Tort Cases Flashcards
Woodroffe-Hedley
rock climber, diverse aims of tort law - compensation & corrective justice, Horsey and Rackley - backwards and forwards looking
Tomlinson [2003]
compensation culture - myth, more people who know rights the better - crackdown by Conservative government - LASPO, The Social Action, Responsibility, and Heroism Act (SARAH) 2015
Bradford Corporation v Pickles
no remedy if harm not covered by tort - used his own land, intent not relevant - refused to issue an injunction
Osman v Ferguson
public policy wouldn’t allow negligence claim against police for failing to prevent school teacher’s killing of student’s father and injuring of student
Van Colle
in the absence of special circumstances, the police owe no common law duty of care to protect people from harm committed by criminals - tried to bring claim for violation of A.2 based on Osman v UK, but failed based on facts of the case
Wainwright v Home Office
distress and embarrassment not a tort under A.8 right to privacy, not a recognised psychiatric illness under Wilkinson v Downton
F v West Berkshire
meaning of unlawful force - consensual, accepted contact of everyday life, or
out of common law principle of necessity - can be in an emergency or in a permanent/semi-permanent state
Wilson v Pringle
trespass in an intentional act
Bici v Ministry of Defence
assault - defendant must intend claimant to apprehend infliction of battery
Read v Coker
words alone couldn’t constitute assault unless accompanied by action/gesture
R v Ireland
rejected idea that words couldn’t constitute assault, also found that ‘immediate’ could mean within a minute or so
Tuberville v Savage
words may negative an assault - ‘if we weren’t being watched by police, I’d hit you’
Wilkinson v Downton
defendant intended to cause shock, claimant suffers tangible damage as a result
Rhodes v OPO
elements of the tort of WIlkinson v Downton reformulated: 1/conduct element requiring words or conduct directed at the claimant for which there was no justification or excuse, 2/ a mental element requiring an intention to cause at least severe mental or emotional distress, 3. consequence element requiring physical harm or recognised psychiatric illness
Condon v Basi
consent in sport - not just to conduct within the rules of the game but also within the spirit of the particular sport
Chatterton v Gerson
Consent straightforward- must not be forced
Chester v Afshar
Complex medical consent - to vitiate consent would have to mean claimant wouldn’t have consented - but inaccurate consent may lead to negligence claim
Cockcroft v Smith
Defence of the Person - not in retaliation
Goddard v Green
Defence of property
Co-operative Group v Pritchard
Contributory negligence no longer a defence to trespass to the person
Baker TE Hopkins
Established duty where the defendants actions create a dangerous situation and it is reasonably foreseeable that someone will attempt a rescue, defendant owes a duty to the rescuer
Donoghue v Stevenson
Neighbour principle - duty to those ‘ought reasonably to have them in contemplation’
Narrow Rule - manufacturer liable to consumer for defective product as long as there isn’t a reasonable expectation of intermediate examination
Caparo v Dickman
Redefined test for novel duty - 1. Reasonable foresight of harm to claimant, 2. Sufficient proximity of relationship, 3. Fair, just, and reasonable to impose duty - first two in D v S, third allows for policy decisions
Auditors didn’t have a sufficiently close relationship to potential shareholders to owe them a duty - criteria for special relationship - 1. Advisor knew the purpose for which the advise was given, 2. The advisor knew the advice would be communicated to the advisee, either specifically or as a member of an ascertainable class, 3. The advisor knew the advisee was likely to act on the advice without independent inquiry, 4. The advice was acted on by the advisee to their detriment
Robinson v CC of West Yorkshire
Difference between positive acts and omissions - arrest is a positive act so duty may be imposed on the police for people in their custody
Shouldn’t reapply Caparo test to established duties