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Topics Flashcards

1
Q

who classified aged 18-25 as an emerging adult

A

jeffrey arnett

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2
Q

what occurs during ages 18-25 as an emerging adult

A

the parent child relationship is re-evaluated

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3
Q

who came up with the theory of attachment

A

John bowlby

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4
Q

What is the theory of attachment

A

how early experiences in our life influence later adult functioning

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5
Q

what are the types of attachment

A

secure
insecure:
resistant avoidant

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6
Q

define secure attachment

A

having positive internal models to allow emotional regulation ability

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7
Q

what are the stages of attachment

A

0-2 months = pre attachment
2-7 months attachment in the making
7-24 months clear cut attachment
24+ goal orientated attachment

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8
Q

who came up with the sarges of attachment

A

john bowlby

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9
Q

when does stranger anxiety develop

A

10 months

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10
Q

when does separation distress occur

A

12 months

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11
Q

what are the functions of attachment

A

exploration
autonomy
identity

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12
Q

who studies monkeys to see what a child would want

A

harlow and harlow

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13
Q

what did the monkeys in harlow and harlow mostly want

A

comfort

warmth

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of attachment in young children

A

selective
physical proximity seeking
comfort and security
separation distress

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15
Q

who studies different situations in attachment

A

ainsworth

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16
Q

what is insecure avoidant attachment

A

infant avoids connections with caregiver

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17
Q

what is insecure resistant attachment

A

child is upset by mother leaving

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18
Q

who developed the internal working model

A

john bowlby

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19
Q

what is the internal working model

A

relationship with primary care giver becomes a template for your future relationships and how you process the external world

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20
Q

what is DSD

A

Disorder of sexual dysfunction - when the baby’s sex is ambiguous

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21
Q

what are the parental influences on gender identity

A

role models
child parent interactions
gender appropriate toys

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22
Q

when does a child acquire the concept of gender

A

around 2- 3 years

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23
Q

when does a child develop a gender constancy

A

4-5 years

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24
Q

are the differences in cognitive abilities between boys and girls

A

no - similar intelligence and cognitive abilities

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25
Q

what is the gender similarities hypothesis

A

we are more similar that thought but we are given stereotypes

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26
Q

what determines gender

A

parental hormones
development of genitalia
parents assign as female / male

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27
Q

what is cognition

A

mental process by which knowledge is acquired, elaborated, stored, retrieved and used

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28
Q

who came up with the framework of cognitive development

A

paiget

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29
Q

what are the 4 stages of cognitive development

A

sensorimotor
pre-operational (2-7 years)
concrete operational - logical manner
formal operational - basis of adult thinking

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30
Q

when do you develop conservation of mass / volume

A

2-7 the pre=operational stage

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31
Q

what is centration

A

focusing attention on one characters to the exclusion of all others

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32
Q

what is a schema

A

a concept or framework that organises and interprets information

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33
Q

what is assimilation

A

how we use existing schemas to process and interpret new information

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34
Q

what is accommodation

A

when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas

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35
Q

what is IQ

A

intelligence quotient

mental age/chronological age x 100

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36
Q

how is IQ measured

A

WAIS Wechsler adult intelligent scale

verbal and perfomance IQ

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37
Q

what are the new approaches to IQ

A

using emotional intelligence as well or instead

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38
Q

what is comissurotomy

A

split brain operation, often used for epilepsy treatment

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39
Q

What is cerebral lateralisation

A

different sides of the brain are used for different things

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40
Q

what does a proficient user of language have

A

syntax
semantics
phonology
pragmatics

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41
Q

what is phonology

A

the study of the sound system of language

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42
Q

what is semantics

A

meaning of words

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43
Q

what is syntax

A

the logical order of words to make sentences

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44
Q

what is pragmatics

A

the social use of language and its context

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45
Q

when are you pre-linguistic

A

0-12 months

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46
Q

when do babies cry

A

3 - 4 weeks

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47
Q

when do babies coo

A

3-5 weeks

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48
Q

when do babies start babbling

A

3-4 months

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49
Q

what is echolalia

A

repetition of words

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50
Q

when does a child learn the appreciation of meaning of a word

A

8-12 months

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51
Q

when does a child use telegraphic speech and what is it

A

8-24 months

2 word utterances

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52
Q

what are the theories of language acquisition

A

skinner vs chomsky

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53
Q

what does skinner propose for language acquisition

A

language is learnt through progressive reinforcement

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54
Q

what does chomsky assert about language acquisition

A

universal grammar theory

all language is innate and that we have a language acquisition device

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55
Q

what did lenneberg 1976 mean by the innateness hypothesis

A

there is a critical periods where you can learn language and it cannot be learned outside of this period

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56
Q

what is aphasia

A

loss of ability to understand or express speech caused by brain damage

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57
Q

what are the types of aphasia

A

BEA - broca’s expressive aphasia

WRA - wernickes receptive aphasia

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58
Q

what is perception

A

the process of organising and interpreting sensory information

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59
Q

what is adaption effect in perception

A

fading and presence of negative after images as you adapt to a new stimulus

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60
Q

what is the drive from bottom up perception

A

sensory

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61
Q

what us the drive from top down perception

A

driven by knowledge and experience

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62
Q

what is depth perception

A

using binocular perception and monocular cues reflect learning

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63
Q

what is Gesalt or whole perception

A

when an object is viewed individually of its features rather than as a whole being/ mechanism

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64
Q

what is the door perception by Huxley

A

we filter things out to not overwhelm the brain - sensory limitations

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65
Q

what did rosenhan study do

A

being sane in insane places

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66
Q

how do we know where are altered states of consciousness

A

reports of subjective experiences - mind body dualism

subjective vs objective

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67
Q

what is the hard problem of consciousness by chalmers

A

how do we get a objective experience from the brain

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68
Q

what do psychoactive drugs do

A

alter thinking perception and memory

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69
Q

what are the two forms of mediation

A

concentrative

on point

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70
Q

what is hypnosis

A

an altered state of consciousness

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71
Q

what is monitoring in consciousness

A

you have intentional blinds - you only experience what you want to experience

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72
Q

what is the stroop effect

A

reading the words instead of saying the colour - thought suppression

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73
Q

how many people belie that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness

A

40% of people

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74
Q

what is core sleep

A

first 5 hours of sleep

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75
Q

what is additional sleep

A

any time past the first core 5 hours

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76
Q

what is circadian rhythm

A

the biological clock

regular biological rhythms that occur over a 24 hour period

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77
Q

what is ultradian rhythm

A

biological rhythem less than 24 hours

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78
Q

what was the bunker study

A

we had a circadian rhythm of 25 hours

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79
Q

what happens if you don’t get enough sleep

A

2% loss of productivity chronic and immediate health problems

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80
Q

who designed a sleep report

A

mckinsey

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81
Q

do we have a reduction in sleep

A

yes
as well get old we lose more of REM
later in life we lose 3 and 4 stages

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82
Q

what is the mean duration of sleep

A

7.75 hours

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83
Q

which stage of sleep do owe dream and which is more potent

A

we can dream in any stage
2 x more likely to dream in REM
6x longer and more vivid

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84
Q

how many people are affected by insomnia

A

1/3 of total population

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85
Q

what are the three stages of memory

A

encoding
storage
retrieval

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86
Q

who came up with the multi storey memory model

A

baddeleys

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87
Q

what is the multi store model of memory

A

1 sensory store
2 short term
3 long term which has three departments

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88
Q

what is the serial position curve

A

given a list of words where you exhibit the primary and recency effect

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89
Q

what is echoic memory

A

auditory sensory memory

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90
Q

what is iconic memory

A

visual sensory memory

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91
Q

what are the types of long term memory

A

episodic
procedural
semantic

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92
Q

what is episodic memory

A

personal events - autobiographical

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93
Q

what is somatic memory

A

facts and general knowledge

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94
Q

what is procedural memory

A

unconsioucess recall - learned skills etc

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95
Q

what is eidetic memory

A

photographic memory

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96
Q

what is synaethesia

A

sensation from one sense which is perceived by another

using two senses for the same thing

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97
Q

what is hyperthmesia

A

where you can remember everything

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98
Q

what are the types of associative learning

A

classical / operational conditioning

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99
Q

what did skinner believe with associative learning

A

operant conditioning

100
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

learning that a particular stimulus produces a positive action

101
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

a learning where you link two or more stimuli together where you begin to anticipate events

learning through association

102
Q

what is acquisition

A

the phase of classical conditioning when the conditional stimulus and the unconditional stimulus are present together

103
Q

what is spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response

104
Q

what did Garcia and Knelling study

A

learned taste aversions
feeling sick after a previous experience
ie feeling nauseas before chemotherapy

105
Q

what is the law of effect

A

behaviours that are followed by favourable consequences are easier to learn and more likely to occur and vice versa

106
Q

what is primary reinforcement

A

doesn’t require any from of learning - it is unconditioned such as drinking water or eating food

107
Q

what is secondary reinforcement

A

where a stimulus is used to strengthen a set of behaviours through association with primary such as earning money to get food
or a bell before a dog sits

108
Q

what is social reinforcement

A

a smile or acceptance from other from a behaviour or action

109
Q

what is positive reinforcement

A

reinforcing a behaviour with a positive stimulus so it will happen again

such as giving a treat after a dog sits

110
Q

what is negative reinforcement

A

something is removed as a result of bad behaviour so it won’t happen again
ie taking a ps3 away after being naughty

111
Q

what is chaining in operant conditioning

A

complex behaviours first have to be broken into parts and each behaviour is reinforced by the opportunity to do the next

112
Q

what is continuous reinforcement

A

the reinforcement occurs every time

113
Q

what is partial reinforcement

A

reinforcement only occurs some of the time

114
Q

what is fixed partial reinforcement

A

reinforcement occurs after the same amount of time has passed

115
Q

what is variable partial reinforcement

A

different amount of times passes before each reinforcement

116
Q

what is ratio reinforcement

A

reinforcements made after a ratio of correct responses

117
Q

what is interval reinforcement

A

same number of outcomes pass between each reinforcement

118
Q

what is positive punishment

A

adding a stimulus to stop a behaviour from happening

119
Q

what is a negative stimulus

A

removing a stimulus to stop a behaviour from happening

120
Q

what is the looking glass self

A

how we think others see us

121
Q

which domain of self competence is most linked to self esteem

A

physical appearance

122
Q

who came up with the social comparison theory

A

festinger

we compare ourselves to other

123
Q

what is the function of social comparison theory

A

we validate our own attitudes and behaviours based on others

124
Q

what is the lake wobegon effect

A

the tendency to overestimate ones own capability and see your self better than others

125
Q

when do we develop a self-concept

A

visual concept by 2 years

126
Q

what is ego centrism

A

to be concerned above all others by our own values and beliefs

three mountain problem

127
Q

when do we acquire own beliefs and feelings

A

around 4 years

128
Q

what are the there stages of stereotyping

A

identify groups
notice differences
assign features and generalise

129
Q

what is a cognitive miser

A

the tendency for people to always love problems in the easiest way possible despite level of intelligence

130
Q

what is pain

A

unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

131
Q

what are the 5 types of pain

A 
physiological 
sensory 
affective 
cognitive
behavioural
132
Q

what is pain behaviours

A

when we say ouch and hold ourselves

133
Q

who came up with the pain questionnaire

A

mcgill

134
Q

how else can we rate pain

A

faces scales

pain thermometer

135
Q

what is decorates opinion on pain

A

it is a sensory experience reflex

136
Q

who came up with gate control they of pain

A

mezlack and wall

137
Q

what is the gate control theory

A

spinal cord is a gate opened by fast C fibres

closed by stimulation pain beta fibres or reduction of pain stimulus

138
Q

what drives bottom up process of pain

A

sensory stimulation

139
Q

what is TENS

A

pain management

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

140
Q

what is phantom limb pain

A

pain felt in an area that has been amputated

141
Q

who designed the virtual walking

A

moseley

142
Q

what is the virtual walking

A

amputees watch themselves walk and has been shown to reduce pain

143
Q

what are the different durations of pain

A

acute
phasic
chronic

144
Q

what are different pain qualities

A

superficial
deep
referred

145
Q

who studies the himalayan climbers

A

clarke and clarke - had different pain thresholds

146
Q

what is the white coat halo

A

doctors are all knowing and powerful with all the control

147
Q

what did milligram obedience authorities study say

A

nobody disobeys to authority

148
Q

what occurred in the market research meeting, the MHRC encounter

A

there was a rebellion in the groups as it it 1 vs 9

149
Q

what is lateness law of social impact

A

the impact we have is dependant on:
number
strength
immediacy

150
Q

what isa group

A

collection of people with shared features

151
Q

what is group influence

A

the influence that members have on productivity, decisions, attitudes and behaviour

152
Q

what is social facilitation or inhibition

A

working with others can cause distraction

153
Q

what is social loafing

A

people in a group exert less effort than they would individually

154
Q

what is risky shift

A

groups make riskier decisions than an individual would

155
Q

why do we help others

A

cultural norms
social responsibility
reciprocity norm

156
Q

what is conformity

A

constructing and adhering to norms

157
Q

what was the work done by solomon ash

A

who, why, conforms

it is to avoid censure or ridicule

158
Q

what is healthy

A

state of complete physical mental and social well being

159
Q

what is the sick role

A

by parsons

society gives people with a sick role when they have identified and accepted them ill

160
Q

who came up with the common sense model of illness

A

self regulation theory

by levethal et al

161
Q

what are the stages of the common sense model

A

stage one = cognitive representations or emotional representations
stage two - coping
stage three - appraisal

162
Q

what is illness affected by

A 
persistence 
attention 
social mores 
individual differences 
mood 
experience
163
Q

what is adjusting to illness

A

it is a dynamic process after the inter response, you revise and then adapt

164
Q

what is hornes belief about medicine, generally and specifically

A

specific - necessity and concerns

general - harms and overuse

165
Q

why don’t people change their health behaviours

A

habit
motivations
maintenance - punishment/reward
intervention

166
Q

what is the theory of planned behaviours

A

behaviours need to be changes

links belief to behaviour

167
Q

what is the intention behaviour gap

A

people develop explicit decisions to change their behaviour but do not actually do it

168
Q

what is the dual process theory in health

A

deliberate and impulsive

169
Q

what is the hobbit formation theory

A

they are automatically triggered actions formed through repetition

170
Q

what is an impairment

A

a problem in body function or structure due to a physical loss or disease

171
Q

what is the biochemical definition of disability

A

restriction of ability within normal range which leads to a social disadvantage

172
Q

what is the casual pathway in disability

A

the defects cause the disability which causes the social disadvantage

173
Q

what is the social model of disability

A

the barriers in society are what disable those with an impairment

174
Q

what are the barriers to social models

A

environment
attitude
organisations
social barriers

175
Q

what are stereotypes

A

oversimplified widely shared views which can lead to prejudice and discrimination

176
Q

what does the equality act do

A

it protects characteristics

177
Q

what is victimisation

A

to punish or treat someone less favourable

178
Q

what are reasonable adjustments

A

public sector actions to make areas more accessible

179
Q

what is quality of life

A

individuals judgement of overall life experiences of situations, experiences and perceptions

180
Q

what are the 6 domains to QoL

A 
physical health 
psychological 
level of independence 
social relationship 
relation to environment 
personal beliefs
181
Q

what is health related quality of life

A

functional effect of medical condition and its therapy assed by patient

182
Q

what are the PROMS

A

patients reported outcomes measured

- patients can report on how their surgery or treatment was

183
Q

how do you measure QoL

A

informal - ask
PROMS
euroQoL - generic or can be disease specific

184
Q

what are the APCA POS

A

african palliative care association outcome scale

measure health outcomes to improve acre on an individual

185
Q

what are the strategies we can use to make decisions

A

system 1/2

heuristic or biases

186
Q

what are the competes to decision making

A 
goals 
options
attributes 
values 
risks 
outcomes
187
Q

what are the types of decisions

A

certain
uncertain
risky

188
Q

what is the classical decision theory

A

uses rational choice framework

189
Q

what is EUT and who came up with it

A

expected utility theory
VON Neumann and morgansterns

what people choose and how risky the decisions depending on their values

190
Q

what are the assumptions made for rational decision making

A

people -
are motivated to follow rules
have completed knowledge of all opinions
representations of options risks and benefits are accurate
know what their values are
values are stable

191
Q

what did simon do for decision making

A

choose satisfying criterion and match with best option

192
Q

what did Tversky think about decision making

A

you choose attributes and trade off

elimination by aspects

193
Q

what is the Heuristic view of decision making

A

use rule of thumb

broadly accurate

194
Q

what is system 1 decision making

A

intuitive experience - fast, subconscious

195
Q

what is system 2 decision making

A

deliberate and analytical

evaluate pros and cons

196
Q

what is informed decision making

A

looking at pros/cons
evaluate own values
trade off to make choices

197
Q

how do people make bad decisions

A

miss information
biased judgement
don’t add more to counter

198
Q

what are three errors of diagnosis by Graber et al

A

no fault - silent disease no known maybe due to poor data
system errors
cognitive errors such as being human

199
Q

what is croskerry dual process model of diagnostic reasoning

A

explanation for diagnostic error

200
Q

what is the biological model of health

A

Locates cause of disease in individual

  • Health is a biological process
  • Focus on genetics and clinical risk factors
  • Highlight risk behaviours and individual behavioural change
201
Q

what is the social model of health

A

Located cause of disease in relation ship between individual and society

  • Health is a social construct
  • Focus on social structures and risk factors
  • Highlights social change
202
Q

what are the 7 indicators of poverty and deprivation

A

dirty water

  1. lack of sanitation
  2. lack of shelter
  3. poor nutrition and insufficient calories
  4. lack of essential medical and maternity care
  5. no access to education
  6. information deprivation
203
Q

what is absolute poverty

A 
condition where household income is insufficient to afford basic necessities of life
- food
- shelter
- clothing
meet at least 2 un indicators
w
204
Q

what is relative poverty

A

condition where household income is a certain percentage below median income country

205
Q

what is human agency

A

capacity to act independently and make and impose choices

206
Q

what did pierre bodies habitus do

A

how social order and status can be maintained across generations - dynamics of power in society

207
Q

what is intersectionality

A

interlocking systems of power have a compounded impact

208
Q

what is inequality

A

systematic difference in distribution of power resources and opportunity in a social system

209
Q

what is the rainbow model

A

determinants of health that age

sex and contitutional factors are at the centre of it all

210
Q

what is mental health

A

sense of well being

it is subjective emotional state

211
Q

what are the components of emotion

A 
subjective experience 
internal bodily responses 
thought action tendencies 
facial expression 
cognitive appraisal
212
Q

what are the basic emotional states according to Ekman and Friesan

A 
happiness 
sadness 
fear 
anger 
surprise 
disgust 
contempt
213
Q

what did Homan do with emotions

A

interviewed patients with spinal injuries and how their changes in intensity of experiences before and after have changed

214
Q

what did woman et al study with emotions

A

how HR changes is associated with change sin fear/anger

with small increases in temperature

215
Q

what is pattern theory by james lange

A

a theory of emotion - what you encounter causes specific physiological arousal and overt behaviours lead to experience emotions

216
Q

what is the cognitive theory by Shachter and Singer

A

a theory of emotion - what you encounter causes general physiological arousal which leads to cognitive appraisal

217
Q

what else did Shachter and Singer study with emotions

A

3 stage experiment
- inject adrenaline / saline
given none/wrong/correct info on the reaction
record experience

218
Q

what are the appraisal theories of emotion

A

emotions are mostly appraised responses to events
ie if something desirable happens = happiness
undesirable = sadness

219
Q

what do facial expression allow

A

communicate emotion
survival of species
universal meaning
subjective to experience

220
Q

What did Ekman study with cross cultural judgements

A

different culture use similar expression for emotion

221
Q

what does the theory of mind deficits and autism say

A

it is possible to teach facial expression recognition

222
Q

what does the amygdala do

A

sense and process fear

223
Q

what occurs in bilateral damage to brain with emotions

A

failure to recognise fear from facial expression

224
Q

what are the social learning approaches of acquisition and regulation

A

imitation via observational learning modelling

reinforcement - reward/punishment

225
Q

what is bandora in emotion

A

imitative aggressioni - children are influenced more by live model than viewing a cartoon

226
Q

who is most at risk to violent TV

A

under 9’s especially under 5

227
Q

when is child parent dental fear most evident

A

8 years old

228
Q

what evidence is there for positive psychology

A

happy people have better life outcomes marriage friendship income health

229
Q

who said that happens predicts longevity in health populations

A

Lyubomirsky et al

Veenhoven

230
Q

what did seligman say about positive psychology

A

if you have a pleasant life and meaningful life you are happy

231
Q

what is stress

A

subjective sensations
headache nausea fatigue muscle tension

response to physiological emotion stimulus

232
Q

what did heroes dodson graph say about arousal and performance

A

medium stress (eustress) there is an optimal level of performance where you feel energises, focused and work feels effortless

when you are calm you are bored but see imporvenemt

too stressed you fatigue and have breakdowns

233
Q

what is the general adaptation syndrome of stress by selye

A

time is divided by three
alarm
resistance
exhaustion

produce amount of ach until stress completely disappears - your levels correlate to stress levels

234
Q

who studied psychoimmunology

A

cohen et al - the depression of immune system function because of stress

235
Q

what are the psychological reactions to stress

A

cognitive impairment - concentration
anger - frustration
depression - apathy
anxiety - acute stress disorder

236
Q

what is PTSD

A

natural emotional response to deeply shocking and disturbing experiences

237
Q

what are the key features to PTSD

A

repeated re-living of traumatic event

survivor guilt

238
Q

what was piper alpha

A

people destroyed in fire many dead
survivor followed up 10 years late 21% had PTSD
hull et al

239
Q

who did the social readjustment scale

A

holmes and rahe

240
Q

what are hassles and uplifts

A

hassels - relatively minor delay experiences which are potentially harmful or threatening
uplifts - positive events

lazarus and folman

241
Q

what did protheore et al study regarding breast cancer

A

retrospective: 3000 people with breast cancer - malignancies are not associated with difficult life events

242
Q

what did cooper and farther study according to breast cancer

A

malignancy was associated with single major event that happened in life

243
Q

what is type A behaviour

A

doing multiple things at once
hurrying speech of others
irritated when waiting in line

244
Q

what is type A behaviour a risk factor of

A

heart disease 2x more risk

245
Q

what can later adjustments of type A behaviour have

A

mixed outcome but if related to coronary atherosclerosis can survive

246
Q

what are the main components of Cornish programme

A

diet
exercise
stress management
group support

247
Q

what is the ACE pyramid

A

how adverse childhood experiences influence health and wellness being through lifespan

I and P (2 decks)

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