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The Reproductive System Chapter 19 > Total > Flashcards

Total Flashcards

1
Q

What are the male’s primary sex organs? What occurs there? Where are they found?

A

Two testes
Sperm cells and male hormones form
In the scrotum

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2
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The process in which sperm cells form

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3
Q

Where are spermatogenia (spermatogenic cells) found?

A

In the male embryo

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4
Q

When do primary spermatocytes reproduce? By what?

A

At puberty

By meiosis

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5
Q

What does the meiosis stage of spermatogenesis produce?

A

Four sperm cells with 23 chromosomes in each of their nuclei } from one primary spermatocyte

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6
Q

What are the male internal accessory organs?

A

Two epididymides, two ductus deferential, two ejaculatory ducts, a urethra, the prostate gland, and two seminal vesicles

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7
Q

What are the epididymides?

A

Tightly coiled, threadlike tubes about 6 meters long

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8
Q

Where are the epididymides found?

A

Connected to ducts within the testes

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9
Q

When are sperm cells nonmotile and when do they swim?

A

Immature sperm at the epididymides are nonmotile

Usually after ejaculation when they are mature

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10
Q

After they mature, sperm cells can:

A

Move independently and fertilize eggs, but usually do not swim until after ejaculation (bcs they’re resting)

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11
Q

What are seminal vesicles?

A

Saclike structures that attach to the ductus deferent and secrete a slightly alkaline fluid that contains fructose

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12
Q

What is special about the secretion of the seminal vesicles?

A

It is a slightly alkaline fluid which contains fructose and provides energy for the sperm

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13
Q

What does the prostate gland secrete?

A

A thin, milky fluid with an alkaline pH

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14
Q

What does prostate fluid help do? (2 things)

A

Neutralizes the fluid containing sperm cells, which is acidic
Helps neutralize the acidic excretions of the vagina

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15
Q

What is semen?

A

The fluid that the male urethra secretes during ejaculation

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16
Q

What does semen consist of?

A

Sperm cells from the testes and the fluids from the prostate gland and seminal vesicles

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17
Q

What do nerve impulses from the spinal cord release? When? What does this do?

A

During sexual stimulation, they release NO - nitric oxide

Dilated the arteries leading to the penis

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18
Q

As the spinal cord releases NO, what does this cause?

A

Increased pressure on the arteries to compress the veins of the penis, reducing the flow of blood away from the penis

19
Q

How is an erection produced?

A

By blood accumulating in erectile tissue and causing the penis to swell because of pressure in the arteries, cutting off blood flow away from the penis

20
Q

In sexual inter course / after an erection, what happens first fluid wise?

A

The fluid from the prostate is released first to lower the acidity of the female parts, then sperm cells, and finally fluid from the seminal vesicles

21
Q

What organs secrete hormones to control male reproductive functions?

A

The hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and testes

22
Q

What are androgens? What is the most important androgen?

A

Male sex hormones

Testosterone

23
Q

What is the main cause of male infertility?

A

If the testes do not descend into the scrotum, causing the higher temperatures of the body to kill the sperm

24
Q

What are the female’s primary sex organs?

A

The two ovaries, which produce the female sex cells and sex hormones

25
Q

Before birth, about how many oocytes are produced and where?

A

Several million in the embryo

26
Q

What do oocytes in the embryo begin as?

A

Primordial follicles

27
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The process of egg cell formation

28
Q

When do primary oocytes divide? What results?

A

During meiosis at puberty

A secondary oocyte and a smaller polar body

29
Q

What happens to female sex cells after meiosis?

A

Secondary oocytes and polar bodies form, and the secondary oocyte, which is larger, can be fertilized by a sperm cell

30
Q

What are male sex cells? Female sex cells?

A

Sperm

Eggs, or oocytes

31
Q

Where is the polar body of the oocyte developed? What happens to it?

A

In the ovary

It is absorbed because it’s not strong enough

32
Q

What happens to primordial follicles at puberty (in the female)? What is this called?

A

They mature to form primary follicles, as many as 20 may be maturing at any time, and one follicle usually outgrows the other
They develop into the primary oocyte, giving rise to the secondary oocyte and first polar body during oogenesis
Ovulation

33
Q

What happens to the secondary oocyte?

A

If it is not fertilized within 24 hours, it degenerates

34
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

In the uterine tube

35
Q

What does the uterus do in fertilization?

A

It receives the developing embryo and keeps it for development

36
Q

What is the cervix? Where is it?

A

The lower third of the uterus

This tubular part extends downward into the upper part of the vagina

37
Q

Of the female, what are the external sexual organs and what are they collectively called?

A

The labia majora, the labia minora, the clitoris, and the vestibule
The vulva

38
Q

How do female and male sex organs relate?

A

The clitoris corresponds to the penis and has a similar structure
The same process of erection occurs in the female ad in the male

39
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

Stimulates the enlargement of accessory organs

40
Q

What may happen to elite female athletes?

A

They may have irregular reproductive cycles and may completely stop menstruating, impairing their ability to conceive - because of little estrogen

41
Q

What may elite female athletes not be able to conceive?

A

Because of too little body fat, there is a decrease in the secretion of estrogen

42
Q

What is the most effective birth control? What do they contain?
What is really the most effective?

A

Oral contraceptives
Synthetic estrogen and progesterone
Abstinence

43
Q

What do women need to be tested for periodically? How?

A

Cervical cancer

A Pap smear is used to detect the presence of abnormal cells in the cervix

44
Q

What helps women going through menopause?

A

They can take hormone replacement therapy which replaces estrogen in the body

The Reproductive System Chapter 19 (1 decks)

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