Topics

Question 1

Agriculture altered the quantity and quality of key resources.

Answer 1

Per capita intake of calories and protein, dietary deficiencies due to limited range of crops, malnutrition, tooth wear, decline in human size.

Question 2

Agriculture transformed human societies.

Answer 2

Population growth, increasingly complex political and economic organization, trade and transport, deteriorating health and the rise of endemic diseases.

Question 3

Agricultural societies’ expansionary drive and military advantage.

Answer 3

Expansion from hearth areas, displacing, assimilating or exterminating groups of hunter-gatherers.
Military: larger armies, political organization enabled resource reserves, transport increased speed of travel, disease resistance.

Question 4

Global environmental impacts of early European exploration and colonialism

Answer 4

Ecological imperialism, introduction of new species, alter environment through emphasis on select species, reduction in plant and animal variety as foreign species take over ecological niches, mass extrication ad extinctions.

Question 5

Four outcomes of lasting impacts of colonialism in Africa.

Answer 5

Ecological change, economic reform, control of trade and information
Arbitrary division of lands
European political, administrative, economic, and legal institution
Infrastructure development.

Question 6

Money vs Wealth

Answer 6

Money: a number.
Wealth: combination of different types of assists that help to support our particular material needs or goals.

Question 7

Arithmetic vs Physiological density

Answer 7

Arithmetic: number of people per unit of area.
Physiological: density of population per unit of cropland

Question 8

Why are 90% fo the global population concentrated on less than 20% fo the world’s land area?

Answer 8

Climate, topography and soil, economic factors, cultural factors, political factors.

Question 9

What are the three drivers of consumption and how/in what way do each of these shape consumption?

Answer 9

Need: how we gain sufficient nutrition, living conditions, employment, mobility and education for a full life, poverty is marked by a lack of consumption and opportunity.
Culture and society: identity, social contract, shaped by worldview.
Political economy: supply and demand.
Power: informed purchase, often overstated.

Question 10

Culture and transformation types

Answer 10

Culture: the shared set of values that are lived though the material and symbolic practices of everyday life. Bundle of behaviours, values, ideas, and beliefs shared by a group of people, includes language, religion, fashion, art, etc.
Evolutionism and diffusionism.

Question 11

Global trends of democratization

Answer 11

Democracy: all citizens (eligible) have an equal say.
Autocracy: political power is concentrated in one person.
Anocracy: political power is concentrated among an elite group or class within society.
Overall increase in democracy, oversimplification of measurements.

Question 12

Indicators of Globalization

Answer 12

Foreign direct investment and trade.

Question 13

Global vs Regional/World Economy

Answer 13

World: capital accumulation moves through the region/world (trade)
Global: capacity to work as a unit, in real time, on a planetary scale (collaboration)

Question 14

Duel Economies

Answer 14

Export vs Domestic
Global economy seeking access to cheap labour and resource, export oriented, not as interested in domestic markets (limited spending)
Global penetration of the periphery uneven (export and internal orientations)
Economies run parallel with differing degrees of interaction, often limited to low end wages earned in export oriented economies being spent in domestic economy

Question 15

Export Processing Zone (EPZ)

Answer 15

To encourage foreign investment, developing countries offer a range of incentives to foreign companies
Special areas set aside by the state that have favourable investment or trading conditions in order to attract export-oriented industries

Question 16

Offshore Financial Centres (OFC)

Answer 16

TNCs need to be registered somewhere.
Provide financial services to non-residents, discretion or secrecy in financial transactions, shelter form taxation and regulation
Low or no tax setting and discreet trading and financial transactions
Large percentage of global wealth (60%) resides offshore

Question 17

What is measured using HDI? Overall trend since 1980?

Answer 17

Health: life expected at birth
Education: expected years schooling for school-age children and the average years of schooling in the adult population
Income: measured by the gross national income per capita
Measurement used to determine and classify countries according to these key indicators of societal “progress” and the impact of economic policies on quality of life
Has been increasing, greatest in developed nations, still needed in developing countries

Question 18

Why is inequality a problem?

Answer 18

Inequality breeds social problems, instability, conflict, crime, economic problems

Question 19

Five functions of the atmosphere

Answer 19

Protection, temperature/energy balance, planetary energy distribution, planetary precipitation patterns, biochemical and geomorphological processes

Question 20

Four characteristic of persistent organic pollutants that make them environmentally problematic

Answer 20

Resistance, non-selective, mobility, persistence, damage to human health

Question 21

Global impacts of air pollution

Answer 21

Mortality and economic

Question 22

Radiative forcing

Answer 22

Introduction of an agent that causes imposed perturbation in the radiative energy budget of Earth’s climate system. Change in net irradiance.
Greenhouse gases: Increases forcing
Aerosols: decreases forcing

Question 23

Five roadblocks to atmospheric agreements

Answer 23

Lack of political will, slow international response, rapidly changing science, conflict in setting goals and targets, non-legally binding

Question 24

Of the four atmospheric issues discussed, what progress has/hasn’t been made?

Answer 24

Stratospheric ozone: emission decrease, no increase in ozone or decrease in UV radiation infiltration.
Persistent bioaccumulative toxins: concentrations have been reduced across most of the world
Air pollution: burden of health
Climate change: temperature increase

Question 25

Water scarcity as a relative concept

Answer 25

Physical: change in water supply patterns, stemming from depleted reserves, depleted quality, climate patterns or change, associated primarily with arid regions.
Social: result of affluence, expectations and customary behaviour.
Where social and political structures limit access to water even though water exists to meet the needs of people

Question 26

Eutrophication

Answer 26

Body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients which induce excessing growth of plants and algae . Can lead to deadzones, eventual decay of the algae growth consuming the oxygen in the water, suffocating marine life.

Question 27

Countries that produce the most plastic waste and where it enters the ocean the most.

Answer 27

Production: United States, Norway, Japan, United Kingdom, China
Input: Southern Asia coast

Question 28

Five key drivers of biodiversity loss

Answer 28

Habitat change, overexploitation, pollution, climate change, invasive species.
Biggest human impact: agriculture and aquaculture.