Topnotch Pathology Flashcards
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Increase in size of cells resulting in increased size of organ.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hypertrophy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.3</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>It is a protective response intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury as well as the necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the original insult.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Inflammation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.31</p>
<p>Cells of these tissues are continuously being lost and replaced by maturation from stem cells and by proliferation of mature cells. Can readily regenerate after injury as long as the pool of stem cells is preserved.</p>
<p>Labile tissues(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Extravasation of fluid into interstitial spaces due to increases in vascular volume or pressure, decreases in plasma protein content or alterations in endothelial function.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Edema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.81</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These agents cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Prions(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 321</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This term refers to protection against infections.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Immunity(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.108</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This term literally means “new growth”.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Neoplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These disorders are derived from one’s parents, transmitted through gametes through the generations, and are therefore familial.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hereditary disorders(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A gas formed by sunlight-driven reactions involving nitrogen oxides. Together with oxides and fine particulate matter, it forms “smog”.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Ozone(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 282</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>In these arteries, elastic fibers alternate in layers with smooth muscle cells. Examples are the common carotid artery, iliac arteries and pulmonary arteries.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Large or elastic arteries(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 340</p>
<p>The morphologic and clinical effects of this condition primarily result from progressive damming of blood within the pulmonary circulation. The left ventricle is hypertrophied and dilated, with secondary left atrial dilation. The lungs are heavy and boggy, with perivascular and interstitial transudate, alveolar septal edema, and intra-aleolar edema. Hemosiderin-laden macrophages are present.</p>
<p>Left sided heart failure(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 381</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Average volume per cell, expressed in femtoliters.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mean cell volume (MCV)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 423</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Loss of lung volume cause by inadequate expansion of airspaces, resulting in shunting of inadequately oxygenated blood from pulmonary arteries into veins.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Atelectasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 480</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A glomerular syndrome dominated by the acute onset of usually grossly visible hematuria, mildly moderate proteinuria, azotemia, edema and hypertension.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Acute nephritic syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 542</p>
<p>Lesion of the female vulva characterized by thinning of the epidermis and disappearance of rete pegs, hydropic degeneration of basal cells, superficial hyperkeratosis, dermal fibrosis with scant perivascular, mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate. Occurs most commonly in postmenopausal women.</p>
<p>Lichen sclerosus(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 713</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Small, painful, rounded superficial erosions of the mouth, covered with a gray-white exudate and having an erythematous rim.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Aphthous ulcers (canker sores)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 580</p>
<p> Marked cell enlargement with irregularly clumped cytoplasm showing large, clear spaces.</p>
<p> Ballooning degeneration (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p633</p>
<p> This disease is characterized by the following morphological changes: (1) microvascular leakage causing edema, (2) necrosis of fat by lipases, (3) an acute inflammatory reaction, (4) proteolytic destruction of parenchyma, (5) destruction of blood vessels with hemorrhage</p>
<p> Acute pancreatitis (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 677</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>An abnormal opening of the urethra along the ventral aspect of the penis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hypospadias(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 687</p>
<p>A benign, well-circumscribed, soft lesion of the pituitary gland that may compress the optic chiasm and adjacent structures. Composed of relatively uniform, polygonal cells arrayed in sheets, cords, or papillae. Most common cause of hyperpituitarism.</p>
<p>Pituitary adenoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 754</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Known as “brittle bone disease”.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Osteogenesis Imperfecta (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p802</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This term is the accumulation of edema fluid within the epidermis. Characterizes all forms of eczamatous dermatitis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Spongiosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 839</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This pattern of neuronal cell injury leads to shrunken individual cell bodies and nuclei. They are prominently stained by eosin, leading to the term “red neurons.” </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Acute hypoxic/ischemic injury(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 860</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Increase in number of cells.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hyperplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.3</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Inflammation which is characterized by plasma protein exudation and a predominantly neutrophilic leukocyte accumulation.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Acute inflammation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.32</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cells of theses tissues are quiescent and have only minimal replicative activity in their normal state. Capable of proliferating in response to injury or loss of tissue mass.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Stable tissues(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>It is a severe and generalized edema with profound subcutaneous tissue swelling.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Anasarca(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.81</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Infected cells show distinct nuclear and ill-defined cytoplasmic inclusions.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>CMV infection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 322</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>It is the collection of cells and molecules that are responsible for defending against pathogenic microbes.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Immune system(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.108</p>
<p>An abnormal mass of tissue the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after the cessation of stimuli which evoked the change.</p>
<p>Neoplasm(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This term literally means “present at birth”.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Congenital(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.227</p>
<p>A nonirritating , colorless, tasteless, odorless gas produced bu the imperfect oxidation of carbonaceous materials. Binds to hemoglobin with high affinity causing systemic asphyxiation and CNS depression.</p>
<p>Carbon monoxide(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 282</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>In these arteries, tunica media is composed primarily of smooth muscle cells, with elastin limited to the internal and external elastic lamina. Examples are the coronaries and renal arteries.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Medium-sized or muscular arteries(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 340</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hemosiderin laden macrophages are also called _______</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Heart failure cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 381</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A reduction in the oxygen-transporting capacity of blood.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 422</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Atelectasis which occurs when an obstruction prevents air from reaching distal airways. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Resorption atelectasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 480</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A glomerular syndrome characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbunemia, severe edema, hyperlipidemia and lipiduria.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Nephrotic syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 542</p>
<p>This disorder of the vulva is marked by epithelial thickening, expansion of the stratum granulosum, significant surface hyperkeratosis and pronounced leukocytic infiltrate. Appears clinically as an area of leukoplakia.</p>
<p>Lichen simplex chronicus(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 713</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Extremely common infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 1.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Herpetic stomatitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 580</p>
<p>Multiple tiny fat droplets that do not displace the nucleus which appear in such conditions as alcoholic liver disease, Reye syndrome, and acute fatty liver of pregnancy.</p>
<p>Microvesicular steatosis Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p633</p>
<p>Extensive pancreatic parenchymal necrosis accompanied by diffuse hemorrhage.</p>
<p>Hemorrhagic pancreatitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 678</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>An abnormal opening of the urethra along the dorsal aspect of the penis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Epispadias(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 687</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most common type of hyperfunctioning pituitary adenoma. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Prolactinomas (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 754</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This is a group of hereditary disorders caused by defective synthesis of type I collagen. Classic finding of a “blue sclerae” is seen in one type of this disorder. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Osteogenesis Imperfecta (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p802</p>
<p>An uncommon, usually self-limited disorder that seems to be a hypersensitivity response to certain infections and drugs. Patients present with an array of "multiform" lesions, including macules, papules, vesicles, and bullae, as well as the characteristic targetoid lesion consisting of a red macule or papule with a pale vesicular or eroded center.</p>
<p>Erythema Multiforme (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 840</p>
<p>These are round, faintly basophilic, PAS-positive, concentrically lamellated aggregates of polyglucosans that range between 5 and 50 μm, and are located wherever there are astrocytic end processes, especially in the subpial and perivascular zones, seen more frequently with advancing age. </p>
<p>Corpora amylacea (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 861</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hypertrophy of hyperplasia?Uterus during pregnancy</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Both Estrogen stimulated SM hyperthrophy and hyperplasia (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.3</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Inflammation typified by influx of lymphocytes and macrophages associated with vascular proliferation and fibrosis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Chronic inflammation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.32</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cells of these tissues are considered to be terminally differentiated and nonproliferatvie in postnatal life.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Permanent tissues(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.62</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>The edema fluid occuring with volume or pressure overload or under conditions of reduced plasma protein.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Transudate(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.82</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Infected cells show glassy nuclear inclusions, frequently with a surrounding halo.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Herpesvirus infection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 322</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type of immunity mediated by neutrophils, macrophages and natural killer cells and includes epithelial barriers of the skin, GIT and respiratory tract.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Innate immunity (natural/native)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.108</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Study of tumors.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Oncology(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This term refers to permanent changes in the DNA.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mutations(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.227</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Carbon monoxide in the blood is called _______.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Carboxyhemoglobin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 282</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These are the principal control points for regulation of physiologic resistance to blood flow. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Arterioles(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 340</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This is usually the earliest and most significant compaint of patients in Left sided HF.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Dyspnea(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 381</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>The average content of hemoglobin per red cell, expressed in picograms.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 423</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Atelectasis usually associated with accumulation of fluid, blood, or air within the pleural cavity, which mechanically collapse the adjacent lung. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Compression atelectasis (aka passive or relaxation atelectasis)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 481</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Characterized by bacteriuria and pyuria, which may be asymptomatic. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Urinary tract infection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 542</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These are flat, moist, minimally elevated lesions that occur in secondary syphilis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Condyloma lata(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 713</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Test used to identify HSV infection.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Tzanck test(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 580</p>
<p>A single large fat droplet that displaces the nucleus seen in alcoholic liver disease or in the livers of obese or diabetic individuals.</p>
<p>Macrovesicular steatosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p633</p>
<p>Cardinal manifestation of acute pancreatitis.</p>
<p>Abdominal pain(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 679</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A congenital malformation of the bladder associated with epispadias.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Bladder extrophy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 688</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Microscopically, these are composed of densely or sparsely granulated cells, and immunohistochemical stains demonstrate growth hormone within the cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Growth Hormone-Producing Adenomas (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 754</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Characterized by , disproportionate shortening of the proximal extremities, bowing of the legs, and a lordotic (sway-backed) posture. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Achrondroplasia (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p802</p>
<p>In this skin disorder, there is marked epidermal thickening (acanthosis), and loss of the stratum granulosum with extensive overlying parakeratotic scale. The most typical lesion is a well-demarcated, pink to salmon-colored plaque covered by loosely adherent silver-white scale.</p>
<p>Psoriasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 841</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cells which produce myelin in the CNS.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Oligodendrocytes (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 861</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hypertrophy or hyperplasia?Wound healing</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hyperplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.4</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Five cardinal signs of inflammation?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Heat (calor)redness (rubor)swelling (tumor)pain (dolor)loss of function (functio laesa)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.32</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Labile, stable or permanent tissues:Bone marrow</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Labile(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Edema secondary to increased vascular permeability and inflammation.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Exudate(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.82</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Infected hepatocytes show diffuse granular (ground-glass) cytoplasm.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hepatitis B viral infection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 322</p>
<p>Type of immunity mediated by lymphocytes and their products, and is normally silent and responds to the presence of microbes by becoming active, expanding and generating potent mechanisms for neutralizing and eliminating microbes.</p>
<p>Adaptive immunity (acquired/specific)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.108</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Benign or malignant?Localized</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Benign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This type of mutation results from the substitution of a single nucleotide base by a different base, resulting in the replacement of one amino acid by another.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Missense mutation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.227</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Acute poisoning of carbon monoxide produces this characteristic color of the skin and mucous membranes.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cherry red color(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 283</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These vessels are approximately the diameter of an RBC, have an endothelial cell lining but no media.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Capillaries(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 341</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most common cause of right sided HF.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Left sided HF(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>The average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red cells, expressed in g/dL.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 423</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Atelectasis which occurs when either local or generalized fibrotic changes in the lung or pleura hamper expansion and increase elastic recoil during expiration.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Contraction or cicatricial atelectasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 481</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most common type of collagen found in glomerular basement membrane.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type IV(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 543</p>
<p>Lesions of the anogenital area which may be papillary and distinctly elevated or may be somewhat flat and rugose. Characteristic cellular morphology is the presence of cytoplasmic vacuolization with nuclear angular polymorphism and koilocytosis. Hallmark of HPV infection.</p>
<p>Condyloma acuminata(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 713</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Glassy, intranuclear acidophilic inclusion bodies.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Herpes simplex virus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 580</p>
<p>Diffuse, foamy, swollen appearance to the hepatocyte caused by retained biliary material. </p>
<p>Feathery degeneration(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p633</p>
<p>Necrosis of pancreatic tissue affecting acinar and ductal tissues as well as the islets of Langerhans; vascular damage causes hemorrhage into the parenchyma.Macroscopically, the pancreas exhibits red-black hemorrhage interspersed with foci of yellow-white, chalky fat necrosis.</p>
<p>Acute necrotizing pancreatitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 678</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A condition in which the prepuce cannot be retracted easily over the glans penis</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Phimosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 688</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A condition characterized by excessive urination (polyuria) caused by an inability of the kidney to properly resorb water from the urine. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Diabetes insipidus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 757</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A group of rare genetic disorders characterized by reduced osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and therefore defective bone remodelling. Literally means “stone bone”. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Osteopetrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p802</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This sign is described as bleeding upon removal of scales from the lesions of psoriasis. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Auspitz sign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 841</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cells which line the ventricles, and are located in the region of the obliterated central canal of the spinal cord.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Ependymal cells (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 861</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type of cell death characterized by nuclear dissolution, without complete loss of membrane integrity.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Apoptosis(TOPNOTCHRobbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.7</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Initial vascular response to injury?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Vasoconstriction.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.33</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Labile, stable or permanent tissues:Vaginal epithelium</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Labile(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>The serum protein most responsible for maintaining intravascular colloid osmotic pressure.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Albumin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.83</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sexually transmitted protozoan that can colonize the vagina and male urethra. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Trichimonas vaginalis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 325</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type of adaptive immunity mediated by soluble antibody proteins that are produced by B lymphocytes.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Humoral immunity(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.109</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Benign or malignant?Amenable to surgical removal</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Benign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This type of mutation results in the replacement of one amino acid by a stop codon, resulting in chain termination.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Nonsense mutation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.227</p>
<p>Microcytic, hypochromic anemia, with basophilic stippling of erythrocytes, peripheral demyelinating neuropathy which manifests as footdrop and wristdrop, colic characterized by extremely severe, poorly localized abdominal pain, and chronic renal damage are the features of poisoning with this heavy metal.</p>
<p>Lead(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 283</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Diameter of an RBC.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>7-8 um(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 341</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This is a particularly dramatic form of breathlessness, awakening patients from sleeo with attacks of extreme dyspnea bordering on suffocation.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 381</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>The coefficient of variation of red cell volume.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Red cell distribution width (RDW)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 423</p>
<p>Lungs are dark red, firm, airless and heavy. There is capillary congestion, necrosis of alveolar epithelial cells, interstitial and intra-alveolar edema and hemorrhage and neutrophils in capillaries. Hyaline membrane is also characteristic, lining the alveolar ducts.</p>
<p>Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 482</p>
<p>Most frequent cause nephrotic syndrome in children. Under light microscope, the glomerular basement membrane appears normal, but on electrin microscopy, GBM shows uniform and diffuse effacement of foot processes of the podocytes. Good response to corticosteroid therapy.</p>
<p>Minimal change disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 550</p>
<p>Red, scaly plaque, microscopically characterized by the spread of malignant cells within the epithelium, occasionally with invasion of underlying dermis. May have underlying carcinoma of a vulvar or perineal gland.</p>
<p>Paget disease of the Vulva(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 715</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Adherent white, curd-like, circumscribed plaque within the oral cavity. The pseudomembrane can be scraped off revealing an underlying granular erythematous inflammatory base.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Oral candidiasis /”thrush”(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 581</p>
<p>Poorly stained mummified hepatocytes.</p>
<p>Coagulative necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p633</p>
<p>Solitary, 2-30 cm lesions of the pancreas, formed by walling-off of areas with hemorrhagic fat necrosis.Composed of necrotic debris encased by fibrous walls of granulation tissue, and lacks epithelial lining.</p>
<p>Pancreatic pseudocysts(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 679</p>
<p>Appears grossly as a solitary, plaquelike lesion on the shaft of the penis. Histologic examination reveals morphologically malignant cells throughout the epidermis with no invasion of the underlying stroma. Has potential for malignant transformation.</p>
<p>Bowen disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 688</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Enzyme deficient in central Diabetes insipidus.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Anti-diuretic hormone(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 757</p>
<p>The hallmark of this disease is loss of bone which tends to be most conspicuous in trabecular bone. The bony trabeculae are thinner and more widely separated than usual, resulting in an increased susceptibility to fractures.</p>
<p>Osteoporosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p804</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Small aggregates of neutrophils within the parakeratotic stratum corneum in psoriasis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Munro microabscesses(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 841</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These are responsible for the secretion of CSF. It has a specialized epithelial covering with a fibrovascular stroma that may contain meningothelial cells. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Choroid plexus (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 861</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type of cell death which is energy-dependent, tightly regulated, and associated with normal cellular functions.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Apoptosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.7</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>An ultrafiltrate of blood which contains little protein. Results from arteriolar vasodilation and increased blood flow.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Transudate(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.34</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Labile, stable or permanent tissues:Salivary glands</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Labile(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>In breast cancer, infiltration and obstruction of superficial lymphatics can cause edema of the overlying skin, called _______ appearance.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Peau d’ orange(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.83</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Protozoan acquired either by contact with oocyte-shedding kittens or by consumption of cyst-ridden undercooked meat.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Toxoplasma gondii(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 325</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type of adaptive immunity mediated by T lymphocytes.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cell-mediated or cellular immunity(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.109</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Benign or malignant?Invades and destroys adjacent tissues.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Missense, nonsense and silent mutations are examples of ________ mutations, wherein only one base pair is replaced.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Point mutations(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.227</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Main source of exposure to this heavy metal are contamintaed fish and dental amalgams, causing tremor, gingivitis and bizarre behavior.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mercury(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 285</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These are thin-walled, endothelium lined channels that drain excess interstitial tissue fluid, returning it to blood via the thoracic duct.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Lymphatics(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 341</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Isolated right sided HF occuring in patients with intrinsic lung disease that result in chronic pulmonary hypertension.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cor Pulmonale(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 381</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Anemia of acute blood loss is described as ______.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Normocytic, normochromic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 423</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Diffuse pulmonary disease characterized by limitation of airflow, usually resulting from an increase in resistance caused by partial or complete obstruction atvany level.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Obstructive pulmonary disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 483</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A lesion characterized histologically by sclerosis affecting some but not all glomeruli and involving only segments of each affected glomerulus.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 550</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A soft polypoid mass, which is a rare form of primary vaginal cancer. Usually encountered in infants and children less than 5 y/o. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sarcoma botryoides (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma)(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 716</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>An oral lesion seen in patients with HIV. White confluen patches with “hairy” or corrugated surface with marked epithelial thickening. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hairy leukoplakia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 581</p>
<p>Isolated hepatocytes become shrunken, pyknotic, and intensely eosinophilic.</p>
<p>Apoptosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p633</p>
<p>Characterized by parenchymal fibrosis, reduced number and size of acini, and variable dilation of the pancreatic ducts. With relative sparing of Islets of Langerhans. Ductal concretions are present. </p>
<p>Chronic pancreatitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 680</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Bowen disease which presents as an erythematous patch on the glans penis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Erythroplasia of Queyrat(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 688</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Disease caused by excessive levels of ADH, leading to resorption of excess water, with resultant hyponatremia.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 757</p>
<p>Characterized by repetitive episodes of frenzied, regional osteoclastic activity and bone resorption, followed by exuberant bone formation, and finally by an apparent exhaustion of cellular activity. Pathognomonic feature is a "mosaic pattern" of lamellar bone. </p>
<p>Paget Disease (Osteitis Deformans) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p806</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Small aggregates of neutrophils within the spongiotic superficial epidermis in psoriasis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pustules of Kogoj(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 841</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These are bone marrow-derived cells that function as the phagocytes of the CNS.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Microglia (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 861</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type of cell death which results from a pathologic cell injury. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.9</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Results from increased vascular permeability, leading to leakage of protein into tissues.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Exudate(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.34</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Labile, stable or permanent tissues:Liver parenchyma</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Stable(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Microscopically, it is reflected primarily as a clearing and separation of the extracellular matrix elements with subtle cell swelling. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Edema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Size of microorganisms for them to be inhaled directly into the alveoli.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>5 um(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 327</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mediated by antibodies and is effective against extracellular microbes.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Humoral immunity(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.109</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>What are the two basic components of tumors?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Parenchyma and Stroma(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This type of mutation occur when the insertion or deletion of one or two bse pairs alters the reading frame of the DNA strand.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Frameshift mutations(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.227</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Consumption of fish contaminated with methyl mercury causing cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness, and major CNS defects in children exposed in utero.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Minamata disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 285</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These are small spherical dilatations, typically in the circle of Willis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Developmental/berry aneurysms(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 341</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Long standing severe right-sided HF leads to fibrosis of centrilobular areas, creating this condition.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cardiac cirrhosis(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Life span of a normal red cell.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>120 days(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 424</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Diffuse pulmonary disease characterized by reduced expansion of lung parenchyma accompanied by decreased total lung capacity.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Restrictive lung disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 483</p>
<p>Slowly progressive disease characterized by the presence of subepithelial immunoglobulin-containing deposits along the glomerular basement membrane. Histologically, there is diffuse thickening of the BM. (+) spike and dome pattern on electron microscopy. Often resistant to steroid therapy.</p>
<p>Membranous glomerulonephritis (Membranous Nephropathy)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 551</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most commonly develops in the transformation zone of the cervix. Produces a “barrel cervix” if the tumor encircles the cervix and invades the underlying stroma. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Invasive carcinoma of the cervix(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 719</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hairy leukoplakia is caused by what infectious agent?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Epstein-Barr virus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 581</p>
<p>Hepatocyte necrosis is distributed immediately around the central vein, extending into the midzonal area in the setting of ischemia and several drug and toxic reactions.</p>
<p>Centrilobular necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p633</p>
<p>Presents as painless, slow-growing cystic masses filled with thick, tenacious mucin, lined with columnar mucinous epithelium, associated with densely cellular stroma. Almost always arise in women.</p>
<p>Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 681</p>
<p>Occurs in young, sexually active males, histologically identical to Bowen disease. Presents with multiple reddish brown papules on the glans and is most often transient, with rare progression to carcinoma in immunocompetent patients. </p>
<p>Bowenoid papulosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 688</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>The most common cause of hypothyroidism in areas of the world where iodine levels are sufficient. Presents as painless enlargement of the gland, associated with hypothyroidism.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hashimoto thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 757</p>
<p>The hallmark of this disease is increased osteoclastic activity, with bone resorption. This leads to characteristic radiographic changes best seen along the radial aspect of the middle phalanges of the second and third fingers. </p>
<p>Hyperparathyroidism (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p808</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Layer of the skin which is affected in psoriasis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>S. granulosum(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 841</p>
<p>IT is the accumulation of excess fluid within the brain parenchyma. The brain is softer than normal and often appears to "overfill" the cranial vault. In generalized edema the gyri are flattened, the intervening sulci are narrowed, and the ventricular cavities are compressed.</p>
<p>Cerebral Edema (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 861</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type of cell death associated with inflammation.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.10</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fluid accumulation in extravascular space.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Edema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.34</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Labile, stable or permanent tissues:Endothelium</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Stable(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Diffuse edema usually more prominent in certain body areas as a result of the effects of gravity.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Dependent edema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These microorganisms grow in contaminated food and releases powerful enterotoxins that cause food poisoning symptoms without any bacterial multiplication in the gut.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Staphylococcal strains(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 327</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Reaction of T-lymphocytes, designed to combat cell-associated microbes (e.g. Phagocytosed microbes and microbes in the cytoplasm of infected cells).</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cell-mediated immunity(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.109</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Benign or malignant?Metastasis </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These mutations are characterized by amplification of a sequence of three nucleotides.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Trinucleotide repeat mutations(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.227</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Antidote for mercury poisoning.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Thimerosal(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 285</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These are abnormal, typically small, direct connections between arteries and veins that bypass the intervening capillaries.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Arteriovenous fistulas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 341</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>The liver is increased in size and weight, a cut section reveals congested red centers of liver lobules surrounded bybpaler, sometimes fatty peripheral regions.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Nutmeg liver (CPC of the liver)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 381</p>
<p>Anemia characterized by an increased rate of cell destruction, a compensatory increase in erythropoeisis that results in reticulocytosis, and retention of products of cell destruction, including iron.</p>
<p>Hemolytic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 424</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Lung volumes in obstructive lung disease:FEV1FVCFEV1:FVC ratio</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>FEV1 - decreasedFVC - normal / increasedFEV1:FVC ratio - decreased(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 483</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Characterized by discrete SUBENDOTHELIAL electron-dense deposits in irregular granular pattern.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type I MPGN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 553</p>
<p>Protruding polypoid masses which are inflammatory in origin, soft, yields to palpation, and have a smooth, glistening surface with underlying cystically dilated spaces filled with mucinous secretion.</p>
<p>Endocervical polyp(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 721</p>
<p>A whitish, well-defined mucosal patch or plaque caused by epidermal thickening or hyperkeratosis, commonly seen in the vermillion border of the lower lip, buccal mucosa, hard and soft palates.</p>
<p>Leukoplakia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 581</p>
<p>A pattern of nonrhythmic, rapid extension-flexion movements of the head and extremities, best seen when the arms are held in extension with dorsiflexed wrists, seen in patients with hepatic encephalopathy.</p>
<p>Asterixis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p635</p>
<p>Similar to mucinous cystic neoplasms but appear more frequently in men. </p>
<p>Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 682</p>
<p>Appears as a gray, crusted, papular lesion, most commonly on the glans penis or prepuce, which infiltrates the underlying connective tissue to produce an indurated, ulcerated lesion with irregular margins.</p>
<p>Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 689</p>
<p>The thyroid is diffusely and symmetrically enlarged, with intact capsule. Microscopically, reveals a mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate and the presence of Hürthle or oxyphil cells, which are cells with eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm.</p>
<p>Chronic Lymphocytic (Hashimoto) Thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 761</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Characterized by dead bone with empty lacunae is interspersed with areas of fat necrosis and insoluble calcium soaps. The cortex is usually not affected because of collateral blood supply.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p809</p>
<p>"Pruritic, purple, polygonal, planar papules, and plaques" describes this disorder of the skin and mucosa. The pattern of inflammation of this disorder is characterized by angulated, zigzag contour ("sawtoothing") of the dermoepidermal junction.</p>
<p>Lichen Planus (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 841</p>
<p>This occurs when the integrity of the normal blood-brain barrier is disrupted. With increased vascular permeability, fluid shifts from the vascular compartment into the intercellular spaces of the brain.</p>
<p>Vasogenic edema (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 861</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>It is the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pyknosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.10</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>State the molecule in the endothelium responsible for this stage of vascular inflammatory response:Rolling</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Selectins(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.36</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Labile, stable or permanent tissues:Smooth muscle cells</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Stable(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>True or false:Dependent edema is a prominent feature of left-sided heart failure.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>False.Dependent edema is a feature of right-sided HF, while pulmonary congestion is a feature of left-sided HF.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Intestinal helminth that cause disease when present in large numbers or cause obstruction of the gut.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Ascaris lumbricoides(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 326</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Reaction of immune system against one’s own cells.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Autoimmunity(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.119</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This component of tumors largely determines its biologic behavior.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Parenchyma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Disease characterized by CGG trinucleotide repeats.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fragile X Syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.227</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Chronic exposure with this heavy metal results in hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis which may develop into basal or squamous cell carcinomas.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Arsenic(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 285</p>
<p>Focal, irregular thickening of the walls of medium and large muscular arteries. Segments of the vessel wall are focally thickened by combination of irregular medial and intimal hyperplasia and fibrosis, causing luminal stenosis.</p>
<p>Fibromuscular dysplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 341</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Right-sided HF produces a tense, enlarged spleen, achieving weights of 300-500 grams. Sinusoidal dilation present. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Congestive splenomegaly(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 381</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A circulating protein that binds and clears free hemoglobin.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Haptoglobin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 424</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Lung volumes in restrictive lung diseaseFEV1FVCFEV1:FVC ratio</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>FEV1 - normal/decreasedFVC - decreasedFEV1:FVC ratio - near normal(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 483</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>GBM is thickened, showing a “tram-track” appearance on PAS stains. There is proliferation of mesangial and endothelial cells as well as infiltrating leukocytes.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>MPGN(Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 553</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Refers to the growth of the basal layer of the endometrium down to the myometrium. Nests of endometrial stroma, glands or both are found in the myometrium, in between muscle bundles.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Adenomyosis(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 721</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Oral lesion showing a corrugated surface caused by excessive hyperkeratosis. Recurring and spreads insiduously, resulting in a warty-type lesion.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Verrucous leukoplakia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 582</p>
<p>A diffuse process characterized by bridging fibrous septa, in the form of delicate bands or broad scars around multiple adjacent lobes, and the conversion of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules, encircled by fibrotic bands. Liver architecture is disrupted.</p>
<p>Liver Cirrhosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p635</p>
<p>Most common location of pancreatic cancer.</p>
<p>Head of pancreas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 684</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A variant of squamous cell carcinoma characterized by a papillary architecture, less striking cytologic atypia, and rounded, pushing deep margins.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Verrucous carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 689</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A rare disorder characterized by extensive fibrosis involving the thyroid and contiguous neck structures. Idiopathic in nature.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Riedel thyroiditis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 762</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Inflammation of the bone and marrow cavity.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Osteomyelitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p809</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Anucleate, necrotic basal cells seen in the inflamed papillary dermis of patients with lichen planus are called?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Colloid bodies or Civatte bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 841</p>
<p>This is due to an increase in intracellular fluid secondary to neuronal, glial, or endothelial cell membrane injury, as might be encountered in an individual with a generalized hypoxic/ischemic insult or with exposure to some toxins. </p>
<p>Cytotoxic edema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 861</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>It is the destructive fragmentation of the nucleus of a dying cell. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Karyorrhexis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.10</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>State the molecule in the lymphocyte responsible for this stage of vascular inflammatory response:Firm adhesion</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Integrins(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.37</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Labile, stable or permanent tissues:Neurons</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Permanent(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.62</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Edema due to renal dysfunction which manifests disproportionately in tissues with loose connective tissue matrix, e.g. Eyelids.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Periorbital edema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Helminth that causes iron deficiency anemia by chronic loss of blood.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hookworms(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 327</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Results from activation of TH2 CD4+ helper T cells by environmental antigens, leading to the production of IgE antibodies, which become attached to mast cells.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type I Hypersensitivity (immediate)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This component of tumors determines the name of the growth.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Parenchyma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination and leads to cognitive decline and psychiatric problems.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Huntington’s disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.229</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This heavy metal is used mainly in batteries and fertilizers, which can contaminate soil. Can cause obstructive lung disease and kidney damage.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cadmium(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 285</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Literally means hardening of the arteries, term reflecting arterial wall thickening and loss of elasticity, affecting small arteries and arterioles.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Arteriolosclerosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 343</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This is a hallmark of right sided HF.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pedal and pretibial edema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 382</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hemolysis that can result from mechanical trauma, or biochemical or physical agents that damage the red cell membrane.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Intravascular hemolysis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 424</p>
<p>Characterized by abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by destruction of their walls without obvious fibrosis. There is thinning oof the alveolar walls and loss of elastic tissue.</p>
<p>Emphysema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 485</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>MPGN wherein the lamina densa and the SUBENDOTHELIAL space of the GBM are transformed into an irregular, ribbon-like extremely electron dense structure. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type II MPGN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 554</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma in a location outside the endomyometrium. Undergoes cyclic bleeding. Also called “chocolate cysts”.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Endometriosis(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 722</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Red, velvety, granular, circumscribed lesions of the mouth with poorly defined, irregular boundaries. High malignant transformation rate.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Erythroplakia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 582</p>
<p>Presence of "ground-glass" hepatocytes, a finely granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm and "sanded" nuclei, shown by electron microscopy</p>
<p>Hepatitis B infection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p645</p>
<p>Most common symptom of pancreatic carcinoma located at the tail and body of the gland?</p>
<p>None/AsymptomaticSince it does not impinge on the biliary tract, it may be quite large and widely disseminated by the time they are discovered.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 684</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most common cause of scrotal enlargement, which is an accumulation of serous fluid within the tunica vaginalis usually secondary to infection or malignancy.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hydrocele(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 689</p>
<p>Believed to be caused by a viral infection or a postviral inflammatory process, this lesion of the thyroid gland is characterized by unilateral or bilateral enlargement of the thyroid, with disruption of thyroid follicles. Extravasation of colloid leads to a granulomatous reaction. Healing occurs by resolution of inflammation and fibrosis.</p>
<p>Subacute Granulomatous (de Quervain) Thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 762</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>What do you call the dead entrapped bone seen in infected sites of bones affected with osteomyelitis?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sequestrum(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p809</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Presents as roughening of the skin that takes on an appearance reminiscent of “lichen on a tree”. It is a response to local repetitive trauma such as continual rubbing or scratching. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Lichen Simplex Chronicus (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 842</p>
<p>Refers to the accumulation of CSF leading to dilation of the ventricular system which resulted from an obstacle or disruption of flow seen most commonly at the foramen of Monroe or aqueduct of Sylvius.</p>
<p>Noncommunicating hydrocephalus (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 862</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>It is the complete dissolution of the chromatin of a dying cell. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Karyolysis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.10</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>State the molecule in the endothelium responsible for this stage of vascular inflammatory response:Transmigration</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>PECAM-1/CD 31(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.37</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Labile, stable or permanent tissues:Cardiac muscle</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Permanent(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.62</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Finger pressure over significantly edematous subcutaneous tissue displacing the interstitial fluid, leaving a finger-shaped depression on the skin.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pitting edema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Helminth that depletes vitamin B12 giving rise to an illness resembling pernicious anemia.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Diphyllobotrium latum(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 327</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Caused by antibodies that bind to fixed tissue or cell surface antigens and promote phagocytosis and destruction of the coated cells or trigger pathologic inflammation in tissues.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type II Hypersensitivity (Antibody-mediated)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This component of tumors is crucial to the growth of neoplasms since it carries the blood supply and provides support to the growth of cells.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Stroma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Genetic mutation in Huntington’s disease?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>CAG trinucleotide repeats(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.229</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Disease caused by cadmium in Japan, presenting as a combination of osteoporosis and osteomalacia, associated with renal disease.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Itai-itai disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 285</p>
<p>Characterized by calcific deposits in muscular arteries, typical in persons older than 50 yrs old. The radiographically visible, palpable calcifications do not encroach on the vessel lumen, and are not clinically significant.</p>
<p>Mockenberg medial calcific sclerosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 343</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Generalized, massive edema is called ______.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Anasarca(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 382</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hemolysis which takes place largely within phagocytic cells of the spleen and liver.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Extravascular hemolysis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 424</p>
<p>Type of emphysema involving the central or proximal parts of the acini, formed by respiratory bronchioles, while distal parts are spared. Lungs deep pink and less voluminous, affecting the upper 2/3 of the lungs. Occurs in smokers.</p>
<p>Centriacinar (centrilobular) Emphysema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 485</p>
<p>Caused by glomerular deposition of immune complexes resulting in diffuse proliferation and swelling of resident glomerular cells. There is uniformly increased cellularity of glomerular tufts. Electron microscopy show subepithelial "humps" against the GBM, with granular deposits of IgG and complement.</p>
<p>Acute postinfectious (poststreptococcal) Glomerulonephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 555</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These are sharply circumscribed, firm, gray-white masses of the uterus, with “whorled” cut surface. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Leiomyoma(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 721</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most frequent site of oral cavity carcinomas.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Vermillion border of the lateral margins of the lower lip(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 582</p>
<p>Necrotic cells appear to have "dropped out," with collapse of the sinusoidal collagen reticulin framework where the cells have disappeared; scavenger macrophage aggregates mark sites of dropout.</p>
<p>Hepatocyte cytolysis (in viral hepatitis)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p647</p>
<p>Moderately to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma forming abortive tubular structures or cell clusters and exhibiting an aggressive, deeply infiltrative growth pattern.</p>
<p>Pancreatic carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 684</p>
<p>Represents failure of testicular descent into the scrotum which involves the right testis more commonly than the left. Causes increased risk of sterility and development of testicular cancer.</p>
<p>Cryptorchidism(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 690</p>
<p>Also known as "silent" or "painless" thyroiditis n a subset of patients the onset of disease follows pregnancy. Unlike Hashimoto thyroiditis, follicular atrophy or Hürthle cell metaplasia are not commonly seen. </p>
<p>Postpartum thyroiditis/ Subacute Lymphocytic Thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 762</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>What do you call the shell of living tissue around a segment of devitalized bone?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Involucrum (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p809</p>
<p>Common lesions of children and adolescents, caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Histologic features include epidermal hyperplasia that is often undulant in character, and cytoplasmic vacuolization (koilocytosis).</p>
<p>Verrucae (warts)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 843</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Refers to the accumulation of CSF leading to dilation of the ventricular system due to reduced resorption of CSF. All of the ventricular system is enlarged.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Communicating hydrocephalus (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 862</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This is the first manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cellular swelling(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.8</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>State the endothelial adhesion molecule responsible for this stage of vascular inflammatory response:Intercellular adhesion</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>ICAM -1(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.37</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type of collagen found in basement membrane</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type IV collagen(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Condition wherein the lungs weigh 2-3x the normal, and on sectioning reveals frothy, sometimes blood-tinged mixture of air, fluid and extravasated red cells.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pulmonary edema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Placentofetal route as a mode of transmission is also referred to as ________.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Vertical transmission(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 329</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Caused by antibodies binding to antigens to form complexes that circulate and may deposit in vascular beds and stimulate inflammation, secondary to complement activation.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type III Hypersensitivity (immune complex mediated)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Benign or malignant?Fibroma</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Benign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This disorder is a chronic, slowly progressing inherited genetic disorder characterized by muscle wasting, cataracts, heart conduction defects, endocrine changes and myotonia.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Myotonic Dystrophy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.229</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>May be released from combustion of fossil fuels, burning of coal and gas, and also present in tar and soot. Among the most potent carcinogens, implicated in lung and bladder cancer.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Polycyclic hydrocarbons(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 287</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Characterized by intimal lesions called atheromas that protrude into vascular lumina. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Atherosclerosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 343</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most congenital heart disease arise from faulty embryogenesis during what AOG?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>3 - 8 weeks AOG(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 382</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This disorder is characterized by an intrinsic defect in the red cell membrane, that renders the cells spheroidal, less defomable and vulnerable to splenic sequestration and destruction.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hereditary spherocytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 424</p>
<p>Type of emphysema wherein the acini are uniformly enlarged from the level of the respiratory bronchiole to the terminal alveoli. Occurs more commonly in the lower lung zones. Occurs in a-antitrypsin deficiency.</p>
<p>Panacinar (panlobular) emphysema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 485</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most common cause of recurrent microscopic or gross hematuria and is the most common glomerular disease revealed by renal biopsies.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>IgA Nephropathy (Berger disease)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 555</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Solitary tumors of the uterus which arise de novo from the mesenchymal cells of the myometrium. Characterized byvtche presence of tumor necrosis, cytologic atypia and mitotic activity.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Leiomyosarcomas(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 725</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pearly white to gray, circumscribed thickenings of the oral mucosa, which grows in exophytic pattern to produce a visible and palpable nodular, eventually fungating lesions.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Oral cavity carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 583</p>
<p>Hepatocytes shrink, become intensely eosinophilic, and have fragmented nuclei; effector T cells may be present in the immediate vicinity. </p>
<p>Hepatocyte apoptosis (in viral hepatitis)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p647</p>
<p>Type of pancreatic carcinoma showing prominent acinar cell differentiation with zymogen granules and exocrine enzyme production.</p>
<p>Acinar cell carcinomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 684</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most important cause of firm, painless enlargement of the testis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Testicular neoplasms(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 690</p>
<p>Thyroid gland is diffusely enlarged due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the thyroid follicular cells. The follicular epithelial cells are tall, columnar, and more crowded than usual. These cells actively resorb the colloid in the centers of the follicles, resulting in the "scalloped" appearance of the edges of the colloid.</p>
<p>Graves Disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 764</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Benign bone tumor characterized as exophytic growths attached to bone surface of the face and skull, which may histologically resemble normal bone.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Osteoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p811</p>
<p>The most common type of wart. Occurs anywhere but are found most frequently on the hands, particularly on the dorsal surfaces and periungual areas, where they appear as gray-white to tan, flat to convex, 0.1- to 1-cm papules with a rough, pebble-like surface.</p>
<p>Verruca vulgaris(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 844</p>
<p>This refers to dilation of the ventricular system with a compensatory increase in CSF volume secondary to a loss of brain parenchyma, as may occur after infarcts or with a degenerative disease. </p>
<p>Hydrocephalus ex vacuo (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 862</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Small clear vacuoles within the cytoplasm, representing pinched-off segments of the endoplasmic reticulum.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hydropic change or Vacuolar degeneration (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.23</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>State the lymphocytic adhesion molecule counterpart of the following endothelial receptors:E-Selectin</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sialyl-Lewis X modified glycoprotein(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.36</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type of collagen found in basement membrane</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type IV collagen(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.67</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Condition wherein the brain is grossly swollen, with narrowed sulci and distended gyri showing signs of flattening against the underlying skull.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Brain edema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>The ability of bacteria to cause disease.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Virulence(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 331</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cell-mediated immune responses in which T lymphocytes cause tissue injury, either by producing cytokines that induce inflammation and activate macrophages, or by directly killing cells.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type IV Hypersensitivity (T-cell mediated/Delayed)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Benign or malignant?Chondroma</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Benign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Genetic mutation found in myotonic dystrophy?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>CTG Trinucleotide repeats(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Synthetic products that resist degradation and are lipophilic, typically used as pesticides, with anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity, and causes neurologic toxicity.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Organochlorines (e.g. DDT)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 287</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Three principal components of an atheromatous plaque.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>1. Cells (SM cells, macrophages, T cells)2. Extracellular matrix (collagen, elastic fibers, proteoglycans)3. Intracellular and extracellular lipidFibrous cap, central lipid core, neovascularization(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 344</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>An abnormal communication between chambers of the heart or blood vessels.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Shunt(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 383</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Small, dark nuclear remnants seen within red cells in PBS of hereditary spherocytosis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Howell-Jolly bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 425</p>
<p>Type of emphysema wherein only the distal part is primarily involved. Lesion is adjacent to the pleura along the lobular connective tissue septa and at the lobe margins. More severe at the upper half of the lungs, forming bullae.</p>
<p>Distal acinar (paraseptal) emphysema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 486</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pathologic hallmark of this disease is the deposition of IgA in the mesangium. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>IgA nephropathy (Berger Disease)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 556</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type of endometrial carcinoma associated with estrogen excess and endometrial hyperplasia. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Endometroid carcinoma(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 727</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most common lesion of the salivary glands resulting from blockage or rupture of a salivary gland duct.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mucocele(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 583</p>
<p>The hallmark of serious liver damage.</p>
<p>Fibrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p647</p>
<p>Type of pancreatic carcinoma with focal squamous differentiation in addition to glandular differentiation.</p>
<p>Adenosquamous carcinomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 684 </p>
<p>Composed of sheets of large, uniform cells with distinct cell borders, clear, glycogen-rich cytoplasm, and round nuclei with conspicuous nucleoli. The cells are often arrayed in small lobules with intervening fibrous septa.</p>
<p>Seminomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 691</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Goiter which occurs in areas where the soil, water and food supply contain little iodine. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Endemic goiter(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 765</p>
<p>Benign bone tumor that are cortical tumors, histologically described as interlacing trabeculae of woven bone. Characteristic symptom is pain. Common locations include the metaphyses of the femur and tibia. </p>
<p>Osteoid osteoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p811</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These warts are common on the face or dorsal surfaces of the hands. These warts are flat, smooth, tan macules.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Verruca plana/flat wart(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 844</p>
<p>This ccurs when unilateral or asymmetric expansion of a cerebral hemisphere displaces the cingulate gyrus under the edge of falx. This may be associated with compression of branches of the anterior cerebral artery. </p>
<p>Subfalcine (cingulate) herniation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 862</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Appearance of lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fatty Change(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.23</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>State the lymphocytic adhesion molecule counterpart of the following endothelial receptors:P-Selectin</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sialyl-Lewis X-Modified glycoprotein(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.36</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This is the most abundant glycoprotein in basement membrane.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Laminin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.68</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>It is an active process resulting from augmented blood flow due to arteriolar dilation.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hyperemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Bacterial surface molecules that bind to host cells.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Adhesins(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 332</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:SLE</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type III(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Benign or malignant?Adenoma</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Benign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A point mutation wherein a single base pair is replaced but codes for the same amino acid, therefore has no effect on the functioning of the protein.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Silent mutation(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These can cause skin disorders such as folliculitis and chloracne, consisting of acne, cyst formation, hyperpigmentation, and hyperkeratosis, around the face and behind the ears.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Dioxins and Polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCB)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 287</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis. (4)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Increasing ageMale genderFamily historyGenetic abnormalities(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 344</p>
<p>These a typically smooth-walled defects near the foramen ovale, usually without associated cardiac abnormalities. Accompanied by right atrial and ventricular dilation, right ventricular hypertrophy and dilation of the pulmonary artery.</p>
<p>Ostium secundum ASD(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>On PBS, red cells are spherical which lack central pallor, and they show increased osmotic fragility when placed in hypotonic salt solutions.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hereditary spherocytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 425</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Barrel-chested, dyspneic, prolonged expiration, sits forward in a hunched-over position, adequate oxygenation of oxygen. “Pink puffers”.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>COPD predominantly emphysema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 489</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Nephritis accompanied by nerve deafness, lens dislocation, posterior cataracts and corneal dystrophy. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Alport syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 556</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type of endometrial carcinoma which occurs in older women and is usually associated with endometrial atrophy.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Serous carcinoma(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 727</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Inflammation of the salivary glands.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sialadenitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 583</p>
<p>May occur as solitary or multiple lesions, ranging from millimeters to massive lesions, many centimeters in diameter. They are generally produced by gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp.</p>
<p>Pyogenic (bacterial) hepatic abscesses (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p648</p>
<p>What is the most common clinically significant congenital anomaly of the pancreas?</p>
<p>Pancreas Divisum(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These tumors contain a mixture of medium-sized cells, large uninucleate or multinucleate tumor cells, and small cells with round nuclei that are reminiscent of secondary spermatocytes. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Spermatocytic seminoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 691</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Diffuse, symmetric enlargement of the gland due to TSH-induced hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid follicular cells.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Diffuse goiter(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 765</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These bone-forming lesions arise in vertebral transverse and spinous processes of the vertebral column, which may be histologically similar to osteoid osteoma. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Osteoblastoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p811</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These warts occur on the soles and palms. Described as rough, scaly lesions that may reach 1 to 2 cm in diameter, coalesce, and be confused with ordinary calluses.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Verruca plantaris and verruca palmaris(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 844</p>
<p>This occurs when the medial aspect of the temporal lobe is compressed against the free margin of the tentorium. As the temporal lobe is displaced, the third cranial nerve is compromised, resulting in pupillary dilation and impairment of ocular movements on the side of the lesion ("blown pupil").</p>
<p>Transtentorial (uncinate) herniation (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 862</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Surface blebs, increased eosinophilia of the cytoplasm, cellular swelling.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Reversible/ Early Ischemic Injury(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.18</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>State the lymphocytic adhesion molecule counterpart of the following endothelial receptors:ICAM-1</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Integrins(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.37</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>The pink, soft, granular tissue seen beneath the scab of a skin wound.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Granulation tissue(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.70</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>The affected tissue is redder than normal, because of engorgement with oxygenated blood.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hyperemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Filamentous proteins on gram negative bacteria which allow exchange of genes between bacteria, and also involved in adherence.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fimbriae/pili(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 332</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Multiple sclerosis</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type IV(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Benign or malignant?Hepatoma</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>An example of point mutation wherein a purine base is replaced by another purine base or a pyrimidine base is replaced by another pyrimidine base.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Transition(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>It is the most preventable cause of human death.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Smoking(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 287</p>
<p>Composed of lipid-filled foam cells but are not significantly raised and thus do not cause any disturbance in blood flow. Can appear as early as 1 year, and present in virtually all children older than 10 years old.</p>
<p>Fatty streaks(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p>Reversal of blood flow through a prolonged (left-to-right shunt) due to pulmonary hypertension, yielding right-sided pressures that exceed those on the left side. This causes unoxygenated blood to go into circulation, causing cyanosis.</p>
<p>Eisenmenger syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 383</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Structural proteins that are defective in hereditary spherocytosis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Spectrin and ankyrin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 425</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>History of recurrent infections with purulent sputum, less prominent dyspnea and respiratory drive, becomes hypoxic and are pften cyanotic and obese. “Blue bloaters”.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>COPD predominantly chronic bronchitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 489</p>
<p>Caused by mutations in genes encoding GBM collagen, manifest as hematuria and slowly progressing proteinuria and declining renal function. GBM has "basket-weave" appearance due to splitting and lamination of the lamina densa.</p>
<p>Hereditay nephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 557</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Small, fluid-filled cysts which originate from the unruptured graafian follicles or in follicles that have ruptured and immediately sealed.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Follicle and luteal cysts(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 728</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Salivary and lacrimal gland inflammatory enlargement presenting as painless lesions, and dry mouth. Can be caused by sarcoidosis, leukemia, and lymphoma.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mikulicz syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 583</p>
<p>Liver is enlarged (4-6kg), soft, yellow and greasy. </p>
<p>Hepatic Steatosis (Fatty Liver)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p649</p>
<p>This congenital abnormality develops embryologically when one portion of the ventral pancreatic primordium becomes fixed, while the other portion of this primordium is drawn around the duodenum</p>
<p>Annular Pancreas(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p>Ill-defined, invasive masses containing foci of hemorrhage and necrosis. Poorly differentiated, pleomorphic cells in cords, sheets, or papillary formation; most contain some yolk sac and choriocarcinoma cells</p>
<p>Embryonal carcinoma of the testis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 692</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Goiter characterized by enlarged, colloid-rich gland. On cut surface, the thyroid is usually brown, glassy and translucent.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Colloid goiter(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 765</p>
<p>A bone-producing malignant mesenchymal tumor, characterized as gritty, gray-white tumors, often exhibiting hemorrhage and cystic degeneration. The production of mineralized or unmineralized bone (osteoid) by malignant cells is essential for diagnosis.</p>
<p>Osteosarcomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p811</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These warts occurs on the penis, female genitalia, urethra, and perianal areas.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Condyloma acuminatum (venereal wart) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 844</p>
<p>This refers to displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum. This pattern of herniation is life-threatening, because it causes brain stem compression and compromises vital respiratory and cardiac centers in the medulla. </p>
<p>Tonsillar herniation (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 862</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cell injury with loss of nuclei, cellular fragmentation and leakage of cellular contents.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Irreversible/ Necrotic cellular injury(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.18</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>State the lymphocytic adhesion molecule counterpart of the following endothelial receptors:CD-31</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>CD-31(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.37</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Maturation and reorganization of fibrous tissue</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Remodeling(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.70</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>It is a passive process resulting from impaired venous rturn out of a tissue.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Congestion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Clostridium perfringens produces this toxin that disrupts plasma membranes resulting in digestion of host tissues and collagen.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Alpha toxin (lecithinase)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 334</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Transplant rejection</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type IV(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Benign or malignant?Papilloma</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Benign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A point mutation wherein a purine is replaced by a pyrimidine or vice versa.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Transversion(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Components of cigarette smoke that are potent carcinogens in animals and are most likely involved in the causation of lung carcinomas in humans.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Polycyclic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 288</p>
<p>Composed of lipid-filled foam cells but are not significantly raised and thus do not cause any disturbance in blood flow. Can appear as early as 1 year, and present in virtually all children older than 10 years old.</p>
<p>Fatty streaks(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 349</p>
<p>These occur at the lowest part of the atrial septum and can extend to the mitral and tricuspid valves. Abnormalities of the AV Valves are usually present, forming a cleft in the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve or septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve. </p>
<p>Ostium primum ASD(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 384</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This results from substitution of valine for glutamic acid at the 6th position of the B-chain, producing HbS.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sickle cell anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 426</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Defined as persistent productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in at least 2 consecutive years.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Chronic bronchitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 489</p>
<p>A clinical syndrome characterized by rapid and progressive lossof renal function with features of nephritic syndrome,often with severe oliguria. Histologic feature is the presence of crescents.</p>
<p>Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (Crescentic GN)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 557</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Triad of oligomenorrhea, infertility and obesity in young women secondary to excessive production of estrogens and androgens.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Polycystic ovaries(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 728</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Incomplete relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter in response to swallowing.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Achalasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 585</p>
<p>Lipid accumulates to the point of creating large clear macrovesicular globules, compressing and displacing the nucleus to the periphery of the hepatocyte. </p>
<p>Hepatic Steatosis (Fatty Liver)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p649</p>
<p>What is the cardinal manifestation of acute pancreatitis?</p>
<p>Abdominal Pain(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most common primary testicular neoplasm in children younger than 3 years of age.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Yolk sac tumors/endodermal sinus tumors(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 692</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Irregular enlargement of the thyroid as a result of recurrent episodes of hyperplasia and involution.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Multinodular goiter(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 765</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These are relatively common benign hyaline cartilage-capped outgrowths attached by a bony stalk to the underlying skeleton.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Osteochondromas (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p814</p>
<p>A rare autoimmune blistering disorder resulting from loss of integrity of normal intercellular attachments within the epidermis and mucosal epithelium. Caused by a type II hypersensitivity reaction </p>
<p>Pemphigus (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 845</p>
<p>These linear or flame-shaped lesions usually occur in the midline and paramedian regions, which are hemorrhagic lesions that accompany transtentorial herniation. Presence of these lesion implies poor prognosis.</p>
<p>Duret hemorrhages(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 862</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These are chemical species with a single unpaired electron in the outer orbital.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Free radicals(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.18</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>The process of luekocyte accumulation at the periphery of blood vessels is called ______.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Margination(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.36</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Healing of a clean, uninfected surgical incision approximated by surgical sutures</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Healing by first intention / Primary Union(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.74</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Tissue has a blue-red color due to accumulation of hemoglobin in the affected tissue.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Congestion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Bacterial toxins with the capacity to stimulate large populations of T lymphocytes, functionally resulting in a “cytokine storm”. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Superantigens(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 334</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Anaphylaxis</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type I(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Malignant neoplasms arising in mesenchymal tissue or its derivatives.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sarcomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Diseases caused by single gene defects are called?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mendelian Disorders(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.228</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A long acting tetracycline which can cause a diffuse blue-gray pigmentation of the skin.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Minocycline(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p>Arrange in descending order, based on which blood vessel is most extensively involved in development of atherosclerosis.Popliteal arteries, internal carotid arteries, circle of Willis, coronaries, abdominal aorta</p>
<p>Abdominal aorta > coronaries > popliteal arteries > internal carotid arteries > circle of Willis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 350</p>
<p>Incomplete closure of the ventricular septum leading to left-to-right shunting. The right ventricle is hypertrophied and often dilated. Diameter of pulmonary artery is increased because of the increased volume by the right ventricle.</p>
<p>Ventricular Septal Defect(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 385</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Bizarre, elongated, spindled or boat-shaped cells on PBS.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sickel cell anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 427</p>
<p>Mucosal lining of the larger airways is usually hyperemic and swollen with edema fluid, often covered by a layer of mucinous or mucopurulent secretions. Trachea and bronchi have enlarged mucus-secreting glands.</p>
<p>Chronic bronchitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 489</p>
<p>CrGN characterized by linear deposits of IgG and C3 on the GBM. anti-GBM Ab also bind to pulmonary alveolar capillary basement membranes to produce pulmonary hemorrhages associated with renal failure.</p>
<p>Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrance Antibody (Type I) CrGN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 557</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Other name for polycystic ovary syndrome?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Stein-Leventhal syndrome(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 728</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Destruction of the myenteric plexus of the esophagus, duodenum, colon and ureter caused by a flagellate protozoa.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Chagas disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 585</p>
<p>Eosinophilic, cytoplasmic inclusions characteristic of alcoholic hepatitis. </p>
<p>Mallory bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p650</p>
<p>The most common cause of acute pancreatitis is? </p>
<p>Excessive alcohol intake(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Low cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells forming microcysts, sheets, glands, and papillae, often associated with eosinophilic hyaline globules. (+) Schiller-Duval bodies</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Yolk sac tumors/endodermal sinus tumors(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 692</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Probability of being benign or malignant.A solitary nodule seen in a 20-yr old male. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 766</p>
<p>These are benign tumors of hyaline cartilage, described as gray-blue, translucent well-circumscribed nodules. May be seen in metaphyseal regions of tubular bones of the hands and feet. On x-ray, the unmineralized nodules of cartilage produce well-circumscribed oval lucencies surrounded by thin rims of radiodense bone (O-ring sign). </p>
<p>Enchondromas (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p814</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Common histologic denominator in all forms of pemphigus, described as the lysis of the intercellular adhesion sites.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Acantholysis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 845</p>
<p>In the setting of this condition, the brain is swollen, with wide gyri and narrowed sulci. The cut surface shows poor demarcation between gray and white matter. Results from generalized reduction of cerebral perfusion, usually below systolic pressures of less than 50mmHg.</p>
<p>Global Cerebral Ischemia (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 863</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most common cause of cell injury in clinical medicine.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Ischemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.18</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Arrange the following steps in the inflammatory response:A. Recruitment of leukocytesB. Regulation of responseC. Recognition of injurious agentD. Removal of agentE. Resolution</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>C, A, D, B, E(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.35</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type of healing wherein tissue is allowed to heal by itself before suturing. Used in large wounds, in the presence of abscess, or ulceration.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Healing by secondary intention / secondary union(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.76</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Characterized by alveolar capillaries engorged with blood, with associated alveolar septal edema or focal minute intra-alveolar hemorrhage.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Acute pulmonary congestion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.85</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Examples of antigen presenting cells.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Dendritic cellsMacrophagesB-cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 334</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Goodpasture syndrome</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type II(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Benign tumor arising in fibrous tissue is called?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fibroma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A condition wherein both dominant and recessive alleles of a gene pair may be fully expressed in the heterozygote.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Codominance(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.228</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Chronic alcoholics are at an increased risk of developing this type of cancer as a result of liver injury.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hepatocellular carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 290</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fate of an atheromatous plaque wherein the luminal surface exposes the bloodstream to highly thrombogenic substances and induces thrombus formation. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Rupture, ulceration or erosion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 351</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This arises from the left pulmonary artery and joins the aorta just distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Ductus arteriosus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 385</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Prominent cheekbones and changes in skull resembling a “crew-cut” skull x-ray.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sickle cell anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 427</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Characterized by goblet cell metaplasia, mucus plugging, inflammation and fibrosis, and sometimes complete obliteration of the lumen due to fibrosis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Chronic bronchiolitis (small airway disease)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 489</p>
<p>CrGN which are immune complex-mediated disorders, as a complication of any of the IC nephritides including PSGN, IgA Nephropathy and HSP. There is segmental necrosis and characteristic granular pattern of the underlying immune complex disease.</p>
<p>Immune Complex-Mediated (Type II) CrGN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 558</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Two most important risk factors for development of ovarian cancer.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Nulliparity and family history(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 729</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Causative agent for Chagas disease.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Trypanosoma cruzi(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 585</p>
<p>Almost always accompanied by a brisk sinusoidal and perivenular fibrosis; occasionally periportal fibrosis may predominate.</p>
<p>Alcoholic hepatitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p650</p>
<p>What are the 5 basic morphological alterations seen in Acute Pancreatitis?</p>
<p>1. Edema caused by microvascular leakage2. Necrosis of fat caused by lipolytic enzymes3. Acute inflammatory reaction4. Destruction of pancreatic parenchyma by proteolytiz enzymes5. Destruction of blood vessels with subsequent interstitial hemorrage(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Structures resembling primitive glomeruli, seen in yolk sac tumors.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Schiller-Duval bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 692</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Probability of being benign or malignant.Multiple, hot nodules.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Benign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 766</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Chondromas seen on the bone surface. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Juxtacortical chondromas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p814</p>
<p>In this variant of pemphigus, acantholysis selectively involves the layer of cells immediately above the basal cell layer, giving rise to a suprabasal acantholytic blister. There is uniform deposition of immunoglobulin and complement along the cell membranes of keratinocytes, producing a characteristic "fishnet" appearance. </p>
<p>Pemphigus vulgaris(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 845</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These are wedge-shaped areas of infarction that occur in those regions of the brain and spinal cord that lie at the most distal fields of arterial perfusion.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Border zone (“watershed”) infarcts(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 863</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Composed of membrane-bound vesicles of cytosol and organelles seen in programmed-cell death.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Apoptotic Bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.19</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Arrage the steps in leukocyte recruitment:A. TransmigrationB. Rolling C. MarginationD. Firm adhesion</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>C, B, D, A(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.35</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Wound strength reaches 70 - 80 % of normal in ______ months.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>3 months(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.77</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pulmonary septa are thickened and fibrotic, with hemosiderin-laden macrophages in alveolar spaces.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Chronic pulmonary congestion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.85</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A superantigen secreted by S. aureus which causes inflammation, fever and shock. Found in the vagina of menstruating women.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 334</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Serum sickness</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type III(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A benign cartilagenous tumor is called?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Chondroma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>The presence of many allelic forms of a single gene is called _______.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Polymorphism(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.228</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These refer to untoward effects of drugs that are given in conventional therapeutic settings.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Adverse drug reactions(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 291</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fate of an atheromatous plaque due to rupture of the overlying fibrous cap or the thin-walled vessels in the areas of neovascularization.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hemorrhage(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 351</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>In this condition, some of the oxygenated blood flowing from the left ventricle is shunted back to the lungs. Proximal pumonary arteries, left atrium and ventricle can become dilated.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Patent ductus arteriosus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 385</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Patients with sickle cell disease are predisposed to infections caused by these type of bacteria.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Encapsulated bacteria(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 428</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most important underlying risk factor for chronic bronchitis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cigarette smoking(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 489</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>CrGN defined by the lack of anti-GBM Ab and immune complex deposition. Glomeruli show segmental necrosis, negative immunofluorescence. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pauci-immune (Type III) CrGN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 558</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mutation of this gene is associated in the development of both ovarian and breast cancers.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>BRCA 1(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 729</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Adult with progressive dysphagia to solids and eventually to all foods, caused by a narrowing of the lower esophagus, usually as a result of chronic inflammatory disease.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Stenosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 585</p>
<p>Liver is yellow-tan, fatty, and enlarged, usually weighing over 2 kg. Over the span of years it is transformed into a brown, shrunken, nonfatty organ, sometimes weighing less than 1 kg.</p>
<p>Alcoholic Cirrhosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p650</p>
<p>What is the most common cause of Chronic Pancreatitis?</p>
<p>Long term alcohol abuse(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast without villus formation</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Choriocarcinomas (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 692</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Probability of being benign or malignant.A solitary, cold nodule.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 766</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These lesions arise within the medullary cavity of the bone to form an expansile glistening mass that often erodes the cortex. They exhibit malignant hyaline and myxoid cartilage.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Conventional chondrosarcomas (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p814</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>In this variant of pemphigus, acantholysis selectively involves the superficial epidermis at the level of the stratum granulosum.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pemphigus foliaceus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 845</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pattern of necrosis seen in nonhemorrhagic infarcts of the brain.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Liquefaction necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 863</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Restoration of blood flow to ischemic but otherwise viable tissue paradoxically results in exacerbated and accelerated injury.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.18</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Process of coating microorganisms with proteins that facilitate phagocytosis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Opsonization(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.38</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Single most important cause of delay in wound healing.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Infection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.77</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hemosiderin- laden macrophages</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Heart- failure cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.85</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Collection of neutrophils which gives rise to localized liquefactive necrosis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Abscess(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 334</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Arthus reaction</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type III(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This is a benign epithelial neoplasm which produces glandular patterns or neoplasms derived from glands but not necessarily exhibit glandular patterns</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Adenoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This occurs when one gene influences or leads to multiple phenotypic traits.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pleiotropy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.228</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A long acting tetracycline which can cause a diffuse blue-gray pigmentation of the skin.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Minocycline(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 293</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fate of an atheromatous plaque causing discharge of debris into the bloodstream, producing microemboli composed of plaque contents.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Atheroembolism(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 351</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>The most common cause of cyanotic congenital heart disease. Heart is large and “boot shaped” as a result of right ventricular hypertrophy.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Tetralogy of Fallot(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 385</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Treatment for sickle cell disease by increasing levels of HbF.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hydroxyurea(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Triad of 1.intermittent and reversible airway obstruction2.chronic bronchial inflammation with eosinophils3.bronchial smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hyperreactivity</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Asthma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 489</p>
<p>An important cause of end-stage renal disease presenting as chronic renal failure. Kidneys are symmetrically contracted, surfaces are red-brown and diffusely granular. Glomeruli are obliterated with marked interstitial fibrosis.</p>
<p>Chronic glomerulonephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 559</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mutation of this gene is associated with the development of breast cancer only,</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>BRCA 2(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 729</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A congenital defect which causes the esophagus to end in a blind-ended pouch.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Esophageal atresia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 585</p>
<p>Pattern of cirrhosis in viral hepatitis.</p>
<p>Macronodular(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p650</p>
<p>This condition is characterized by parenchymal fibrosis, reduced number and size of acini with relative sparing of the islets of Langerhans, and variable dilation of the pancreatic ducts.</p>
<p>Chronic Pancreatitis(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Tissues from all three germ-cell layers with varying degrees of differentiation</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Teratomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 692</p>
<p>A solitary, spherical lesion that compresses the adjacent non-neoplastic thyroid. Neoplastic cells are demarcated from the adjacent parenchyma by a well-defined, intact capsule, which is a hallmark of this tumor.</p>
<p>Thyroid adenoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 766</p>
<p>These tumors are characterized as viscous and gelatinous, with the matrix oozing from the cut surface. Spotty calcifications are typically present, with central necrosis creating cystic spaces.</p>
<p>Myxoid chondrosarcomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p815</p>
<p>An autoimmune disease in which the characteristic finding is linear deposition of IgG antibodies and complement in the basement membrane zone. Characterized by a subepidermal, nonacantholytic full-thickness epidermal fluid-filled blister.</p>
<p>Bullous pemphigoid (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 846</p>
<p>This is a disease in which amyloidogenic peptides are deposit in the walls of medium- and small-caliber meningeal and cortical vessels, which results in the weakening of the vessel wall and increases the risk of hemorrhage.</p>
<p>Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 863</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pathway of apoptosis trigerred by loss of survival signals, DNA damage and accumulation of misfolded proteins. Inhibited by Anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl family.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mitochondrial / Intrinsic Pathway(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.22</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A lymphocyte with ingested microorganism fused with lysosome is called _______.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Phagolysosome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.39</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>True or false: Complete restoration can occur only in tissues composed of stable and labile cells. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>True(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.77</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>The central vein and sinusoids of the liver are distended with blood, with central hepatocyte degeneration. The periportal hepatocytes are better oxygenated.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Acute hepatic congestion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.85</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>High risk agents of bioterrorism which are easily disseminated and has high potential for mortality. An example is smallpox.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Category A(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Autoimmune hemolytic anemia</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type II(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These are benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface that produce microscopic or macroscopic finger-like fronds.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Papillomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A phenomenon wherein a single phenotype or genetic disorder may be caused by mutations of several genetic loci or allele.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Genetic heterogeneity Note: compare with pleiotropy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.228</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Oral contraceptives have a protective effect against these cancers.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Endometrial and ovarian CA(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fate of an atherosclerotic plaque due to increased pressure or ischemic atrophy of the underlying media, with loss of elastic tissue, leading to weakness of the vessel wall.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Aneurysm formation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 351</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Components of Tetralogy of Fallot.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pulmonary valve stenosisOverriding of aortaRight ventricular hypertrophyVentricular septal defect(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 386</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Treatment for sickle cell disease by increasing levels of HbF.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hydroxyurea(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 428</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Collections of crystalloids made up of eosinophil proteins.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Charcot-Leyden crystals(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 492</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A common suppurative inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis caused by bacterial infection, either by hematogenous spread or through ascending infection.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pyelonephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 560</p>
<p>Benign lesion of the ovary most commonly seen in women 30-40 years old. Most frequent of the ovarian tumors. Serosal covering is smooth and glistening. Characterized histologically by tall, columnar epithelium and the presence of Psammoma bodies.</p>
<p>Serous tumor of the ovary(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 730</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most common type of esophageal atresia.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula(Type C)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 585</p>
<p>Pattern of cirrhosis in alcoholic hepatitis.</p>
<p>Micronodular(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p650</p>
<p>What is the most constant morphological feature of Chronic Pancreatitis?</p>
<p>Acinar Loss(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Teratoma which contain fully differentiated tissues from one or more germ cell layers (e.g., neural tissue, cartilage, adipose tissue, bone, epithelium) in a haphazard array.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mature teratomas (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 692</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most common carcinoma of the thyroid.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Papillary carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 767</p>
<p>Presents as sharply demarcated radiolucencies surrounded by a thin zone of sclerosis. They are gray to yellow-brown, and microscopically are cellular lesions composed of cytologically benign fibroblasts and macrophages. The fibroblasts classically exhibit a "storiform (pinwheel) pattern".</p>
<p>Fibrous Cortical Defect and Nonossifying Fibroma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p815</p>
<p>A rare disorder characterized by urticaria and grouped vesicles. Fibrin and neutrophils accumulate selectively at the tips of dermal papillae, forming small microabscesses, which coalesce to form a subepidermal blister. On immunofluorescence, granular deposits of IgA are localized at the tips of dermal papillae.</p>
<p>Dermatitis herpetiformis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 846</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hemorrhages associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) are called due to involvement of the cerebral hemispheres?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Lobar hemorrhages(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 863</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pathway of apoptosis responsible for elimination of self-reactive lymphocytes and damage by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Initiated by TNF receptors.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Death Receptor / Extrinsic Pathway(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.22</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>The most important lysosomal enzyme involved in bacterial killing.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Elastase(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Refers to the restoration of tissue architecture and function after an injury.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Repair (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.77</p>
<p>The central regions of the hepatic lobules are grossly red-brown and slightly depressed and are accentuated against the surrounding zones of uncongested tan, sometimes fatty liver (nutmeg liver).</p>
<p>Chronic passive congestion of the liver(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.85</p>
<p>A distinctive form of mononuclear inflammation usually evoked by infectious agents that resist eradication, but are capable of stimulating strong T cell mediated immunity. Characterized by epitheloid cells which may fuse to form giant cells.</p>
<p>Granulomatous inflammation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 335</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Allergies</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type I(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A mass that projects above a mucosal surface to form a macroscopically visible structure.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Polyps(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175</p>
<p>A transmission pattern of inheritance which is manifested in the heterozygous state, wherein at least one parent of an index case is usually affected, both males and females are affected and both can transmit the condition.</p>
<p>Autosomal dominant (AD)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.229</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Oral contraceptives may increase the risk of developing this type of cancer in women.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cervical CA(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most common cause of hypertension.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Idiopathic (essential hypertension)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 355</p>
<p>It is a discordant connection of the ventricles to their vascular outflow. The defect is an abnormal formation of the truncal and aortopulmonary septa. Right ventricular hypertrophy becomes prominent, while the left ventricle becomes somewhat atrophic.</p>
<p>Transposition of the Great Arteries(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 386</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Feared complication of sickle cell disease which can be trigerred by pulmonary infections or fat emboli from necrotic marrow that secondarily involve the lung.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Acute chest syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 428</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Whorls of shed epithelium found in mucus plugs.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Curschmann spirals(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 492</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hallmark of this disease is scarring involving the pelvis or calyces, or both, leading to papillary blunting and marked calyceal deformities.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Chronic pyelonephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 562</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Large, multilocular tumors of the ovaries, without psammoma bodies. Composed of mucin-producing epithelial cells.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mucinous Tumors (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 731</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Thin membranes of normal esophageal tissue consisting of mucosa and submucosa that can partially obstruct the esophagus.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Esophageal web(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 585</p>
<p>The liver may shrink to 500 to 700 gm and become transformed into a limp, red organ covered by a wrinkled, overly large capsule. Necrotic areas have a muddy red, mushy appearance with blotchy bile staining. Complete destruction of hepatocytes in contiguous lobules leaves only a collapsed reticulin framework and preserved portal tracts.</p>
<p>Massive hepatic necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p653</p>
<p>60% of cancers of the pancreas arise in what area?</p>
<p>Head > Body > Tail(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Teratoma which contain immature somatic elements reminiscent of those in developing fetal tissue.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Immature teratomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 692</p>
<p>Thyroid carcinoma which may occur at any age and is associated with previous exposure to ionizing radiation. The nuclei of cells contain very finely dispersed chromatin, which imparts an optically clear appearance, giving rise to the designation "ground-glass" or "Orphan Annie eye" nuclei.</p>
<p>Papillary carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 767</p>
<p>A benign tumor of the bone wherein all components of normal bone are present, but they fail to differentiate into mature structures. Curved trabeculae of woven bone mimick "Chinese characters" histologically.</p>
<p>Fibrous Dysplasia (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p816</p>
<p>These common epidermal tumors occur most frequently in middle-aged or older individuals. The lesions consist of an orderly proliferation of uniform, benign basaloid keratinocytes with a tendency to form keratin microcysts (horn cysts), which has a "stuck-on" appearance on the skin.</p>
<p>Seborrheic keratosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 849</p>
<p>The most frequent cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage. It is a thin-walled outpouching of an artery. At the neck of the aneurysm, the muscular wall and intimal elastic lamina stop short and are absent from the aneurysm sac itself; the sac is made up of thickened hyalinized intima. The adventitia covering the sac is continuous with that of the parent artery</p>
<p>Saccular (berry) aneurysm(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 866</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Refers to any abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells. Most often seen in the liver but can also occur in the heart, sk m., and kidneys.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fatty Change(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.23</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Process of leukocyte migration toward sites of infection or injury along a chemical gradient.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Chemotaxis(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>True or false:Injury to tissues composed of permanent cells does not result to scarring.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>False. Injury to tissues composed of permanent cells, inevitably results to scarring.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.77</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Presence of centrilobular necrosis with hepatocyte drop-out, hemorrhage and hemosirin-laden macrophages</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>CPC of the liver(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.85</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Agents that are relatively easy to disseminate and produces moderate morbidity and low mortality. An example is E.coli O157:H7 which can cause HUS.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Category B(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Type I DM</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type IV(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A cancer of fibrous tissue origin.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fibrosarcoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This pattern of inheritance occur when BOTH of the alleles at a given gene locus are mutants, wherein the parents are not affected, but offspring have 1 in 4 chance (25%) of being affected.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Autosomal recessive(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.229</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Prolonged use of oral contraceptives is associated with the development of this rare benign tumor especially in older women.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hepatic adenoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294</p>
<p>This vascular lesion consists of a homogenous pink hyaline thickening of the walls of arterioles with loss of underlying structural detail and with narrowing of the lumen. A major morphologic characteristic in benign nephrosclerosis.</p>
<p>Hyaline arteriolosclerosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 356</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Predominant manifestation of TGA?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Early cyanosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 387</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Major complication of sickle cell disease which occurs in the setting of acute chest syndrome, causing ischemic injury to the CNS.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>CNS stroke(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 428</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Curshmann spirals and Charcot-Leyden crystals are found histologically in this disease.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Asthma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 492</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Nephritis with prominent eosinophilic and mononuclear inflitrate, with pronounced edema.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Acute Drug-Induced Interstitial Nephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 563</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Metastasis of mucinous tumor of the gastrointestinal tract to the ovaries is called?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Krukenberg tumor(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 731</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Congenital esophageal webs commonly appear in which segment of the esophagus?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Middle and inferior third of the esophagus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 585</p>
<p>Characterized by deposition of hemosiderin in the following organs: liver, pancreas, myocardium, pituitary, adrenal, thyroid and parathyroid glands, joints, and skin; cirrhosis; and pancreatic fibrosis</p>
<p>Hereditary hemochromatosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p655</p>
<p>What is the most frequently altered oncogene in pancreatic cancer?</p>
<p>K-RAS (TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Characterized by the presence of an acute, neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate, congestion, and stromal edema of the prostate.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Acute prostatitis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 695</p>
<p>The second most common form of thyroid cancer. Usually present at an older age a peak incidence in the middle adult years. Microscopically, these are composed of fairly uniform cells forming small follicles, reminiscent of normal thyroid.</p>
<p>Follicular Carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 769</p>
<p>Primary malignant small round-cell tumor of bone and soft tissue, characterized by Sheets of small round cells with scant, cleared cytoplasm, circled about a central fibrillary space or "Homer-Wright rosettes". </p>
<p>Ewing sarcoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p817</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These are rare tumors that primarily occur in the head and neck region of older individuals. They usually present as flesh-colored papules and can be a marker for an internal malignancy. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sebaceous Adenoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 849</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Patients with this type of intracranial hemorrhage complains of having “the worst headache I’ve ever had”/ thunderclap headache.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 866</p>
<p>Other name for macrophages in contact with lipid debris of necrotic cells or abnormal forms of lipoproteins. Filled with minute, membrane-bound vacuoles of lipid, imparting a foamy appearance to their cytoplasm.</p>
<p>Foam cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.24</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>The most important lysosomal enzyme involved in bacterial killing.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Elastase(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Process of replacing damaged components of a tissue, returning to a normal state.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Regeneration (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.77</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Extravasation of blood from vessels into the extravasclar space.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hemorrhage(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.86</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Includes emerging pathogens that have the potential for mass dissemination with high morbidity and mortality. Examples are Nipah virus and Hanta virus.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Category C(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Tuberculosis</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type IV(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175</p>
<p>Pattern of inheritance wherein the disorder is transmitted by heterozygous female carriers only to 50% of the sons. An affected male does not transmit the disorder to sons but all daughters are carriers.</p>
<p>X-linked disorders(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.229</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Toxic metabolite of paracetamol or acetaminophen.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>NAPQI (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294</p>
<p>Characteristic of malignant hypertension, associated with "onion-skin" concentric, laminated, thickening of the walls of arterioles with luminal narrowing. These laminations consist of smooth muscle cells and thickened duplicated basement membrane.</p>
<p>Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 356</p>
<p>Characterized by tubular narrowing of the aortic segment between the left subclavian artery and the ductus arteriosus. DA is usually patent and is the main source of blood to the distal aorta. RV is hypertrophied and dilated, pulmonary trunk is also dilated.</p>
<p>Preductal "infantile" coarctation of the aorta(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 387</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Represents a sudden but usually temporary cessation of erythropoeisis, usually trigerred by parvovirus B19 infections in patients with sickle cell disease.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Aplastic crises(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 428</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles caused by destruction of theuscle and elastic supporting tissue, resulting from chronic necrotizing infections.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Bronchiectasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 493</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A clinicopatholigic entity characterized by damaged tubular epithelial cells and clinically by acute suppression of renal function.Most common cause of acute renal failure.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Acute tubular necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 564</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A rare, solid, unilateral ovarian tumor consisting of an abundant stroma containing nests of transitional-like epithelium resembling that of the urinary tract.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Brenner Tumor (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 732</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A diverticulum of the mucosa of the pharynx just above the cricopharyngeal muscle.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Zenker’s diverticulum(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 586</p>
<p>Golden-yellow granules in the cytoplasm of periportal hepatocytes, which stain blue with the Prussian blue stain.</p>
<p>Hemosiderin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p655</p>
<p>What is the most frequently inactivated tumor suppressor gene in pancreatic cancer?</p>
<p>p16(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Characterized by variable amount of lymphoid infiltrate, evidence of glandular injury, and, frequently, concomitant acute inflammatory changes of the prostate.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Chronic prostatitis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 695</p>
<p>Neuroendocrine neoplasms derived from the parafollicular cells, or C cells, of the thyroid, which secrete calcitonin. Associated with MEN 2A and 2B. May be solitary or multicentric, composed of polygonal to spindle-shaped cells, which may form nests, trabeculae, and follicles, contains amyloid.</p>
<p>Medullary carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 770</p>
<p>A relatively uncommon benign tumor usually arising in individuals in their 20s to 40s. These are large and red-brown lesions with frequent cystic degeneration, composed of uniform oval mononuclear cells with frequent mitoses, with scattered osteoclast-type giant cells containing 100 or more nuclei.</p>
<p>Giant-cell tumors (GCTs)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p817</p>
<p>These lesion is usually the result of chronic exposure to sunlight and is associated with hyperkeratosis. The dermis contains thickened, blue-gray elastic fibers or "solar elastosis" which is the result of chronic sun damage.</p>
<p>Actinic keratoses(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 850</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most common location for berry/saccular aneurysms.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Anterior communicating artery in the Circle of WIllis (40%)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 867</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Presence of cholesterol-filled macrophages in subepithelial connective tissue of skin or tendons.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Xanthomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.24</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A peptide Leukocyte granule constituent which kills microbes by creating holes in their membranes.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Defensins(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.40</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts with deposition of ECM.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Scar formation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.72</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Accumulation of blood within a tissue.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hematoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.86</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Bronchial asthma</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type I(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Carcinoma of squamous cell origin.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Squamous cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p>An autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissues characterized by abnormally long legs, arms and fingers, joint hyperextensibility, pectus excavatum, lens subluxation and increased risk of aortic dissection.</p>
<p>Marfan Syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.230</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Toxic dose for acetaminophen.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>15-25 grams/day(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>It is a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel or heart.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Aneurysm(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p>Aorta is sharply constricted by a ridge of tissue at or just distal to the ligamentum arteriosum. Constricted segment is made of smooth muscle and elastic fibers that are continuous with the aortic media, and lined by thickened intima. Ductus arteriosus is closed. Proximally, the aortic arch and its vessels are dilated, LV is hypertrophic.</p>
<p>Postductal "adult" coarctation of the aorta(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 387</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>In beta thalassemia, an individual who inherits one abnormal allele (out of 2) has this asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic condition.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>B- Thalassemia minor/trait(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 429</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>An autosomal recessive disorder frequently associated with bronchiectasis and sterility in males.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Kartagener syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 493</p>
<p>Characterized by necrosis of short segments of the tubules, seen in the straight portions of the PCT and TALOH. There is a variety of tubular injuries, associated with proteinaceous casts in the distal tubules and collecting ducts.</p>
<p>Ischemic ATN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 566</p>
<p>Unilateral ovarian tumor composed of sheets or cords of large cleared cells separated by scant fibrous strands. Stroma may contain lymphocytes and occasional granuloma. Usually occur on the 2nd-3rd decade of life.</p>
<p>Dysgerminoma(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 732</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A triangular area in the pharyngeal wall where a Zenker’s diverticulum may develop.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Killian’s triangle(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 586</p>
<p>Green to brown deposits of copper in Descemet membrane in the limbus of the cornea.</p>
<p>Kayser-Fleischer rings (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p656</p>
<p>What is the strongest environmental risk factor for developing Pancreatic Cancer?</p>
<p>Smoking(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Nodular hyperplasia is usually more pronounced in what part/s of the prostate?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Inner (central and transitional) region of the prostate(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 696</p>
<p>Carcinoma of the thyroid usually seen in the elderly. Associated with high mortality rate. These present as bulky masses that typically grow rapidly beyond the thyroid capsule into adjacent neck structures.</p>
<p>Anaplastic carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 771</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These are the most common malignant tumor of bone.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Metastatic tumors (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p818</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Acronym for remembering the histologic features of actinic keratoses.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>”Sunny” SPAINS - solar elastoses (dermal sun damage)P - parakeratosisA - atypia (keratinocytic)I - inflammationN - not full thickness atypia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 850</p>
<p>This is a disease in which amyloidogenic peptides are deposit in the walls of medium- and small-caliber meningeal and cortical vessels, which results in the weakening of the vessel wall and increases the risk of hemorrhage.</p>
<p>Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 863</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hypertrophy or hyperplasia?Cardiomegaly due to hypertension</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hypertrophy Due to increased workload(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Predominant form of leukocyte during the first 6 - 24 hours of inflammation?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Neutrophils(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Maturation and reorganization of fibrous tissue</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Remodeling(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.73</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>1-2mm hemorrhages into skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Petechiae(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.86</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Acute rheumatic fever</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type II(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Carcinoma of squamous cell origin.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Squamous cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Integral component of elastic fibers defective in Marfan Syndrome.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fibrillin 1(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.230</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Antidote for acetaminophen poisoning.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>N-acetylcysteine(TOPNOTCHRobbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>It is a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel or heart.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Aneurysm(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357</p>
<p>There is upper extremity hypertension, due to poor perfusion of the kidneys, but weak pulses and low blood pressure in the lower extremities. Claudication and coldness of the lower extremities also present. Enlarged intercostal and internal mammary arteries due to collateral circulation, seen as rib "notching" on xray.</p>
<p>Postductal coarctation of the aorta (without a PDA)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 388</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Individuals with B-thalassemia who inherit two abnormal alleles, with severe anemia requiring regular blood tranfusions.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>B- Thalassemia major(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 429</p>
<p>Refers to a pulmonary disorder of unknown etiology characterized patchy interstitial fibrosis. Grossly, pleural surfaces of the lung have the appearance of cobblestones because of retraction scars along the interlobular septa.</p>
<p>Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 495</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>ATN characterized by necrosis and injury of the PCT with sparing of the tubular membranes.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Toxic ATN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 566</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Unilateral ovarian tumor which occur during the 1st 3 decades of life. Characterized by small, hemorrhagic focus with syncitiothrophoblast and cytotrophoblast. Metastasize early.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Choriocarcinoma(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 732</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Protrusion of the stomach above the diaphragm, creating a bell-shaped dilation, bounded below by the diaphragmatic narrowing.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sliding hernia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 586</p>
<p>Excessive copper deposition in the liver causing hepatic changes ranging from mild fatty change to massive liver necrosis. In the brain, injury affects the basal ganglia, demonstrating atrophy and cavitation. Kayser-Fleischer rings are characteristic.</p>
<p>Wilson disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p655</p>
<p>What are the two characteristic features of Pancreatic Cancer?</p>
<p>Highly invasive and it elicits an intense non neoplastic host reaction called a desmoplastic response(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Composed of proliferating prostatic glandular elements and fibromuscular stroma. The glandular lumina often contain inspissated, proteinaceous secretory material, termed corpora amylacea.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Nodular Hyperplasia of the Prostate (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 697</p>
<p>A solitary lesion of the parathyroid gland which are composed predominantly of chief cells almost invariably confined to a single gland. A rim of compressed, non-neoplastic parathyroid tissue, generally separated by a fibrous capsule, is often visible at the edge of the adenoma.</p>
<p>Parathyroid adenoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 773</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pathways of metastasis to the bone.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>1) direct extension, (2) lymphatic or hematogenous dissemination, (3) intraspinal seeding(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p818</p>
<p>A common tumor arising on sun-exposed sites in older people, with higher incidence in women. Arise from prior actinic keratoses. Characterized by highly anaplastic, rounded cells with foci of necrosis and only abortive, single-cell keratinization (dyskeratosis). </p>
<p>Squamous cell carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 851</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hemorrhages associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) are called due to involvement of the cerebral hemispheres?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Lobar hemorrhages(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 863</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most common exogenous pigment?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Carbon(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Predominant form of leukocyte during 24-48 hrs after the onset of inflammation?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Monocytes(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>The pink, soft, granular tissue seen beneath the scab of a skin wound.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Granulation tissue(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.73</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>3-5mm hemorrhages which can occur with trauma, vascular inflammation, or increased vascular fragility.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Purpura(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.86</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Poststreptococcal glumerulonephritis</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type III(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Benign or malignant?Lymphoma</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fibrillin 1 is encoded by what gene?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>FBN1 gene (chromosome 15q21)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.230</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Manifested by headache, dizziness, tinnitus, difficulty of hearing, mental confusion, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, with CNS changes that can progress to convulsions and coma.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Salicylism(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Aneurysm which involves all three layers of the arterial wall, or the attenuated wall of the heart.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>True aneurysm(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Left-to-right or Right-to-Left shunt?Atrial septal defect</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Left-to-right(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 388</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Red cells with a central, dark-red puddle due to collection of hemoglobin. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Target cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 430</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A thrombus that lodges astride a pulmonary artery bifurcation, which causes pulmonary hypertension, which can lead to hypoxia and cor pulmonale.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Saddle embolus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 505</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Phase of ATN lasting about 36 hrs, dominated by the inciting medical, surgical or obstetric event. Slight decline in renal output and a rise in serum creatinine.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Initiation phase(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 566</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sex cord tumor seen most commonly in postmenopausal women. Lesions may be tiny or large, gray to yellow (with cystic spaces). Produce large amounts of estrogen. (+) Call-Exner bodies</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Granulosa-thecal cell tumor(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 732</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hernia wherein a portion of the stomach, usually along the greater curvature, enters the thorax through the widened space between the muscular crura. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Paraesophgeal (rolling) hernia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 586</p>
<p>Hepatocytes with round to oval cytoplasmic globular inclusions which are strongly positive in a periodic acid-Schiff stain. By electron microscopy they lie within smooth, and sometimes rough, endoplasmic reticulum.</p>
<p>Alpha-1 antitrypsin Deficiency(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p657</p>
<p>Where do Pancreatic cancers usually metastasize?</p>
<p>Lungs and bones(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Major hormonal stimulus for proliferation in nodular hyperplasia of the prostate.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;> DHT (Dihydrotestosterone)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 698</p>
<p>These tumors of the parathyroid glands are usually firm or hard tumors, adhering to the surrounding tissue as a result of fibrosis or infiltrative growth. May weigh >5 grams. The cytologic features and mitotic activity are variable.</p>
<p>Parathyroid carcinomas (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 773</p>
<p>Characterized by fibrillation and cracking of the articular cartilage matrix, bone eburnation, and bony outgrowths/spurs (osteophytes). Full-thickness portions of the cartilage are lost, and the subchondral bone plate is exposed.</p>
<p>Osteoarthritis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p819</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This is the most common human cancer, which is a slow-growing tumor that rarely metastasizes. tends to occur at sites subject to chronic sun exposure and in lightly pigmented people. h</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Basal cell carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 852</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>The most frequent cause of clinically significant subarachnoid hemorrhage.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Rupture of a saccular (berry) aneurysm(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 866</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>”Wear and Tear pigment”?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Lipofuschin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Substances responsible for leukocyte-induced tissue injury?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Lysosomal enzymes, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Arrange the steps in cutaneous wound healing:A. Formation of granulation tissueB. ECM remodelingC. Inflammation</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>C, A, B(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.72</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>1-2cm subcutaneous hematomas/bruises.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Ecchymoses (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.86</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Polyarteritis nodosa</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type III(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Benign or malignant?Seminoma</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176</p>
<p>A collection of disorders caused by defects in collagen synthesis or structure, characterized by hyperextensible skin and joint hypermobility, rupture of internal organs and poor wound healing.</p>
<p>Ehlers-Danlos SyndromesThere are 6 variants to Ehlers-Danlos (nice to know)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.231</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Adult toxic dose of aspirin.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>10-30 grams(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A breach in the vascular wall leading to an extravascular hematoma that freely communicates with the intravascular space.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>False aneurysm(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Left-to-right or Right-to-Left shunt?TOF</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Right-to-Left(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 388</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Target cells are often seen in this condition.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>B-thalassemia minor(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 430</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most common symptom of pulmonary embolism.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>None, asymptomatic 60-80% of the time.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 506</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Phase of ATN where urine output falls markedly, between 50-400mL/day. Dominated by signs and symptoms of uremia and fluid overload.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Maintenance phase(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 566</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sex cord tumor characterized by solid gray fibrous cells to yellow (lipid-laden) plump thecal cells. Most hormonally inactive. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Thecoma-fibroma tumor(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 732</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Longitudinal tears along the gastroesophageal junction seen in chronic alcoholics after a bout of retching or vomiting.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mallory-Weiss tears(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 586</p>
<p> A rare disease characterized by microvesicular fatty change in the liver and encephalopathy. Microscopy of hepatocellular mitochondria reveals pleomorphic enlargement and electron lucency of the matrices, with disruption of cristae and loss of dense bodies.</p>
<p>Reye syndrome / "mitochondrial hepatopathies" (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p658</p>
<p>This variant of Pancreatic cancer is characterized by formation of zymogen granules and the production of exocrine enzymes including trypsin and lipase`</p>
<p>Acinar cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most common area of the prostate affected by prostatic carcinoma.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Outer (peripheral) glands (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 698</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Inadvertent removal of parathyroids during thyroidectomy.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Surgical ablation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 775</p>
<p>Characterized by a dense neutrophilic infiltrate permeating the synovium and synovial fluid. Long, slender, needle-shaped monosodium urate crystals are frequently found in the cytoplasm of the neutrophils as well as in small clusters in the synovium. </p>
<p>Acute gouty arthritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p821</p>
<p>These tumors present as pearly, smooth-surfaced papules, often containing prominent, dilated subepidermal blood vessels (telangiectasia). The cells have scant cytoplasm, small hyperchromatic nuclei, and a peripheral palisade with clefting from the stroma.</p>
<p>Basal cell carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 852</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A type of vascular malformation which are characterized by of ectatic venous channels. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Venous angiomas (varices) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 868</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pigment produced by tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Melanin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Defective synthesis of CD 18 B-subunit of leukocyte integrins LFA-1 and Mac-1 leading to impaired leukocyte adhesion and migration through endothelium.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.41</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>It consists of a series of steps at which the cell checks for the accuracy of replication and mitosis and instructs itself to proceed to the next step.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cell cycle(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61</p>
<p>It is a consequence of tightly regulated processes that maintain blood in a fluid, clot-free state in normal vessels while inducing the rapid formation of a localized hemostatic plug at the site of vascular injury.</p>
<p>Normal hemostasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.86</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Rheumatoid arthritis</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type IV(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>The extent to which neoplastic cells resemble their normal forebears morphologically and functionally.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Differentiation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176</p>
<p>This autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism is characterized by inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine, strong mousy or musty odor of urine and sweat, decreased pigmentation of hair and skin, eczema, seizures and mental retardation.</p>
<p>Phenylketonuria (PKU)(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mixtures of aspirin and phenacetin, or its active metabolite acetaminophen, when taken over several years can cause tubulointerstitial nephritis and renal papillary necrosis called _______.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Analgesic nephropathy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Arises when blood enters the wall of an artery, as a hematoma dissecting between its layers. Often, but not always aneurysmal in origin.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Arterial dissection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Left-to-right or Right-to-Left shunt?VSD</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Left-to-right(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 388</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>In the PBS of this condition, nucleated red cells (normoblasts) are seen, which reflect underlying erythropoeisis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>B-thalassemia major(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 430</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mean pulmonary pressures reach one-fourth or more of systemic pressures.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pulmonary hypertension(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 506</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Phase of ATN characterized by a steady increase in urine volume, electrolyte imbalance and increased vulnerability to infection. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Recovery(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 566</p>
<p>Sex cord tumor seen as small, gray to yellow-brown, and solid lesions. May resemble development of testis with tubules, or cords and plump pink Sertoli cells. May be masculinizing or defeminizing.</p>
<p>Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 732</p>
<p>Tortuous dilated veins lying within the submucosa of the distal esophagus and proximal stomach due to increased portal pressure, usually due to cirrhosis. May cause massive hemorrhage if ruptured.</p>
<p>Esophageal varices(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 587</p>
<p>A chronic, progressive, and often fatal cholestatic liver disease, characterized by a nonsuppurative destruction of small and medium-sized intrahepatic bile ducts ("florid duct lesion"). On cut surface, the liver is hard, with a finely granular appearance, with extraordinary yellow-green pigmentation.</p>
<p>Primary biliary cirrhosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p659</p>
<p>What is the first symptom of pancreatic cancer?</p>
<p>Pain(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Concentration of this biochemical marker is of great value in monitoring patients after treatment for prostate cancer.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Prostate specific antigen (PSA)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 700</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>An autoimmune disease characterized by progressive destruction of islet β cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type 1 diabetes mellitus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 781</p>
<p>Results from repetitive precipitation of urate crystals during acute attacks. The synovium becomes hyperplastic, fibrotic, and thickened by inflammatory cells, forming a pannus that destroys the underlying cartilage.</p>
<p>Chronic tophaceous arthritis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p821</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This refers to any benign congenital or acquired neoplasm of melanocytes. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Melanocytic nevus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 853</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most common location for berry aneurysms.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Anterior communicating artery in the Circle of WIllis (40%)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 867</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hemoglobin-derived granular pigment that is golden-yellow to brown in color. Accumulates in excess of iron.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hemosiderin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Caused by a defect in fucose metabolism resulting in absence of sialyl-lewis X, the oligosaccharide on leukocytes that binds to selectins on activated endothelium.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 2(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.41</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;> In the cell cycle, this is called the presynthetic growth phase.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>G1(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pathologic form of hemostasis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Thrombosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.86</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Inflammatory bowel disease</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type IV(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This is considered a hallmark of malignancy, which literally means “to form backward”.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Anaplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.177</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This autosomal dominant disorder is caused by a mutation in the gene that specifies the receptor for LDL, impairing the intracellular transport and catabolism of LDL.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Familial hypercholesterolemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.232</p>
<p>This drug of abuse can precipitate lethal arrythmias, hyperpyrexia, seizures, amd respiratory arrest during acute overdose. Causes nasal septal perforation, decrease in lung diffusing capacity in those who inhale smoke and dilated cardiomyopathy during chronic use.</p>
<p>Cocaine or "crack" (cocaine derivative)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 295</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Aneurysms which are spherical outpouchings, involving only a portion of the vessel wall, varying in size from 5-20cm in diameter and often contain thrombi.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Saccular aneurysms(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Left-to-right or Right-to-Left shunt?Eisenmenger syndrome</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Right-to-Left (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 388</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Anemia of beta thalassemia.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Microcytic, hypochromic(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 430</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Encountered in young persons, more commonly in women, marked by fatigue, syncope, dyspnea on exertion, and sometimes chest pain. Cause of increased pulmonary pressures is unknown.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Primary pulmonary hypertension(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 506</p>
<p>Chronic interstitial nephritis associated with renal papillary necrosis. The necrotic papillae appear yellowish-brown, showing coagulative necrosis associated with loss of cellular detail with preservation of tubular outlines. </p>
<p>Analgesic nephropathy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 564</p>
<p>On transection, filled with sebaceous secretion and matted hair, bonw and cartilage, nests of bronchial or gastrointestinal epithelium, and other recognizable lines of development are also present.</p>
<p>Benign (Mature) Cystic Teratomas / Dermoid Cyst(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 733</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Presence of eosinophils in the epithelial layer, basal zone hyperplasia and elongation of lamina propria papillae are histologic findings in this condition.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Reflux esophagitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 588</p>
<p>A chronic cholestatic disorder, characterized by progressive fibrosis and destruction of extrahepatic and large intrahepatic bile ducts. Affected portal tracts show concentric periductal "onion-skin" fibrosis and a modest lymphocytic infiltrate. Progressive atrophy of the bile duct epithelium leads to obliteration of the lumen, leaving behind a solid, cordlike fibrous scar. </p>
<p>Primary sclerosing cholangitis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p660</p>
<p>These structures are formed by the walling off of areas of peripancreatic hemorrhagic fat necrosis with fibrous tissue and are usually composed of central necrotic hemorrhagic material rich in pancreatic enzymes surrounded by non epithelial lined fbrous walls of granulation tissue</p>
<p>Pseudocyts(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p>A commonly used method for grading prostatic carcinoma, which is based on features such as the degree of glandular differentiation, the architecture of the neoplastic glands, nuclear anaplasia, and mitotic activity.</p>
<p>Gleason system(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 700</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Caused by a combination of peripheral resistance to insulin action and an inadequate compensatory response of insulin secretion by the pancreatic β cells.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type 2 diabetes mellitus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 781</p>
<p>Formed by large aggregations of urate crystals surrounded by an intense inflammatory reaction of lymphocytes, macrophages, and foreign-body giant cells, attempting to engulf the masses of crystals. Pathognomonic feature of gout. </p>
<p>Tophi (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p821</p>
<p>These are large nevi and may occur as hundreds of lesions on the body surface. They are flat macules to slightly raised plaques, with a "pebbly" surface. Considered as a marker of melanoma risk.</p>
<p>Dysplastic nevi(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 854</p>
<p>The involved vessels in this condition resemble a tangled network of wormlike vascular channels. Microscopically, they are enlarged blood vessels separated by gliotic tissue, often with evidence of prior hemorrhage. </p>
<p>Arteriovenous malformations (AVM)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 868</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Histochemical reaction used to identify hemosiderin.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Prussian blue test(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Results from a defect in the protein involved in membrane docking and fusion.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Chediak-Higashi syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.41</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>In the cell cycle, this is also called the premitotic growth phase.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>G2(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>It occurs after an initial injury, as a result of reflex neurogenic mechanisms.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Arteriolar vasoconstriction(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.86</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Tuberculin reaction</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type IV(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These cells display marked pleomorphism, nuclei are variable and bizzare in size and shape. Chromatin is course and clumped. Mitoses are often numerous and distinctly atypical.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Anaplastic cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.177</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Enzyme deficient in classic PKU.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.234</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Addictive opiod derived from the poppy plant which can cause euphoria, hallucinations, somnolence, sedation, and increased risk of sudden death.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Heroin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 296</p>
<p>Aneurysms which involve diffuse, circumferential dilation of a long vascular segment, varies in diameter and length, and can involve extensive portions of the aortic arch, abdominal aorta,and iliacs.</p>
<p>Fusiform aneurysms(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Left-to-right or Right-to-Left shunt?Transposition of great arteries</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Right-to-Left(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 388</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Disease caused by deletion of 3 alpha globin genes.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hemoglobin H disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 431</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Clinical features of this disease reflect the underlying disease, with accentuation of respiratory insufficiency and right-sided heart strain. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Secondary pulmonary hypertension(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 507</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>T-cell mediated immune reaction of the kidneys to an offending agent, characterized by interstitial inflammation, with abundant eosinophils and edema.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Drug-induced interstitial nephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 564</p>
<p>Microscopically, the distinguishing feature is a variety of immature or barely recognizable areas of differentiation toward cartilage, bone, muscle, nerve, and other structures. Found early in life.</p>
<p>Immature Malignant Teratomas (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 733</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Defined as the replacement of the normal distal stratified squamous mucosa by metaplastic columnar epithelium containing goblet cells. A complication of long-standing GERD.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Barrett esophagus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 591</p>
<p>Liver is slightly enlarged, tense, and cyanotic, with rounded edges. Microscopically, there is congestion of centrilobular sinusoids. With time, centrilobular hepatocytes become atrophic, resulting in markedly attenuated liver cell cords. Liver fibrosis mostly "centrilobular".</p>
<p>Passive congestion of the liver secondary to right-sided heart failure.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p660</p>
<p>These kinds of cyst account for 75% of cysts seen in the pancreas</p>
<p>pseudocyts(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p>A chronic venereal infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum, whose fundamental microscopic lesion is a proliferative endarteritis and an accompanying inflammatory infiltrate rich in plasma cells.</p>
<p>Syphilis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 702</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Vascular lesion associated with hypertension, which is more prevalent in diabetics.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hyaline arteriolosclerosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 781</p>
<p>Refers to multiple different renal complications associated with urate deposition, variously forming medullary tophi, intratubular precipitations, or free uric acid crystals and renal calculi.</p>
<p>Gouty nephropathy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p821</p>
<p>This cancer of the skin may develop from a dysplastic nevus, and results from excessive sun exposure. Malignant cells have large nuclei with irregular contours having chromatin characteristically clumped at the periphery of the nuclear membrane and prominent eosinophilic nucleoli often described as "cherry red". Has both radial and vertical growth phases. </p>
<p>Melanoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 855</p>
<p>This is an inflammatory disorder that involves multiple small to medium-sized parenchymal and subarachnoid vessels and is characterized by chronic inflammation, multinucleated giant cells and destruction of the vessel wall. Affected individuals manifest a diffuse encephalopathic clinical picture, often with cognitive dysfunction; improvement occurs with steroid and immunosuppressive treatment. </p>
<p>Primary angiitis of the CNS (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 868</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Abnormal calcium deposition occuring in the absence of calcium metabolic derangements.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Dystrophic calcification.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>NADPH deficiency or defect resulting in decreased oxidative burst.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Chronic Granulomatous Disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.42</p>
<p>These steps in the cell cycle prevents DNA replication or mitosis of damaged cells and either transiently stop the cell cycle to allow repair, or eliminate irreversibly damaged cells by apoptosis.</p>
<p>Checkpoint control(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A potent endothelium-derived vasocontrictor.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Endothelin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.86</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Reactive arthritis</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type III(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This term is defined by disorderly but non-neoplastic proliferation of cells, described as a loss in uniformity of individual cells and in their architectural orientation.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Dysplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.178</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>An autosomal recessive disorder of galactose metabolism characterized by jaundice, liver damage, cataracts, neural damage, vomiting and diarrhea.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Galactosemia(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Drug made from the leaves of Cannabis sativa plant which can cause distortion of sensory perception and impairs motor coordination.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Marijuana(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 297</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Two most important causes of aortic aneurysms.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>AtherosclerosisCystic medial degeneration of the arterial media(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A condition wherein ischemia causes pain but is insufficient to lead to death of myocardium.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Angina pectoris(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Condition caused by deletion of 1 alpha globin gene.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Silent carrier(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 431</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pneumonia with a patchy distribution of inflammation involving more than one lobe.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Bronchopneumonia(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p>Renal changes in benign hypertension, associated with hyaline arteriolosclerosis, appearing as homogenous, pink hyaline thickening of arterial walls. Larger blood vessels show fibroelastc hyperplasia.</p>
<p>Benign nephrosclerosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 566</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Tumor of the ovary composed entirely of mature thyroid tissue. May hyperfunction and produce hyperthyroidism. Appear as small, solid, unilateral brown ovarian masses</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;> Struma ovarii (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 733</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Esophageal lesion at risk of developing adenocarcinoma:Reflux esophagitis or Barrett esophagus?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Barrett esophagus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 589</p>
<p>Hepatocytes in the central region of the lobule undergo ischemic necrosis. The liver takes on a variegated mottled appearance, reflecting hemorrhage and necrosis in the centrilobular regions, alternating with pale midzonal areas, known traditionally as the "nutmeg" liver.</p>
<p>Passive congestion of the liver secondary to left-sided heart failure.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p661</p>
<p>Gross morphology: extensive parenchymal necrosis accompanied by diffuse hemorrhage within the substance of the gland</p>
<p>Hemorrhagic pancreatitis(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p>An irregular, firm mass of necrotic tissue surrounded by resilient connective tissue. Contains a central zone of coagulation necrosis surrounded by a mixed inflammatory infiltrate composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells, epithelioid cells, giant cells, and a peripheral zone of dense fibrous tissue. Seen in tertiary syphilis.</p>
<p>Gumma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 702</p>
<p>A diffuse increase in mesangial matrix along with mesangial cell proliferation and is always associated with basement membrane thickening of the glomerulus. Seen in patients with diabetes mellitus.</p>
<p>Diffuse mesangial sclerosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 783</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Also known as chondrocalcinosis or-more formally-calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease. The crystals are weakly birefringent, rhomboid in shape with blunted ends.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pseudogout (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p823</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This determines the biologic behavior of melanomas.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Nature and extent of the vertical growth phase (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 857</p>
<p>A type of vascular malformation which are characterized by microscopic foci of dilated, thin-walled vascular channels separated by relatively normal brain parenchyma and occurring most frequently in the pons.</p>
<p>Capillary telangiectasias(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 868</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Calcium deposition in normal tissues occuring in the presence of hypercalcemia.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Metastatic calcification (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26</p>
<p>Type of acute inflammation characterized by the outpouring of watery, relatively protein-poor fluid derived from the serum or endothelial lining of peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.</p>
<p>Serous inflammation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.43</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>These enzymes promote DNA replication and various aspects of mitosis. They are required for cell cycle progression. Forms complexes with cyclin.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cyclin-deoendent kinases (CDK)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Receptors responsible for platelet adhesion.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>GpIb receptors- plateletVon Willebrand factor - endothelium(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.88</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Graves disease</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type II(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Defined as dysplactic changes which involve the entire thickness of the epithelium.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Carcinoma -in - situ(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.178</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Deficiency of this enzyme can also cause symptoms of phenylketonuria due to decreased synthesis of a cofactor in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Dihydrobiopteridine reductase (DHPR)Enzyme responsible for the reduction of Dihydrobiopterin (BH2) to Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4).(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.234</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Psychoactive substance found in marijuana.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Delta 9- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)(TOPNOTCHRobbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 297</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Infection of a major artery that causes weakness to its wall.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mycotic aneurysm(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A condition wherein ischemia causes pain but is insufficient to lead to death of myocardium.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Angina pectoris(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 388</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Condition caused by deletion of 2 alpha globin genes.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Alpha thalassemia trait(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 431</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pneumonia with a patchy distribution of inflammation involving more than one lobe.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Bronchopneumonia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 509</p>
<p>Acute renal injury assiciated with malignant hypertension. The kidneys show small, pinpoint petechial hemorrhages, "flea-bitten" appearance. Concentric arrangement of cells, described as "onion-skin" lesions cause marked narrowing of arterioles and small arteries.</p>
<p>Malignant nephrosclerosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 567</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A voluminous mass of swollen, sometimes cystically dilated, chorionic villi, appearing grossly as grapelike structures.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hydatidiform Mole (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 735</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus commonly occur at which segment of the esophagus?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Proximal 2/3 of the esophagusAdenocarcinoma- distal 1/3(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 591</p>
<p>A rare condition wherein there is primary dilation of sinusoids, impeding hepatic blood efflux. Associated with exposure to anabolic steroids, OCP's and danazol.</p>
<p>Peliosis hepatis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p661</p>
<p>Morphology: Pancreas shows region of fat necrosis and focal pancreatic parenchymal necrosis</p>
<p>Acute pancreatitis(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This stage of syphilis is characterized by the presence of an indurated chancre at the site of initial inoculation, associated with painless regional lymphadenopathy.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Primary Syphilis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 702</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A glomerular lesion made distinctive by ball-like deposits of a laminated matrix situated in the periphery of the glomerulus .</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Nodular glomerulosclerosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 783</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Main causative agent of suppurative arthritis in children under 2 years old.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Haemophilus influenzae(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p824</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>What is the most common type of all autoimmune blistering disordering of the skin (pemphigus)?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pemphigus Vulgaris(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Injury which may occur from collision of the brain with the skull opposite the site of impact.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Contrecoup injury(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 868</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Grossly seen as fine white granules or clumps, often felt as gritty deposits. Histologically, intra/extracellular basophilic deposits.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Calcium salts(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.27</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fluid in a serous cavity is called ______.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Effusion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.43</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This cytokine is released from activated macrophages, and is mitogenic for keratinocytes and fibroblasts. It also stimulates keratinocyte migration and granulation tissue formation.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Deficiency of GpIb receptors.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Bernard-Soulier syndrome(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Acute rheumatic fever</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type II(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>True or false?Dysplasia always progress to cancer.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>False(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.178</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Enzyme deficient in galactosemia.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.235</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mechanism of action of aspirin.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Irreversibly blocks the enzyme cyclooxygenase.(TOPNOTCHRobbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 297</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This disease can more commonly affects men >50 years old. Lesion usually positioned below the renal arteries and above the aortic bifurcation. Can be saccular or fusiform.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 358</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A condition wherein the severity or duration of ischemia is enough to cause cardiac muscle death.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Acute Myocardial Infarction(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 388</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Condition caused by deletion of all four alpha globin genes.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hydrops fetalis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 429</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Four stages of pneumococcal pneumonia.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Congestion, red hepatization, gray hepatization, resolution(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 510</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Characterized by widespread thrombosis and presence of fibrin thrombi in glomeruli and small vessels resulting in acute renal failure. Consequence of childhood HUS and TTP. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Thrombotic microangiopathies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 568</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This type of H. mole shows hydropic swelling of chorionic villi and virtual absence of vascularization of villi. No fetal parts seen. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Complete mole (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 736</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most common symptoms of esophageal cancer.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Dysphagia and odynophagia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 591</p>
<p>Results from the thrombosis of two or more major hepatic veins and is characterized by hepatomegaly, weight gain, ascites, and abdominal pain. The liver is swollen, is red-purple, and has a tense capsule. The affected hepatic parenchyma reveals severe centrilobular congestion and necrosis.</p>
<p>Budd-Chiari syndrome (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p662</p>
<p>What is the most important triggering event in acute pancreatitis?</p>
<p>Activation of trypsinogen and subsequent autodigestion of the pancreatic substances(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Both nontreponemal and antitreponemal antibody tests are strongly positive in virtually all cases of this stage of syphilis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Secondary syphilis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 702</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>The ball-like deposit seen in nodular glomerulosclerosis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 783</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Main causative agent of suppurative arthritis in older children and adults.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Staphylococcus aureus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p824</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Histologically, what is the most common denominator in all forms of pemphigus?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Acantholysis (TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Minute aneurysms in vessels that are less than 300 μm in diameter, associated with chronic hypertension.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 868</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A result of a progressive decline in the proliferative capacity and lifespan of cells.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cellular aging(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.29</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This type of inflmmation results from greater vascular permeability that allows larger molecules to pass the endothelial barrier. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fibrinous inflammation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.44</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This cytokine increases vascular permeability and is mitogenic for endothelial cells.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.71</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Deficiency of GpIb receptors.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Bernard-Soulier syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.88</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Myasthenia gravis</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type II(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>True or false?Lack of capsule in a neoplastic growth indicates malignancy.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>FalseSome benign tumors are not encapsulated.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.179</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Lysosomal storage disease due to deficiency of glucosylceramidase.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Gaucher disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.236</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A wound produced by scraping or rubbing resulting in removal of superficial layer of the skin.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Abrasion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 298</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Abdominal aortic aneurysm characterized by dense periaortic fibrosis containing abundant lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate with manybmacrophages and often giant cells.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Inflammatory AAA(TOPNOTCHRobbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 358</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This refers to progressive cardiac decompensation (heart failure) following myocardial infarction.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 388</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Precipitates of denatured globin seen in RBC’s.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Heinz bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 432</p>
<p>Affected areas are red-blue, congested and subcrepitant. Inflammatory reaction is largely confined within the walls of the alveoli. Septa widened and edematous, with mononuclear infiltrates of lymphocytes, histiocytes and plasma cells. Alveolar spaces are free of cellular exudate.</p>
<p>Atypical pneumonia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 513</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>One of the main causes of acute renal failure in children.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 568</p>
<p>This type of H. mole shows villous edema that involves only some of the villi and the trophoblastic proliferation is focal and slight, with characteristic irregular scalloped margin. Fetal parts/embryo may be seen.</p>
<p>Partial mole(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 736</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mucin-producing glandular tumors of the distal esophagus showing intestinal-type features.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 591</p>
<p>Caused by toxic injury to sinusoidal endothelium. Damaged endothelial cells slough off and create emboli that block blood flow. Accompanied by passage of red blood cell into the space of Disse, proliferation of stellate cells, and fibrosis of terminal branches of the hepatic vein.</p>
<p>Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p662</p>
<p>In males this is manifested most often as a purulent urethral discharge, associated with an edematous, congested urethral meatus. Gram stain of urethral discharge, demonstrates the characteristic gram-negative, intracellular diplococci.</p>
<p>Gonorrhea (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 705</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A special pattern of acute pyelonephritis seen more often in diabetics.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Necrotizing papillitis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 784</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Main causative agent of suppurative arthritis in late adolescence and young adulthood.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Neisseria gonorrhea(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p824</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Morphology: Subepidermal nonacantholytic blisters</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Bullous Pemphigoid (TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p>This leads to accumulation of arterial blood between the dura and the skull. The expanding hematoma has a smooth inner contour that compresses the brain surface. Clinically, patients may experience a lucid interval between the moment of trauma and development of neurologic symptoms.</p>
<p>Epidural Hematoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 870</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Appears as round or oval masses with intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm, nuclei with various stages of chromatin condensation and aggregation, karyorrhexis.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Apoptotic cell(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.20</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Histologically, appears as an eosinophilic meshwork of threads or sometimes an amorphous coagulum.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fibrinous inflammation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.44</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pattern of extracellular signaling wherein the target cell is itself. </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Autocrine(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Deficiency of GpIIb-IIIa receptors.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Glanzmann thrombasthenia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.88</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Insulin resistant DM</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type II (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This term describes the development of secondary implants discontinuous with the primary tumor, in remote tissues.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Metastasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.179</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Lysosomal storage disease due to deficiency of B-Hexosaminidase A.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Tay-Sachs disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.236</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A wound usually produced by a blunt object, characterized by damage to blood vessels and extravasation of blood into tissues.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Contusion (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 298</p>
<p>Atherosclerotic lesions infected by lodging of circulating microorganisms in the wall, particularly in the setting of bacteremia from a Salmonella gastroenteritis. Suppuration further destroys the media, potentiating rapid dilation and rupture.</p>
<p>Mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysm(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 358</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This can result from a lethal arrythmia following myocardial ischemia.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sudden Cardiac Death(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 388</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Heinz bodies are seen in the blood smear of this condition.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>G6PD Deficiency(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 432</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A localized area of suppurative necrosis within the pulmonary parenchyma, resulting in the formation of one or more large cavities.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Lung abscess(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 515</p>
<p>Innocuous lesions of the kidney, 1-5cm in diameter, translucent, lined by a gray, glistening, smooth membrane, filled with clear fluid. Composed of a single layer of cuboidal or flattened cuboidal epithelium, usually confined to the cortex.</p>
<p>Simple renal cyst(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 569</p>
<p>These are complete moles that are more invasive locally but do not metastasize. Microscopically, the epithelium of the villi is marked by hyperplastic and atypical changes, with proliferation of both cuboidal and syncytial components. </p>
<p>Invasive Mole (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 736</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Presence of chronic inflammatory changes in the mucosa of the stomach eventually leading to mucosal atrophy and epithelial metaplasia.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Chronic gastritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 592</p>
<p>Well-demarcated but poorly encapsulated lesion, consisting of hyperplastic hepatocyte nodules with a central fibrous scar. Appears in noncirrhotic livers and may reach up to many centimeters in diameter. It occurs in response to local vascular injury.</p>
<p>Focal nodular hyperplasia (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p664</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A gram-negative intracellular bacterium that causes a disease that is clinically indistinguishable from gonorrhea in both men and in women.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Chlamydia trachomatis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 707</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most common pancreatic endocrine neoplasms.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>β-cell tumors (insulinomas) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 788</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Individuals with sickle cell disease are prone to developing osteomyelitis and suppurative arthritis caused by this agent.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Salmonella(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p824</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Morphology: Suprabasal acantholytic blister</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pemphigus Vulgaris (TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p>This is an inflammatory disorder that involves multiple small to medium-sized parenchymal and subarachnoid vessels and is characterized by chronic inflammation, multinucleated giant cells and destruction of the vessel wall. Affected individuals manifest a diffuse encephalopathic clinical picture, often with cognitive dysfunction; improvement occurs with steroid and immunosuppressive treatment. </p>
<p>Primary angiitis of the CNS (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 868</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Membrane bound vesicles of cytosol and organelles quickly extruded and phagocytosed without eliciting inflammatory response.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Apoptotic bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.20</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>This type of inflammation is manifested by the presence of large amounts of purulent exudate consisting of neutrophils, necrotic cells, and edema fluid.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Suppurative (purulent) inflammation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.44</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pattern of extracellular signaling wherein the target cell is adjacent to the secretory cell.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Paracrine(TOPNOTCH)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Deficiency of Factor VIII.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Von Willebrand Disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.88</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Pernicious anemia</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type II(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Next to metastasis, this is the most reliable feature that distinguishes malignant from benign tumors.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Local invasiveness(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.179</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Lysosomal storage disease due to deficiency of a-Galactosidase A.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fabry disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.236</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>A tear or disruptive stretching of tissue caused by the application of force by a blunt object, causing jagged and irregular edges to the skin.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Laceration(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 298</p>
<p>Small blood vessels and vasa vasorum show luminal narrowing and obliteration (obliterative endarteritis), scarring of the vessel wall and a dense surrounding rim of lymphocytes and plasma cells that may extend into the media. Characteristic of the tertiary stage of syphilis.</p>
<p>Syphilitic aortitis(TOPNOTCHRobbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 359</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>How many percent should the lumen of a blood vessel be obstructed for it to be symptomatic, in the setting of increased demand?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>70-75% (critical stenosis)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 389</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Bite cells are seen in ________.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>G6PD Deficiency(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 432</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pulmonary abscess resulting from aspiration of infective material are much more common on the left or right side?</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Right side since it’s shorter and more vertical.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 515</p>
<p>Autosomal dominant. Kidneys are enlarged, composed solely of cysts without intervening parenchyma. Cysts are filled with clear or turbid fluid. Cysts may arise at any level of the nephron, with variable, often atrophic lining. </p>
<p>Adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 569</p>
<p>Appear as very hemorrhagic, necrotic masses within the uterus. The tumor is purely epithelial, composed of anaplastic cuboidal cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast, chorionic villi are not formed. High propensity for metastasis. </p>
<p>Choriocarcinoma (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 737</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Most important etiologic association with chronic gastritis. A non-invasive, non-spore forming S-shaped gram negative rod.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Helicobacter pylori(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 592</p>
<p>These appear in cirrhotic livers, are larger than surrounding cirrhotic nodules but do not display atypical features. Contains more than one portal tract, have an intact reticulin framework, and do not seem to be precursors of malignant lesions.</p>
<p>Macroregenerative nodules (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p664</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>C. trachomatis infection causing a triad of reactive arthritis, conjunctivitis and generalized mucocutaneous lesions.</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Reiter syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 707</p>
