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biology > topics 1-4 > Flashcards

topics 1-4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

monosaccharide

A
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2
Q

the 3 monosaccharides

A

glucose, galactose and fructose

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3
Q

2 isomers of glucose

A

alpha glucose: OH group below
beta glucose: OH group above

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4
Q

condensation reaction

A

joining of molecules to form a chemical bond, removing a molecule of water

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5
Q

the 3 disaccharides

A

maltose, sucrose, lactose

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6
Q

bond in carbohydrates

A

glycosidic

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7
Q

starch

A

found in plant cells; store of glucose
made of alpha glucose; has a helical structure (compact)
-easily hydrolysed
insoluble; does not affect water potential (plant needs to regulate their water content)

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8
Q

test for starch

A

add iodine solution/ potassium iodide
turns blue-black if positive

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9
Q

glycogen

A

found in animals; store of glucose
made of alpha glucose; branched (can be readily broken down into glucose)

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10
Q

cellulose

A

made of beta glucose; provides strength in plant cell walls
each alternate glucose is inverted; makes glycosidic bond formation easier
forms fibrils

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11
Q

reducing sugar

A

acts as a reducing agent and can be oxidised

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12
Q

examples of reducing sugars

A

glucose, galactose, fructose

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13
Q

example of non reducing sugar

A

sucrose

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14
Q

benedicts test for reducing sugars

A

test tube with sample
add reagent
HEAT
brick red precipitate if positive

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15
Q

benedicts test for non reducing sugars

A

test tube with sample
add HCl
BOIL (hydrolyses non reducing sugar)
add NaHCO3 to neutralise
add benedicts reagent
brick red if positive

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16
Q

function of lipids

A

insulation, energy storage, protection

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17
Q

triglycerides

A

condensation of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

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18
Q

bond in lipids

A

ester

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19
Q

how triglyceride structure relates to its function

A

high ratio of C-H bonds to C-C bonds (for energy storage)
metabolic water source (high ratio of H to C)
insoluble. (does not affect water potential)
low mass (lots can be present at once)
hydrophilic

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20
Q

phospholipids

A

condensation of 2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol and a phosphate group

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21
Q

how phospholipid structure relates to its function

A

polar molecule (important in formation of phospholipid layer)
hydrophilic

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22
Q

saturated lipid

A

only has Single C-C bonds on the hydrocarbon chain
“saturated” with H

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23
Q

unsaturated

A

has C=C bonds; unsaturated with H

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24
Q

test for lipids

A

test tube with sample
add ethanol and shake
add water
cloudy emulsion if lipids present

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25
Q

monomers of proteins and its structure

A

amino acids
central C atom, carboxylate group, R group, amine group and H atom

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26
Q

dipeptide

A

condensation reaction between two amino acids

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27
Q

polypeptide

A

condensation of many amino acids

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28
Q

functional protein

A

made of one or more polypeptides

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29
Q

primary structure

A

sequence of amino acids

30
Q

secondary structure

A

folding of amino acids into alpha helix or beta pleated sheets;
held together by H bonds (individually weak, collectively strong)

31
Q

tertiary structure

A

alpha helix and beta sheets fold further to form a specific 3D structure;
held by ionic bonds, H bonds and disulphide bridges

32
Q

quaternary structure

A

how more than one polypeptide chain is assembled together;
can bind to a prosthetic/non protein group (e.g. iron)

33
Q

biuret test

A

add sample in test tube; shake
purple if positive

34
Q

how do enzymes catalyse reactions

A

lower activation energy by providing alternative pathway

35
Q

induced fit model

A

substrate is not actually complementary to active site;
induces a conformational change in the tertiary structure of the active site;
allows substrate to bind

36
Q

enzyme specificity

A

tertiary structure of active site is extremely specific; only complementary substrates can bind to the active site to form an ES complex

37
Q

how temperature affects enzyme activity

A

as temp increases, molecules gain KE up until the optimum temperature;
after optimum temperature, enzyme denatures (H bonds break, tertiary structure of active site changes

38
Q

how pH affects enzyme activity

A

as pH increases, enzyme activity increases until optimum pH;
as it gets further away from optimum pH, the imbalance of H+ and OH- can disrupt tertiary structure;
active site is no longer complementary

39
Q

how enzyme concentration affects enzyme activity

A

at first, enzyme activity increases as there are more active sites available for complementary substrates, but it reaches a point where there are too many active sites and not enough substrates, so some active sites are left empty and the rate of enzyme activity plateaus

40
Q

how substrate concentration affects enzyme activity

A

at first, enzyme activity increases as there are substrates available for the active sites, but it reaches a point where there are too many substrates and not enough active sites, so some substrates don’t end up forming ES complexes and the rate of enzyme activity plateaus

41
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

has a similar shape to the substrate, so it can also bind to the active site, but no reactions occurs;
this blocks the active site and substrates no longer have the chance to bind to them

42
Q

non competitive inhibitors

A

binds to allosteric site; permanently changes shape of active site; substrates are no longer complementary

43
Q

DNA

A

holds genetic information; deoxyribonucleic acid

44
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid; transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

45
Q

nucleotide structure

A

phosphate head, pentose sugar, nitrogen base

46
Q

bond in nucleotides

A

phosphodiester

47
Q

differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA: two polynucleotide chains, double helix, deoxyribose
RNA: one polynucleotide chains, single helix, ribose

48
Q

semi conservative DNA replication

A

ensures genetic continuity;
1. DNA helicase unwinds the double helix by breaking H bonds between complementary bases
2. new DNA nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on template strands and complementary base pairing occurs
3. DNA polymerase joins adjacent nucleotides to form phosphodiester bonds

49
Q

DNA helicase

A

unwinds the double helix by breaking H bonds between complementary bases

50
Q

ATP structure

A

adenine, ribose, 3x phosphate

51
Q

enzyme for ATP hydrolysis

A

ATP hydrolase

52
Q

enzyme for ATP synthesis

A

ATP synthase

53
Q

Pi

A

phosphorylates other compounds to make them more reactive

54
Q

properties of ATP

A

releases small amounts of energy at once to avoid cells overheating;
cannot leave the cell so ATP is constantly available;
immediate source of energy as hydrolysis is simple;
soluble

55
Q

why is water dipolar

A
56
Q

properties of water

A

important metabolite (involved in lots of reactions);
important solvent (solvent because its dipolar);
relatively high heat capacity (acts as a buffer for temperature);
relatively large latent heat of vaporisation (has a cooling effect);
strong cohesion between water molecules (transpiration)

57
Q

how does cohesion happen

A

H bonding between O- and H+;
provides surface tension;
forms water columns

58
Q

how does cohesion happen

A

H bonding between O- and H+;
provides surface tension;
forms water columns

59
Q

cell surface membrane structure and function

A

is a phospholipid bilayer;
controls the entry and exit of substances

60
Q

nucleus structure and function

A

double membrane;
contains chromosomes associated with histones;
nucleolus (rRNA synthesis)

61
Q

mitochondria

A

double membrane;
folded inner membrane called cristae for a large SA;
site of aerobic respiration to produce ATP

62
Q

chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis;
double membrane;
granum (stack of thylakoids);
joined by lamella;
stroma;
starch grains

63
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modifies proteins;
packages and secretes proteins;

64
Q

lysosomes

A

small, membranous vesicles;
gets rid of unwanted cells/organelles;
contains lysozymes

65
Q

ribosomes

A

round shaped organelles that synthesise proteins

66
Q

RER

A

has a large number of ribosomes attached to surface;
synthesises and modifies proteins;

67
Q

SER

A
68
Q

cell wall

A
69
Q

vacuole

A
70
Q

magnification

A

how large an image is compared to real life

71
Q

resolution

A

minimum distance where two objects are distinguishable as two objects

biology (5 decks)

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