Topics 8, 9 , 10

Question 1

Cytoskeleton:

Answer 1

Network of cytoplasmic protein filaments.

Question 2

Motor Protein:

Answer 2

Protein involved in movement along either microtubules or
microfilaments, using shape changes powered by ATP hydrolysis.

Question 3

Centrosome:

Answer 3

Microtubule organizing centre of the animal cell (all MTs grow out from
it); made of two centrioles at right angles.

Question 4

Centriole:

Answer 4

Structure that makes up the centrosome, composed of 9 microtubule
triplets arranged in a ring.

Question 5

Cytokinesis:

Answer 5

Division of the cytoplasm in half; occurs at the end of cell division

Question 6

Cytoplasmic Streaming:

Answer 6

Circulation of cytoplasmic contents around the central
vacuole in plants.

Question 7

Peptidoglycan:

Answer 7

Polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short polypeptides to produce
a network.

Question 8

Cellulose:

Answer 8

Glucose polymer held together by β-1,4-glycosidic linkages.

Question 9

Microfibril:

Answer 9

Parallel chains of cellulose molecules held together by H-bonds.

Question 10

Capsule:

Answer 10

Sticky layer of polysaccharide, exterior to the cell wall in some bacteria.

Question 10

Plasmodesmata:

Answer 10

Channels through the plasma membrane and cell wall of adjacent
plant cells that connect cell cytoplasms.

Question 11

Biofilm:

Answer 11

Layers of bacterial cells embedded in common capsular material.

Question 12

Photoautotroph:

Answer 12

An organism that uses light as its energy source and inorganic
carbon (CO2) as its carbon source.

Question 13

Chlorophyll:

Answer 13

Light-harvesting chemical that is found in the thylakoid membrane.

Question 14

Stroma:

Answer 14

Fluid inside the inner chloroplast membrane but outside the thylakoid
membrane, which contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and the enzymes for the
Calvin cycle.

Question 15

Thylakoid:

Answer 15

membrane-bound compartment inside the stroma which contain all of the photosystems, electron transport chain components, and ATP synthase involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis

Question 16

Pigment:

Answer 16

a substance which absorbs visible light and therefore appears coloured to our eyes

Question 16

resonance transfer

Answer 16

The transfer of energy from the electrons of one atom to the
electrons of an atom in a neighbouring molecule. Electrons are NOT transferred in
this process.

Question 17

electron transfer

Answer 17

transfer of electrons from an atomn in one molecule to another atom in a nearby molecule

Question 18

electron acceptor

Answer 18

a molecule that accepts electrons during an electron transfer

Question 19

Electron donor:

Answer 19

a molecule that gives up its electrons to fill the electron ‘hole’ produced by an electron transfer

Question 20

chemiosmosis

Answer 20

use of a proton gradient to drive the su thesis of ATP by ATP synthase

Question 21

Photophosphorylation

Answer 21

production of ATP by chemiosmosis, using energy that originated in the capture of light

Question 22

carbon fixation

Answer 22

a process that incorporates inorganic CO2 into high-energy organic sugars

Question 23

RUBISCO

Answer 23

the enzyme ((Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase) that
catalyzes the carbon fixation reaction in the Calvin Cycle.

Question 24

Kinase

Answer 24

Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate from one molecule to another

Question 25

Isomerase

Answer 25

Enzyme that catalyzes the rearrangement of atoms within a molecule

Question 26

dehydrogenase:

Answer 26

Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of high-energy electrons to
electron shuttle molecules.

Question 27

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation:

Answer 27

A reaction which removes a phosphate group from
a high-energy organic molecule and attaches the phosphate to ADP, thereby making
ATP. This reaction is catalyzed by a kinase enzyme.

Question 28

Oxidative Phosphorylation:

Answer 28

Production of ATP by chemiosmosis, using energy that
originated in the oxidation of glucose.

Question 29

Regulation:

Answer 29

The process of adjusting, organizing, and controlling the cell’s activities.

Question 30

Feedback Inhibition:

Answer 30

Feedback Inhibition: A process in which the end product of a metabolic pathway
inhibits an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the pathway, effectively turning the
pathway off.