of internet/wifi)
Accommodation
- Quality, location in relation to planned activities
- Hotels, apartments, Air bnbs, hostels
Attractions/Activities
- Art & culture: landmarks, monuments, museums & galleries
- Recreational: amusement parks, beaches, resorts
- Nature: national parks, botanical gardens, preserved forests, camp sites, hiking trails
- Sports: Availability of suitable areas and equipment (eg: skiing resorts, water jet activities)
Amenities
- Things that are essential to make life easier/more pleasant (desirable things)
- Shopping centres, swimming pools, parks, playgrounds etc.
Ancillary Services
- Places that provide support for the tourists (Eg. tourist visitor centre, travel insurance)
Some tourism industries/products
Accommodation
FnB
Transport services
Travel agencies
Cultural services
Recreational/sports services
Tourism goods/services (eg. souvenirs)
Tech benefits (trends)
CONVENIENCE BOOKING
Tech helps a lot with convenience
- Booking is quick (accommodation/flights etc)
- Online travel agencies
- Can view all available options (find and book best options)
- Ease of research on trip
- E-commerce
- Translation apps to reduce language barrier
Affordability (trends)
- More budget options (accommodation/agents)
- Increased spending power
- Democratisation of luxury (less exclusive)
- Rise of glamping, low-cost carriers and their pay-for-what-you-use business models, and personalised/exclusive experiences in destination.
Responsible tourism
Travellers have greater conscience → Agents can take advantage of their increased awareness and interest in env. social and economic impacts of their travel to appeal to them
Impacts/reasons for change in area
Positive: Birdwatching sites
- Demand for infrastructure to attract more tourists increased (viewing area meet demands of tourists)
- Promotes bird conservation + wildlife appreciation
Negative: Litter
- Harm environment and cause pollution
- Breeding ground for bacteria, spread disease to wildlife and humans
- Ingestion by animals will kill them
To what extent does ___ support the hypothesis
- Only supported by the data from _____ to _____/ is only somewhat supported
- Quote data that supports hypothesis
- However, the graph also exhibits fluctuations and outliers.
- Quote anomalies
- These fluctuations and outliers suggest that the relationship between ______ and the _______ is not entirely direct. This highlights the presence of other factors influencing _______.
Reasons for tourism
- Vacation
- Getting out of daily isolation/Escapism
- Entertainment
- Visiting others
- Learning about culture/customs
- Religious travel
- Further education
Stakeholders
Govt (land use planning, reinvestment of revenue, maintenance of sites)
Companies (tour agencies, ancillary services, local businesses)
Tourists (create demand, share recommendations, generate revenue)
Locals (create a welcoming atmosphere, eg. Thailand’s “land of smiles”, Japan is very prim and proper)
Tourism positive
Economic:
- Employment + Revenue from increased footfall to tourist site
Environmental:
- Increased willingness to preserve areas instead of being removed for other land use purposes due to
- Greater awareness on importance/envr issue
- Greater knowledge on how to do so
Social:
- Greater recognition of other culture
- More understanding and tolerance
- Culture can be passed down
- Greater motivation to continue cultural practices
- More reasons for conservation (of sites)
Engine of growth definition
just think
Tourism negatives
Environmental
- High footfall
- More litter
- More greenhouse gases from transport
- Degrades old infrastructure (from touching/stepping/stealing) by weakening structures
- Erosion of natural structures/soil
Social/Cultural:
- Commodifying culture (commercialisation)
- Lack of respect
- Cultural homogeneity
- Distortion of tradition (to suit foreigners)
- Cultural misappropriation
- Overcrowding affects wellbeing of locals (life disrupted)
Types of tourism
Heritage/cultural
Honeypot
Health and Wellness
Film Induced
Dark
Adventure
Heritage/cultural tourism
Cultural: tourism activity/attraction focusing on cultural practices + norms of the community
Heritage: tourism activity/attraction focusing on highlighting historical significance of the area
Pros:
- Both citizens and foreign tourists to appreciate their roots/stronger sense of identity
Cons:
- Econ: High repair costs to maintain old structures, competing land use
- Social: Touristic culture can lead to the commodification of culture
- Environment: Require more infrastructure to cater to tourists
Honeypot tourism
particular location or destination becomes excessively popular among tourists, to the point where it becomes overcrowded and negatively impacts the environment, infrastructure, and QOL for locals
- usually during peak times
- usually involves iconic attractions
Cons:
Econ: Repair of damages due to high footfall
Social: Culture clashes when tourists are not familiar with the customs of the location (eg. taking many pics in temples)
Health and Wellness tourism
People travel to seek wellness/medical benefits (spa treatments, fitness programs etc.)
Pros:
Econ: Wellness tourists usually have higher spending power, can pay more for quality services (eg. SG medical care, SK plastic surgery)
Envr: Promotes eco tourism for those looking to reconnect with nature (can also encourage environmental conservation)
Cons:
Econ: Prices of G&S increase due to increased demand from tourists (affordability for locals decrease), need high initial investment to buy medical equipment/infrastructure and skilled workers
Social: Overload the hospitals, causing locals to be denied treatment/quality of treatment decrease
Envr: More facilities built in nature
Film induced tourism
Areas that have become popular due to their appearance in films/TV series
Pros:
Econ: Fast way to make a site popular hence generating a lot of revenue
Social: Encourage cultural exchange between locals and tourists (foreigners have interest in local culture from the films)
Envr: Preservation of sites
Cons:
Econ: Concentration of tourists in 1 area will drain resources there + uneven revenue distribution
Envr: Deforestation to build facilities
Dark tourism
Places of dark human history (eg. war, genocide)
Cons:
Econs: not main form of tourism (hard for tourists to relate) hence less revenue
Social: exploits human suffering through commodification of pain and trauma
Adventure tourism
movement of the people from one to another place outside their comfort zone for exploration or travel to remote areas, exotic and possibly hostile areas (usually many physical activities involved)
Pros:
Social: Brings jobs for skilled locals (eg. Mount Everest climbers employ Sherpas)
Cons:
Social: Can lead to death or severe injuries
Envr: Very hard to clean up after tourists (especially in the wild) leading to high levels of pollution (eg. Mount Everest)
Trends related to visa
- Arrivals in Qatar, the most open visa country in the Middle East, grew at double-digit building on visa facilitation measures to attract long-haul markets.
- Saudi Arabia rebounded with a particularly busy summer season. The Kingdom put in place a new e-visa or visa upon arrival scheme to ease the entry to around 50 countries as well as a new marketing and events international campaign.
Trends related to sports
The preparations of the 2022 FIFA World Cup also contributed to the influx of foreign tourists in the country. (Qatar)
2019 Rugby World Cup boosted international arrivals in Japan in September.
Other trends
The collapse of British travel group Thomas Cook and several European low-cost airlines, as well as the slower outbound market from the United Kingdom in view of the Brexit impasse affected key European destinations.
DURING COVID travel trends
Decrease
1. Economic instability (loss of job, travel not priority)
2. Health
3. Lockdown measures (border closure, travel ban)
4. Travel limitations (less flights, reduced connectivity)
AFTER COVID travel trends
Increase
1. Pent up demand (excited to travel, continue postponed plans)
2. Reduced health concerns (vaccinations, tests, safer to travel)
Natural disasters effect
- safety concerns
- travel limitations (poor visibility then cannot have safe flights)
eg. Bali Agung eruption 2017
Currency value
SG strong compared to other ASEAN countries
During Brexit, UK pound became weaker than the euro, got a lot of inflation, causing the cost of tourism related G&S to increase, affected tourism
Why is tourism volatile?
BECAUSE ITS DEPENDS ON CONSUMER AND INDIVIDUAL CHOICES
Domestic tourism trends reasons
P
- instability (kelantan have different ruling party)
P
- good/bad weather
- natural disasters
E
- cheaper travel
- same currency
- no tax rebates
- no beneficial exchange rate
What is eco tourism
- Does not commodify or hold wildlife captive or do anything that goes against their natural behaviour
- Must not have alteration of natural environment
- Encourages environmental conservation + awareness
Principles of eco-tourism
- Social equity
- employment opportunity, increase income
- increase qol/sol
- respect locals’ way of life - Economic efficiency
- viability of the industry - Preserve the environment
- conservation efforts
- appreciation/awareness
- conscious decision-making on use of resources
Background of kenyas ecotourism
- first african ecotourism society (2006)
- 10% of GDP, 9.3% of employment
- name of camp: campi ya kanzi
How to improve tourism
Promote local businesses (use their G&S, entertainment etc, increase interaction between local and tourists)
Eco-friendly practices (reinvestment into R&D, build more green infrastructure)
Be budget friendly
Kenya ecolodge
Economic:
- Environmental conservation lease fee (but not all can afford it)
Social equity
- Have Maasai community as guides, visit the villages, built replica so their way of life is not compromised but can be seen as cultural commodification as the replication is solely for economic purposes and loses authenticity
- Provide financial support for locals to fight for land rights
Preserving the environment
- 7.5% of country dedicated to wildlife conservation
- Many wildlife parks, nature reserves etc.
- Organic farm for tourists to pick their own food and meals (increase awareness)
- 100% solar for electric and heating needs
- Land rovers are electric
- They educate guests on the measures
