Topics Flashcards
who classified aged 18-25 as an emerging adult
jeffrey arnett
what occurs during ages 18-25 as an emerging adult
the parent child relationship is re-evaluated
who came up with the theory of attachment
John bowlby
What is the theory of attachment
how early experiences in our life influence later adult functioning
what are the types of attachment
secure
insecure:
resistant avoidant
define secure attachment
having positive internal models to allow emotional regulation ability
what are the stages of attachment
0-2 months = pre attachment
2-7 months attachment in the making
7-24 months clear cut attachment
24+ goal orientated attachment
who came up with the sarges of attachment
john bowlby
when does stranger anxiety develop
10 months
when does separation distress occur
12 months
what are the functions of attachment
exploration
autonomy
identity
who studies monkeys to see what a child would want
harlow and harlow
what did the monkeys in harlow and harlow mostly want
comfort
warmth
what are the characteristics of attachment in young children
selective
physical proximity seeking
comfort and security
separation distress
who studies different situations in attachment
ainsworth
what is insecure avoidant attachment
infant avoids connections with caregiver
what is insecure resistant attachment
child is upset by mother leaving
who developed the internal working model
john bowlby
what is the internal working model
relationship with primary care giver becomes a template for your future relationships and how you process the external world
what is DSD
Disorder of sexual dysfunction - when the baby’s sex is ambiguous
what are the parental influences on gender identity
role models
child parent interactions
gender appropriate toys
when does a child acquire the concept of gender
around 2- 3 years
when does a child develop a gender constancy
4-5 years
are the differences in cognitive abilities between boys and girls
no - similar intelligence and cognitive abilities
what is the gender similarities hypothesis
we are more similar that thought but we are given stereotypes
what determines gender
parental hormones
development of genitalia
parents assign as female / male
what is cognition
mental process by which knowledge is acquired, elaborated, stored, retrieved and used
who came up with the framework of cognitive development
paiget
what are the 4 stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor
pre-operational (2-7 years)
concrete operational - logical manner
formal operational - basis of adult thinking
when do you develop conservation of mass / volume
2-7 the pre=operational stage
what is centration
focusing attention on one characters to the exclusion of all others
what is a schema
a concept or framework that organises and interprets information
what is assimilation
how we use existing schemas to process and interpret new information
what is accommodation
when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas
what is IQ
intelligence quotient
mental age/chronological age x 100
how is IQ measured
WAIS Wechsler adult intelligent scale
verbal and perfomance IQ
what are the new approaches to IQ
using emotional intelligence as well or instead
what is comissurotomy
split brain operation, often used for epilepsy treatment
What is cerebral lateralisation
different sides of the brain are used for different things
what does a proficient user of language have
syntax
semantics
phonology
pragmatics
what is phonology
the study of the sound system of language
what is semantics
meaning of words
what is syntax
the logical order of words to make sentences
what is pragmatics
the social use of language and its context
when are you pre-linguistic
0-12 months
when do babies cry
3 - 4 weeks
when do babies coo
3-5 weeks
when do babies start babbling
3-4 months
what is echolalia
repetition of words
when does a child learn the appreciation of meaning of a word
8-12 months
when does a child use telegraphic speech and what is it
8-24 months
2 word utterances
what are the theories of language acquisition
skinner vs chomsky
what does skinner propose for language acquisition
language is learnt through progressive reinforcement
what does chomsky assert about language acquisition
universal grammar theory
all language is innate and that we have a language acquisition device
what did lenneberg 1976 mean by the innateness hypothesis
there is a critical periods where you can learn language and it cannot be learned outside of this period
what is aphasia
loss of ability to understand or express speech caused by brain damage
what are the types of aphasia
BEA - broca’s expressive aphasia
WRA - wernickes receptive aphasia
what is perception
the process of organising and interpreting sensory information
what is adaption effect in perception
fading and presence of negative after images as you adapt to a new stimulus
what is the drive from bottom up perception
sensory
what us the drive from top down perception
driven by knowledge and experience
what is depth perception
using binocular perception and monocular cues reflect learning
what is Gesalt or whole perception
when an object is viewed individually of its features rather than as a whole being/ mechanism
what is the door perception by Huxley
we filter things out to not overwhelm the brain - sensory limitations
what did rosenhan study do
being sane in insane places
how do we know where are altered states of consciousness
reports of subjective experiences - mind body dualism
subjective vs objective
what is the hard problem of consciousness by chalmers
how do we get a objective experience from the brain
what do psychoactive drugs do
alter thinking perception and memory
what are the two forms of mediation
concentrative
on point
what is hypnosis
an altered state of consciousness
what is monitoring in consciousness
you have intentional blinds - you only experience what you want to experience
what is the stroop effect
reading the words instead of saying the colour - thought suppression
how many people belie that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness
40% of people
what is core sleep
first 5 hours of sleep
what is additional sleep
any time past the first core 5 hours
what is circadian rhythm
the biological clock
regular biological rhythms that occur over a 24 hour period
what is ultradian rhythm
biological rhythem less than 24 hours
what was the bunker study
we had a circadian rhythm of 25 hours
what happens if you don’t get enough sleep
2% loss of productivity chronic and immediate health problems
who designed a sleep report
mckinsey
do we have a reduction in sleep
yes
as well get old we lose more of REM
later in life we lose 3 and 4 stages
what is the mean duration of sleep
7.75 hours
which stage of sleep do owe dream and which is more potent
we can dream in any stage
2 x more likely to dream in REM
6x longer and more vivid
how many people are affected by insomnia
1/3 of total population
what are the three stages of memory
encoding
storage
retrieval
who came up with the multi storey memory model
baddeleys
what is the multi store model of memory
1 sensory store
2 short term
3 long term which has three departments
what is the serial position curve
given a list of words where you exhibit the primary and recency effect
what is echoic memory
auditory sensory memory
what is iconic memory
visual sensory memory
what are the types of long term memory
episodic
procedural
semantic
what is episodic memory
personal events - autobiographical
what is somatic memory
facts and general knowledge
what is procedural memory
unconsioucess recall - learned skills etc
what is eidetic memory
photographic memory
what is synaethesia
sensation from one sense which is perceived by another
using two senses for the same thing
what is hyperthmesia
where you can remember everything
what are the types of associative learning
classical / operational conditioning
what did skinner believe with associative learning
operant conditioning
what is operant conditioning
learning that a particular stimulus produces a positive action
what is classical conditioning
a learning where you link two or more stimuli together where you begin to anticipate events
learning through association
what is acquisition
the phase of classical conditioning when the conditional stimulus and the unconditional stimulus are present together
what is spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response
what did Garcia and Knelling study
learned taste aversions
feeling sick after a previous experience
ie feeling nauseas before chemotherapy
what is the law of effect
behaviours that are followed by favourable consequences are easier to learn and more likely to occur and vice versa
what is primary reinforcement
doesn’t require any from of learning - it is unconditioned such as drinking water or eating food
what is secondary reinforcement
where a stimulus is used to strengthen a set of behaviours through association with primary such as earning money to get food
or a bell before a dog sits
what is social reinforcement
a smile or acceptance from other from a behaviour or action
what is positive reinforcement
reinforcing a behaviour with a positive stimulus so it will happen again
such as giving a treat after a dog sits
what is negative reinforcement
something is removed as a result of bad behaviour so it won’t happen again
ie taking a ps3 away after being naughty
what is chaining in operant conditioning
complex behaviours first have to be broken into parts and each behaviour is reinforced by the opportunity to do the next
what is continuous reinforcement
the reinforcement occurs every time
what is partial reinforcement
reinforcement only occurs some of the time
what is fixed partial reinforcement
reinforcement occurs after the same amount of time has passed
what is variable partial reinforcement
different amount of times passes before each reinforcement
what is ratio reinforcement
reinforcements made after a ratio of correct responses
what is interval reinforcement
same number of outcomes pass between each reinforcement
what is positive punishment
adding a stimulus to stop a behaviour from happening
what is a negative stimulus
removing a stimulus to stop a behaviour from happening
what is the looking glass self
how we think others see us
which domain of self competence is most linked to self esteem
physical appearance
who came up with the social comparison theory
festinger
we compare ourselves to other
what is the function of social comparison theory
we validate our own attitudes and behaviours based on others
what is the lake wobegon effect
the tendency to overestimate ones own capability and see your self better than others
when do we develop a self-concept
visual concept by 2 years
what is ego centrism
to be concerned above all others by our own values and beliefs
three mountain problem
when do we acquire own beliefs and feelings
around 4 years
what are the there stages of stereotyping
identify groups
notice differences
assign features and generalise
what is a cognitive miser
the tendency for people to always love problems in the easiest way possible despite level of intelligence
what is pain
unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
what are the 5 types of pain
physiological sensory affective cognitive behavioural
what is pain behaviours
when we say ouch and hold ourselves
who came up with the pain questionnaire
mcgill
how else can we rate pain
faces scales
pain thermometer
what is decorates opinion on pain
it is a sensory experience reflex
who came up with gate control they of pain
mezlack and wall
what is the gate control theory
spinal cord is a gate opened by fast C fibres
closed by stimulation pain beta fibres or reduction of pain stimulus
what drives bottom up process of pain
sensory stimulation
what is TENS
pain management
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
what is phantom limb pain
pain felt in an area that has been amputated
who designed the virtual walking
moseley
what is the virtual walking
amputees watch themselves walk and has been shown to reduce pain
what are the different durations of pain
acute
phasic
chronic
what are different pain qualities
superficial
deep
referred
who studies the himalayan climbers
clarke and clarke - had different pain thresholds
what is the white coat halo
doctors are all knowing and powerful with all the control
what did milligram obedience authorities study say
nobody disobeys to authority
what occurred in the market research meeting, the MHRC encounter
there was a rebellion in the groups as it it 1 vs 9
what is lateness law of social impact
the impact we have is dependant on:
number
strength
immediacy
what isa group
collection of people with shared features
what is group influence
the influence that members have on productivity, decisions, attitudes and behaviour
what is social facilitation or inhibition
working with others can cause distraction
what is social loafing
people in a group exert less effort than they would individually
what is risky shift
groups make riskier decisions than an individual would
why do we help others
cultural norms
social responsibility
reciprocity norm
what is conformity
constructing and adhering to norms
what was the work done by solomon ash
who, why, conforms
it is to avoid censure or ridicule
what is healthy
state of complete physical mental and social well being
what is the sick role
by parsons
society gives people with a sick role when they have identified and accepted them ill
who came up with the common sense model of illness
self regulation theory
by levethal et al
what are the stages of the common sense model
stage one = cognitive representations or emotional representations
stage two - coping
stage three - appraisal
what is illness affected by
persistence attention social mores individual differences mood experience
what is adjusting to illness
it is a dynamic process after the inter response, you revise and then adapt
what is hornes belief about medicine, generally and specifically
specific - necessity and concerns
general - harms and overuse
why don’t people change their health behaviours
habit
motivations
maintenance - punishment/reward
intervention
what is the theory of planned behaviours
behaviours need to be changes
links belief to behaviour
what is the intention behaviour gap
people develop explicit decisions to change their behaviour but do not actually do it
what is the dual process theory in health
deliberate and impulsive
what is the hobbit formation theory
they are automatically triggered actions formed through repetition
what is an impairment
a problem in body function or structure due to a physical loss or disease
what is the biochemical definition of disability
restriction of ability within normal range which leads to a social disadvantage
what is the casual pathway in disability
the defects cause the disability which causes the social disadvantage
what is the social model of disability
the barriers in society are what disable those with an impairment
what are the barriers to social models
environment
attitude
organisations
social barriers
what are stereotypes
oversimplified widely shared views which can lead to prejudice and discrimination
what does the equality act do
it protects characteristics
what is victimisation
to punish or treat someone less favourable
what are reasonable adjustments
public sector actions to make areas more accessible
what is quality of life
individuals judgement of overall life experiences of situations, experiences and perceptions
what are the 6 domains to QoL
physical health psychological level of independence social relationship relation to environment personal beliefs
what is health related quality of life
functional effect of medical condition and its therapy assed by patient
what are the PROMS
patients reported outcomes measured
- patients can report on how their surgery or treatment was
how do you measure QoL
informal - ask
PROMS
euroQoL - generic or can be disease specific
what are the APCA POS
african palliative care association outcome scale
measure health outcomes to improve acre on an individual
what are the strategies we can use to make decisions
system 1/2
heuristic or biases
what are the competes to decision making
goals options attributes values risks outcomes
what are the types of decisions
certain
uncertain
risky
what is the classical decision theory
uses rational choice framework
what is EUT and who came up with it
expected utility theory
VON Neumann and morgansterns
what people choose and how risky the decisions depending on their values
what are the assumptions made for rational decision making
people -
are motivated to follow rules
have completed knowledge of all opinions
representations of options risks and benefits are accurate
know what their values are
values are stable
what did simon do for decision making
choose satisfying criterion and match with best option
what did Tversky think about decision making
you choose attributes and trade off
elimination by aspects
what is the Heuristic view of decision making
use rule of thumb
broadly accurate
what is system 1 decision making
intuitive experience - fast, subconscious
what is system 2 decision making
deliberate and analytical
evaluate pros and cons
what is informed decision making
looking at pros/cons
evaluate own values
trade off to make choices
how do people make bad decisions
miss information
biased judgement
don’t add more to counter
what are three errors of diagnosis by Graber et al
no fault - silent disease no known maybe due to poor data
system errors
cognitive errors such as being human
what is croskerry dual process model of diagnostic reasoning
explanation for diagnostic error
what is the biological model of health
Locates cause of disease in individual
- Health is a biological process
- Focus on genetics and clinical risk factors
- Highlight risk behaviours and individual behavioural change
what is the social model of health
Located cause of disease in relation ship between individual and society
- Health is a social construct
- Focus on social structures and risk factors
- Highlights social change
what are the 7 indicators of poverty and deprivation
dirty water
- lack of sanitation
- lack of shelter
- poor nutrition and insufficient calories
- lack of essential medical and maternity care
- no access to education
- information deprivation
what is absolute poverty
condition where household income is insufficient to afford basic necessities of life - food - shelter - clothing meet at least 2 un indicators w
what is relative poverty
condition where household income is a certain percentage below median income country
what is human agency
capacity to act independently and make and impose choices
what did pierre bodies habitus do
how social order and status can be maintained across generations - dynamics of power in society
what is intersectionality
interlocking systems of power have a compounded impact
what is inequality
systematic difference in distribution of power resources and opportunity in a social system
what is the rainbow model
determinants of health that age
sex and contitutional factors are at the centre of it all
what is mental health
sense of well being
it is subjective emotional state
what are the components of emotion
subjective experience internal bodily responses thought action tendencies facial expression cognitive appraisal
what are the basic emotional states according to Ekman and Friesan
happiness sadness fear anger surprise disgust contempt
what did Homan do with emotions
interviewed patients with spinal injuries and how their changes in intensity of experiences before and after have changed
what did woman et al study with emotions
how HR changes is associated with change sin fear/anger
with small increases in temperature
what is pattern theory by james lange
a theory of emotion - what you encounter causes specific physiological arousal and overt behaviours lead to experience emotions
what is the cognitive theory by Shachter and Singer
a theory of emotion - what you encounter causes general physiological arousal which leads to cognitive appraisal
what else did Shachter and Singer study with emotions
3 stage experiment
- inject adrenaline / saline
given none/wrong/correct info on the reaction
record experience
what are the appraisal theories of emotion
emotions are mostly appraised responses to events
ie if something desirable happens = happiness
undesirable = sadness
what do facial expression allow
communicate emotion
survival of species
universal meaning
subjective to experience
What did Ekman study with cross cultural judgements
different culture use similar expression for emotion
what does the theory of mind deficits and autism say
it is possible to teach facial expression recognition
what does the amygdala do
sense and process fear
what occurs in bilateral damage to brain with emotions
failure to recognise fear from facial expression
what are the social learning approaches of acquisition and regulation
imitation via observational learning modelling
reinforcement - reward/punishment
what is bandora in emotion
imitative aggressioni - children are influenced more by live model than viewing a cartoon
who is most at risk to violent TV
under 9’s especially under 5
when is child parent dental fear most evident
8 years old
what evidence is there for positive psychology
happy people have better life outcomes marriage friendship income health
who said that happens predicts longevity in health populations
Lyubomirsky et al
Veenhoven
what did seligman say about positive psychology
if you have a pleasant life and meaningful life you are happy
what is stress
subjective sensations
headache nausea fatigue muscle tension
response to physiological emotion stimulus
what did heroes dodson graph say about arousal and performance
medium stress (eustress) there is an optimal level of performance where you feel energises, focused and work feels effortless
when you are calm you are bored but see imporvenemt
too stressed you fatigue and have breakdowns
what is the general adaptation syndrome of stress by selye
time is divided by three
alarm
resistance
exhaustion
produce amount of ach until stress completely disappears - your levels correlate to stress levels
who studied psychoimmunology
cohen et al - the depression of immune system function because of stress
what are the psychological reactions to stress
cognitive impairment - concentration
anger - frustration
depression - apathy
anxiety - acute stress disorder
what is PTSD
natural emotional response to deeply shocking and disturbing experiences
what are the key features to PTSD
repeated re-living of traumatic event
survivor guilt
what was piper alpha
people destroyed in fire many dead
survivor followed up 10 years late 21% had PTSD
hull et al
who did the social readjustment scale
holmes and rahe
what are hassles and uplifts
hassels - relatively minor delay experiences which are potentially harmful or threatening
uplifts - positive events
lazarus and folman
what did protheore et al study regarding breast cancer
retrospective: 3000 people with breast cancer - malignancies are not associated with difficult life events
what did cooper and farther study according to breast cancer
malignancy was associated with single major event that happened in life
what is type A behaviour
doing multiple things at once
hurrying speech of others
irritated when waiting in line
what is type A behaviour a risk factor of
heart disease 2x more risk
what can later adjustments of type A behaviour have
mixed outcome but if related to coronary atherosclerosis can survive
what are the main components of Cornish programme
diet
exercise
stress management
group support
what is the ACE pyramid
how adverse childhood experiences influence health and wellness being through lifespan
