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Environment of Pakistan > Topography and Drainage > Flashcards

Topography and Drainage Flashcards

1
Q

What is the location of Pakistan?

A

Pakistan is located between 23 degrees 35 minutes to 37 degrees 5 minutes North latitude and 60 degrees 50 minutes to 77 degrees 50 minutes East longitude.

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2
Q

What is the area of Pakistan?

A

790,096 kilometres squared.

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3
Q

Who borders Pakistan?

A

Pakistan is bordered by India to the east; Afghanistan to the west (Durand Line); Iran to the southwest; China to the northeast; and the Arabian Sea to the south. The Wakhan Strip (Afghan territory) separates it from Tajikistan.

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4
Q

What is the importance of the location of Pakistan from an economic viewpoint? (1)

A

Pakistan has access to six landlocked Central Asian states through Afghanistan; we can provide an interlink between them, the Gulf states, and the African and European countries as our sea routes remain open all year round due to moderate temperatures.

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5
Q

What is the importance of the location of Pakistan from an economic viewpoint? (2)

A

The Central Asian states also possess untapped power resources such as mineral oil which can easily be transported through pipelines between Pakistan and Iran. If these projects are completed, they can bring enormous economic benefits to Pakistan such as transit revenue and power resources for various industrial, commercial and domestic uses.

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6
Q

What is the importance of the location of the Jinnah Terminal from an economic viewpoint? (3)

A

The Jinnah Terminal at Karachi could also have immense importance as an international airport as it links the west to Asia.

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7
Q

What is the importance of the location of Gwadar from an economic viewpoint? (2)

A

Gwadar is located at the cross-junction of international sea shipping and oil trade routes and can, therefore, act as an international trade hub for Pakistan.

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8
Q

What is Topography?

A

Topography is the study and description of the (natural and artificial) surface features of land.

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9
Q

What is relief?

A

Relief is the highest and lowest elevation points in an area.

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10
Q

What is Drainage?

A

Drainage is the river systems.

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11
Q

What ranges do the Northern Mountains consist of?

A

The Northern Mountains consist of the Karakoram, Himalayan and Hindu Kush Ranges.

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12
Q

What is the Karakoram Range?

A

The Karakoram Range is a mass of rock extending for more than 400 km from Hnza to the Shyok River; it runs east to west.

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13
Q

What is the natural topography and drainage of the Karakoram Range?

A

The Karakoram Range has deep, narrow valleys and sharp peaks that give the range a rugged landscape. The precipitation is mainly in the form of snow because of the high altitude, thus in the upper regions of the valleys, there are glaciers like Siachen, Baltoro and Biafi instead of rivers.

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14
Q

What is the reason for the low population density in the Karakoram Range?

A

The severe climate makes the mountains extremely inhospitable; a nomadic or semi-nomadic way of life is common.

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15
Q

What are the three main valleys in the Karakoram Range?

A

Gilgit, Hunza and Baltistan.

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16
Q

What is the average height of the mountains in the Karakoram Range?

A

6000m.

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17
Q

What is the highest peak in the Karakoram Range?

A

K2; Godwin Austin (the second highest peak in the world).

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18
Q

What project has opened a new era in the economic and cultural development of the Karakoram Range?

A

The Karakoram Highway to China.

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19
Q

Where are the Himalayas?

A

The Himalayas are to the south of the Karakoram Range and run east to west.

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20
Q

What are the Himalayas comprised of?

A

The Himalayas comprise the Siwalkis (foothills of the Himalayas) near Attock, the lesser Himalayas represented by the Pir Panjal Range with the popular tourist destinations like Murree, and the Central Himalayas (lying mostly in Kashmir) between the Pir Panjal and Karakoram Ranges.

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21
Q

What is the natural topography and drainage of the Himalayan Range?

A

The Himalayan Range is characterised by snow-capped, steep-sided peaks, huge glaciers and rich natural vegetation.

22
Q

What is the average height of the mountains in the Himalayan Range?

A

4000m.

23
Q

What is highest peak in the Himalayan Range?

A

Nanga Parbat.

24
Q

Where is the Hindu Kush Range?

A

The Hindu Kush Range lies where the borders of Afghanistan and China meet on Pakistan’s north and northwestern border; it runs north to south.

25
Q

What is the natural topography and drainage of the Hindu Kush Range?

A

The mountains in this range are generally bare of vegetation, though some rich forests lie in the extreme southeast as well as in the hills of Swat, Kohistan, the Panjokara Valley, and the Dir District. Its valleys have steep sides and fast-flowing which cover most of the floor.

26
Q

What are the main valleys of the Hindu Kush Range?

A

Chitral, Dir and Swat.

27
Q

What is the average height of the mountains in the Hindu Kush Range?

A

5000m.

28
Q

What is the highest peak in the Hindu Kush Range?

A

Tirich Mir.

29
Q

What is the importance of the Northern Mountains?

A

Their snow-capped peaks melt during the summer and drain water into the Indus River and its tributaries which irrigate the vast Indus Plains; they provide a natural border to China and the Central Asian Republics allowing for trade to be carried out; their peaks provide protection to Pakistan against the cold winds from Central Asia; they are a source of valuable minerals, timbre and food (raw materials for industries); their scenic beauty promotes tourism which genrates revenue.

30
Q

What are the economic activities carried out in the Northern Mountains?

A

The population, settlement and economic activities within the Northern Mountains are heavily influenced by the variations in topography which impose harsh living conditions and restrict movement and communication. Tourism, agriculture, cottage industries, trade and fishing are among the popular economic activities carried out in the Northern Mountains.

31
Q

What are the problems faced by the population of the Northern Mountains in carrying out economic activities because of topography?

A

The topography has large effects on income levels and income growth of the population of the Northern Mountains through its effect on transport costs, disease burdens and agricultural productivity, among other things.

32
Q

What ranges comprise the Western Mountains?

A

The Western Mountains comprise the Safed Koh, Suleiman, Kirthar Ranges as well as the Waziristan Hills.

33
Q

Where is the Safed Koh Range?

A

The Safed Koh ranges are located south of the Kabul River; they run east to west.

34
Q

What river passes through the Safed Koh Range and what pass provides a route into Afghanistan?

A

The Khurram River passes through the Safed Koh Range and the Khurram Pass provides a route into Afghanistan.

35
Q

What are the two valleys in the Safed Koh Range?

A

The Kohat Valley and the Vale of Peshawar.

36
Q

Describe the valleys in the Safed Koh Range.

A

The Kohat Valley is located at the other end of the Khurram Pass and dotted with springs and limestone ridges; wheat, rice and sugar-cane are cultivated here. The Vale of Peshawar is a fertile alluvial plain drained by the Swat and Kabul Rivers and irrigated by canal originating from the Warsak Dam on the Kabul River.

37
Q

What is the highest peak in the Safed Koh Range?

A

Sikeram.

38
Q

Where are the Waziristan Hills?

A

The Waziristan Hills are located between the Khurram and Gomal Rivers.

39
Q

In which zones do the Waziristan Hills lie?

A

The Waziristan Hills lie in highly mineralised zones and also form a rampart between Pakistan and Afghanistan.

40
Q

What is the natural topography of the Bannu Valley in the Waziristan Hills?

A

The Bannu Valley is located east of the Waziristan Hills and is a low-lying basin bordered by hills and mountains with clay and boulder deposits that are brought down by streams; it is drained by streams with braided channels and irrigated by the Khurram Dam on the Khurram River.

41
Q

Where is the Suleiman Range located?

A

The Suleiman Range is located west of the Indus River of southern Punjab and meets the Kirthar Range further south.

42
Q

What minerals are found in the Suleiman Range?

A

Limestone and sandstone.

43
Q

What is the highest peak in the Suleiman Range which is also the highest peak in the Western Mountains as a whole?

A

Takht-e-Suleiman.

44
Q

Where is the Kirthar Range located?

A

The Kirthar Range is located west of the Indus River in Sindh, is backed by the Pab Range and is drained by the Hab and Lyari Rivers.

45
Q

What is the importance of the Western Mountains?

A
46
Q

What are some of the economic activities carried out in the western mountains?

A
47
Q

What are some of the problems faced by the population of the Western Mountains in carrying out economic activities because of the topography of the region?

A

The dry climate and rugged landscape does not allow farming and canal irrigation is not possibly because of the mountainous terrain; transportation facilities are also limited as very few cities are connected by air and can be accessed through metalled roads.

48
Q

What is the topography and drainage of the Balochistan Plateau?

A
49
Q

What are the mountain ranges of the Balochistan Plateau?

A

The mountain ranges of the Balochistan Plateau include the Ras Koh, Hala, Makran Coast, Central Brahui, Toba Kakkar and Siahan Ranges.

50
Q

What are the coastal areas of the Balochistan Plateau?

A

The coastal areas of the Balochistan Plateau include Jiwani, Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara and Somiani.

51
Q

In what two parts are the coastal areas of the Balochistan Plateau divided into?

A

The coastal areas of the Balochistan Plateau are divided into two parts; the Lasbela Plain (eastern part) and the Makran coast (western part).

52
Q

What are the basins in the Balochistan Plateau?

A

Environment of Pakistan (2 decks)

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