Topics 8, 9 , 10 Flashcards
Cytoskeleton:
Network of cytoplasmic protein filaments.
Motor Protein:
Protein involved in movement along either microtubules or
microfilaments, using shape changes powered by ATP hydrolysis.
Centrosome:
Microtubule organizing centre of the animal cell (all MTs grow out from
it); made of two centrioles at right angles.
Centriole:
Structure that makes up the centrosome, composed of 9 microtubule
triplets arranged in a ring.
Cytokinesis:
Division of the cytoplasm in half; occurs at the end of cell division
Cytoplasmic Streaming:
Circulation of cytoplasmic contents around the central
vacuole in plants.
Peptidoglycan:
Polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short polypeptides to produce
a network.
Cellulose:
Glucose polymer held together by β-1,4-glycosidic linkages.
Microfibril:
Parallel chains of cellulose molecules held together by H-bonds.
Capsule:
Sticky layer of polysaccharide, exterior to the cell wall in some bacteria.
Plasmodesmata:
Channels through the plasma membrane and cell wall of adjacent
plant cells that connect cell cytoplasms.
Biofilm:
Layers of bacterial cells embedded in common capsular material.
Photoautotroph:
An organism that uses light as its energy source and inorganic
carbon (CO2) as its carbon source.
Chlorophyll:
Light-harvesting chemical that is found in the thylakoid membrane.
Stroma:
Fluid inside the inner chloroplast membrane but outside the thylakoid
membrane, which contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and the enzymes for the
Calvin cycle.
Thylakoid:
membrane-bound compartment inside the stroma which contain all of the photosystems, electron transport chain components, and ATP synthase involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis
Pigment:
a substance which absorbs visible light and therefore appears coloured to our eyes
resonance transfer
The transfer of energy from the electrons of one atom to the
electrons of an atom in a neighbouring molecule. Electrons are NOT transferred in
this process.
electron transfer
transfer of electrons from an atomn in one molecule to another atom in a nearby molecule
electron acceptor
a molecule that accepts electrons during an electron transfer
Electron donor:
a molecule that gives up its electrons to fill the electron ‘hole’ produced by an electron transfer
chemiosmosis
use of a proton gradient to drive the su thesis of ATP by ATP synthase
Photophosphorylation
production of ATP by chemiosmosis, using energy that originated in the capture of light
carbon fixation
a process that incorporates inorganic CO2 into high-energy organic sugars
RUBISCO
the enzyme ((Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase) that
catalyzes the carbon fixation reaction in the Calvin Cycle.
Kinase
Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate from one molecule to another
Isomerase
Enzyme that catalyzes the rearrangement of atoms within a molecule
dehydrogenase:
Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of high-energy electrons to
electron shuttle molecules.
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation:
A reaction which removes a phosphate group from
a high-energy organic molecule and attaches the phosphate to ADP, thereby making
ATP. This reaction is catalyzed by a kinase enzyme.
Oxidative Phosphorylation:
Production of ATP by chemiosmosis, using energy that
originated in the oxidation of glucose.
Regulation:
The process of adjusting, organizing, and controlling the cell’s activities.
Feedback Inhibition:
Feedback Inhibition: A process in which the end product of a metabolic pathway
inhibits an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the pathway, effectively turning the
pathway off.
