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Health Sciences Revision > Topics for UniReady Exam > Flashcards

Topics for UniReady Exam Flashcards

1
Q

List and describe the different types of muscle within the human body

A

2 overall types/classifications of muscles in the human body: non-striated and striated.

Non-striated (striped) – smooth muscle which lines the digestive system, contracts gently to digest food in the digestive system. Controlled unconsciously and an involuntary muscle.

Striated (striped) – muscle describing the pattern of muscle cells that overlap. Dark lines showing how myofiber is working its arrangement can be visually seen microscopically. Cardiac muscle is a striated muscle.

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2
Q

Outline the structure of skeletal muscle.

A

This muscle is attached to the bones, and initiates muscle control when it is contracted and it is controlled consciously.

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3
Q

Explain the difference between concentric, eccentric and isometric muscular actions

A

Actin – thin filament which includes other proteins that were wrapped around

Myosin – thick filament with globular heads at one end

Sarcomeres – smallest functional units of a muscle.

Examples of these movements
CC = biceps brachii contracting the forearm is pulled up to the upper arm, producing the joint action elbow flexion

EC = Lowering the forearm after a workout with your upper arm.

IC = standing to sitting down

Concentric – actin and myosin (both filaments) are working together to shorten the length of the muscle. Therefore, the distance from the start of where the muscle is inserted are being pulled together hence, forming a movement.

Eccentric – both filaments are sliding BUT its smallest functional units are a bit longer. Meaning that we are 30% more stronger when we eccentrically move

Isometric (EQUAL LENGTH, muscles are not changing length) – it is where both muscular actions when a muscle is contracting but the movement is not being shown. Myosin grips the actin however their smallest functional units NEVER change their length.

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4
Q

Why muscles are named the way they are?

A

6 Reasons why:

  1. Shape (eg: Trapezius or Deltoid)
  2. How fibres run in the muscle
  3. The Location in our body
  4. How many heads the muscle has or how many muscles they make up
  5. Their relative position
  6. The size or the length of that muscle
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5
Q

Describe the 4 functions of muscles

A
  1. Allowing movement – contracting muscles = bones are pulled forming movement
  2. Maintaining our posture = gravity ‘pulling us down’ that impact every movement from standing to sitting
  3. Stabilise Joints – muscles acting through tendons and Ligament formation through the bones adds stability to maintain position
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6
Q

• State the functions of cells.

A

Cells – containing small structures (organelles) and units of all living organism formed from carbon, oxygen and nitrogen.

They perform among all structures (tissues and organs) and they communicate and form functional units

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7
Q

• What are the key components (organelles) found in a cell?

A

a. Nucleus
b. Ribosome
c. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
d. Golgi Apparatus
e. Cell Membrane
f. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
g. Mitochondria

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8
Q

• Describe the structure of a cell membrane. How does this enable it to control what enters and leaves the cell?

A
  1. This is where all the organelles are in place and selects nutrients and excretes wastes from each cell
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9
Q

• State two similarities and one difference between osmosis and diffusion.

A
  1. Osmosis – when liquid substance enters or leaves in a cell by diffusion (aka passive membrane transport system)
  2. Diffusion – passive transport mechanism where an element will flow down from the area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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10
Q

• For each stage of the cell cyle, write a summary sentence/dot point to describe what occurs in each stage.

A

Cell Cycle – how the cell is being operated and changes over time and it is formed until it is separated to two stages: interphase (cells prepare to divide) and cell division (cell reproduction)

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11
Q

• What are the 4 stages of mitosis? Write a summary sentence/dot point to describe what occurs in each stage.

A

Mitosis = 4 stages:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase.

By the end of the cycle the DNA that was duplicated will split into two DNA cells – each has its own nucleus at the center of each cell

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12
Q

• Briefly outline how the Cardiovascular System (CVS) delivers oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body.

A
  • This is where heart, arteries and other vessels pumps and supplies blood around the body.
  • It transports nutrients, waste products throughout our body
  • Plays an important role in our immune system and regulate body temperature
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13
Q

• Distinguish between systemic and pulmonary systems

A

Systemic – Blood enters the right atrium from there. Returning all deoxygenated blood from all the tissues of the body.

Pulmonary – Blood now travels to the lungs to give their oxygen. Entering in the left atrium, left ventricle, aorta to the rest of the body.

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14
Q

• Describe how blood flows through each part of the heart and around the body. Start at the Superior and Inferior Vena cava

A

Blood Vessels:
Superior Vena Cava = receiving deoxygenated blood from head to the upper body.

Inferior Vena Cava = returns blood to the heart from the lower body.

THESE are veins and they are both empty to the RIGHT atrium

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15
Q

• State two structural and one functional difference between veins and arteries.

A

Veins – No need to be elastic however it must have valves to prevent back flow and manage flow of blood (ONLY ONE WAY)

Arteries – must provide elasticity to cope higher amounts of blood.

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16
Q

• Define blood pressure and state the normal levels.

A

Blood Pressure – pressure of the blood in the arteries while heart is pumping around the body.

Normal Blood Pressure must have less than 120 (Systolic mm HG) to Less than 80 (Diastolic mm Hg)

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17
Q

• State the functions of blood.

A
  1. Blood transports diffused gases bringing oxygen from the lungs to tissues that carry Carbon Dioxide back to the lungs
  2. Fights against germs and toxins
  3. Manages body temperature by absorbing and giving heat temperature.
  4. Excretes metabolic waste.
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18
Q

• Understand the compositions of whole blood and plasma.

A

Plasma – liquid component of the blood. Slightly higher density than water. Containing dissolved proteins and other solutes.

Blood also consists of Formed elements like Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, and Platelets.

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19
Q

• List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells (erythrocytes), describe function of haemoglobin

A

Red Blood Cells (RBCs) = Erythrocytes
Characteristics
• Biconcavity – increases the surface area to diffuse gases efficiently.
• It does not contain Ribosomes, Mitochondria, and a nucleus
• It is red in colour because it contains Haemoglobin

Haemoglobin – tie in with oxygen in the lungs and bringing them to the tissues in our body where they excrete Carbon Dioxide as a waste product.

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20
Q

• List the characteristics and functions of white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes).

A

White Blood Cells (WBCs) = Leukocytes
Characteristics
• They do have a nucleus and other organelles
• Leukocytes – circulate within the blood vessels of the heart and gathered through the peripheral tissues.

Platelets = Thrombocytes
Characteristics
• Cytoplasmic fragments – platelets attach to other molecules in the connective tissue and lives for 5-9 days.
• They do not form a nucleus.
• Playing an important role by the formation of platelet plugs and contracting clots to seal wounds

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21
Q
  1. Describe the four processes of respiration (at least 4 elaborate dot points)
A
  1. ) Ventilation – managing the movement of air coming in or coming out of the lungs.
  2. ) External Respiration - Exchange of Gases between the air in our lungs
  3. ) Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in our blood
  4. ) Internal Respiration – Exchange of gases between blood and tissues.
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22
Q
  1. Briefly describe 5 functions of the respiratory system.
A
  1. ) Blood regulation of pH so the respiratory system can alter blood.
  2. ) Producing ACE enzymes to regulate blood pressure.
  3. ) Speech and voice production – by using vocal folds to make speech possible.
  4. ) Responsible for the sense of smell and protection of microorganisms from entering.
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23
Q
  1. 4 dot points on the structural and functional anatomy of the respiratory system
A

a. Divided into the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract.
b. Passageways – filter, warm, humidify and protecting lower delicates of the respiratory system.
c. Absorbs, heat and water from the outgoing air.

Lower Respiratory Tract are: trachea, broncho and bronchioles and lungs

Upper Respiratory Tract are: nose (from outside), nasal cavity, pharynx (throat) and larynx (voice box)

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24
Q
  1. List the structures of the respiratory system in order the mouth to alveoli.
A

7

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25
Q
  1. What causes gas exchange to occur in the alveoli? (3 dot points)
A

7

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26
Q
  1. Define pulmonary ventilation, expiration and inspiration.
A

Pulmonary Ventilation – is the physical movement of air coming in and coming out onto the respiratory tract. Its responsible for, maintaining adequate alveolar ventilation – movement of air into the alveoli.

Expiration (Exhaling something) – passive process that depends on elasticity of the lungs. This is different when muscles contract.
Inspiration – this is when air is coming through the lungs.

27
Q
  1. What happens to lung volume during inspiration? What does the intercostal and diaphragm do during inspiration?
A

The diaphragm and their outer intercostals, contract hence, it (The Thoracic Activity) is getting bigger.

28
Q
  1. What happens to lung volume during expiration? What does the intercostal and diaphragm do during expiration?
A

As the inspiratory muscles relax and continue their initial resting rate, the rib cage and its diaphragm relaxes and calms down deeply.

29
Q

Describe the functions of the lymphatic system - dot points

A
  1. Fluid Balance – tissues of the body are managed by minute blood capillaries that provide oxygen-rich blood and eliminate carbon dioxide-rich blood
  2. Lipid Absorption – too large to pass through capillary walls in the small intestine, hence it cannot be absorbed.
  3. Immunity and Defence Protection – the main function of our immune system which includes white blood cells. Immunity means defending our body against diseases.
30
Q

List the parts of the lymphatic system.

A

a. Lymph
b. Lymphatic vessels and capillaries
c. Lymphatic tissue
d. Lymphatic Organs

31
Q

Describe the structure of lymphatic vessels

A

Lymphatic Vessels – Thin vessels that include arteries and veins and transport lymph (which is a watery-styled fluid in composition to blood plasma).

32
Q

How lymph is formed and transported? (~100 words)

A

8

33
Q

Describe the function of primary and secondary lymphatic organs (~100 words) - dot points is okay

A

Primary Lymphatic Structures:
• Red Bone Marrow and Thymus play a role in generating lymphocytes. These lymphatic cells, proliferate and contrast each other whilst travelling to B and -T
Secondary Lymphatic Structures:
• Lymph nodes, spleen tonsils. They diffuse lymphatic system

34
Q
  1. A table contrasting the difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
A

Innate Immunity
• Body’s heir of defence against disease infection and inflammation.
• Reacts in a non-specific manner, because the innate system responds to pathogens generically.

Adaptive Immunity
• Describes the body’s audacity to recognise and respond foreign particles and lymphocytes (by B-Cells and T-Cells)

35
Q
  1. Dot points on the key components/players of innate immunity under the following headings - have a sentence or two explaining each component

physical barriers

A

8.2

36
Q
  1. Dot points on the key components/players of innate immunity under the following headings - have a sentence or two explaining each component

chemical mediators

A

8.2

37
Q
  1. Dot points on the key components/players of innate immunity under the following headings - have a sentence or two explaining each component

cellular defences

A

8.2

38
Q
  1. Dot points on the key components/players of adaptive immunity under the following headings - have dot points outlining the key processes under the following headings

antibody-mediated VS cell-mediated immunity

A

8.2

39
Q

Describe the structure (building blocks) of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids and provide two dot points describing their function.

A

Carbohydrates – during digestion they are separated into di- and monosaccharides (which is glucose). Then glucose can then be used to produce energy which also contains presence of Oxygen to yield more energy.

Proteins – coming from dietary sources that are broken down to smaller peptide chains + amino acids used for energy. They are used to make enzymes, hormones and form new structures. This is called anabolism

Lipids – they are ‘not soluble’ in water and they are hard to digest by itself but can still produce energy. They are energy-dense of all macromolecules hence producing the most ATP per molecule.

40
Q

State the locations of the digestive system where chemical digestion occurs.

A

Tngestion –> Propulsion –> Mechanical digestion –> Chemical digestion –> Absorption –> Defecation

Salivary Glands – they are responsible for secreting saliva, hence starting chemical digestion (breakdown) of food.

41
Q

State the locations of the digestive system where mechanical digestion occurs.

A

Muscular Walls of the Stomach – physically churns the bolus. It mixes the bolus with secreted contents and turning them into chyme. It stays for 2-8 hours with Fats staying the longest while carbohydrates and protein do not stay for that long

42
Q

From the mouth to the anus - list all the organs involved in digestion and provide a dot point for each organ outlining the role they play in digestion.

A

All regions extend from the mouth to the anus alongside accessory organs that secrete fluids into the digestive tract this forms a complex interaction between all other human systems otherwise the digestive system will not function.

43
Q

For each lobe of the brain, dot point the associated functions.

A

10

44
Q

Describe the structure, location, and function of the brain stem.

A

10

45
Q

A table of the key structures of a nerve cell and their associated function in nerve impulse conduction.

A

10

46
Q

Discuss the structure and function of grey and white matter (dot points)

A

10

47
Q

Show a flow chart/notes on the components make up the central nervous system (CNS) and PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) & their roles/functions.

A

10

48
Q

What is the difference between a nerve and a neuron?

A

10

49
Q

What’s the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?

A

10

50
Q

Define the following terms: set point and set point range, homeostasis, negative feedback system or loop, positive feedback system or loop

A

11

51
Q

List and locate the major endocrine glands.

A

11

52
Q

Describe the four classes of chemical messengers.

A

11

53
Q

Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands.

A

11

54
Q

List and describe the three stimulatory influences on hormone secretion.

A

11

55
Q

What are the hormones that the anterior pituitary gland releases? What are their target organs and their effects?

A

11

56
Q

What are the hormones that the posterior pituitary gland releases? What are their target organs and their effects?

A

11

57
Q

List the organs of the urinary system.

A

12

58
Q

Describe the main functions of kidneys (dot points)

A

12

59
Q

Describe the structural and the functional anatomy of the nephron (dot points)

A

12

60
Q

Describe the process of urine formation (dot points)

A

12

61
Q

Identify the areas of the nephron that are responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

A

12

62
Q

Describe the function of the kidneys in excretion of nitrogen-containing wastes. (dot points)

A

12

63
Q

Describe the general structure and function of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

A

12

64
Q

Define micturition.

A

12

Health Sciences Revision (2 decks)

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