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Aqa Separate Biology 2020 > Topics 1- 3 > Flashcards

Topics 1- 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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2
Q

The different parts of the cell are called?

A

Sub cellular structure

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3
Q

Most animal cells have which sub cellular structures? And what do they do?

A

Ribosomes- where proteins are made
Nucleus- contains genetic material that controls activity of cell
Cytoplasm- gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen it contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions
Cell membrane- holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out
Mitochondria- please away most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work

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4
Q

Which sub cellular structures to plant cells have that animal cells don’t

A

A rigid cell wall made of Celulose it supports the cell and strengthens it a permanent vacuole contains cell sap a weak solution of sugar and salts chloroplasts these are where photosynthesis occurs which makes food for the plant they contain a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis

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5
Q

Which sub cellular Structures do bacteria contain

A

They don’t have chloroplasts or mitochondria they have cytoplasm and a cell membrane a cell wall and instead of a nucleus they have a single circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm they may also contain one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids

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6
Q

Which microscope has a higher magnification

A

An electron microscope

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7
Q

What is resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two points so a higher resolution gives a sharp image

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8
Q

What is the formula for magnification

A

Magnification equals image size over real size

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9
Q

A specimen is 50 µm metres wide calculate the wits of the image of the specimen under magnification of 100 give your answer in mm

A

100x50
5000 µm
5mm

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10
Q

How would you prepare a slide to view onion cells

A

Firstly I will drop of water to the middle of a clean slight then cut up an onion and separate it into layers. Then use tweezers to peel off some epidermal tissue from the bottom of one of the layers using the tweezers place TF a double tissue under the water on the slide I drop of iodine solution with the stain same to you to highlight objects in itself are adding colour to them post coverslip a square of the transparent plastic oh grass on top to do this side next to the water droplet so it covers the specimen try not to get any air bubbles in there, they will obstruct your view of the specimen

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11
Q

What is differentiation

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job as a cell changes it develops different sub cellular structures and turns into different types of cells this allows it to carry out specific functions

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12
Q

What is the difference Between differentiation and animal and plant cells

A

In most animal cells the ability to differentiate is lost at an early stage after they become specialised however lots of plants don’t lose this ability

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13
Q

What are undifferentiated cells called

A

Stem cells

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14
Q

What adaptions and sub cellular structures to sperm cells have and why

A

The function of a sperm is basically to get the male DNA to the femaleDNA It has a long tail and a streamlined head head to help it swim to the egg there are lots of mitochondria in the cell to revise the energy needed it also carries enzymes in its head to digester the egg cell membrane

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15
Q

What are the functions and sub cellular structures of nerve cells and why

A

No cells are specialised for rapid signalling the function of nerve cells is to carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another T cells along to cover more distance and have branched connections at the end is to connect to other nerve cells to form a network throughout the body

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16
Q

What are the functions and sub cellular structures in muscle cells and why

A

Muscle cells are specialised for contraction the function of muscle cell is the contract quickly do you cells along so they have space to contract I contain lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction

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17
Q

What are the functions and sub cellular structures of root hair cells and why

A

They are specialised for absorbing water and minerals root hair cells are cells on the surface of plant roots which grow into longhairs stick out into the soil this gives the plant a big surface area for absorbing water and mineral irons from the soil

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18
Q

What are the functions and sub cellular structures of flowing and xylem cells

A

Showman the xylem cells form flown on silent tubes which transports substances such as food and water and plants define the tubes the cells along and join into and solar cells are hollow in the centre I’m dead I’m from cells have very few sub cellular structures so that the new chance can flow through them phlegm cells have safe place in between the cells where are silent cells have nothing xylem cells are strengthened with coils of lignin a protein lignin

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19
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a normal human cell

A

23

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20
Q

What are the stages of growth and DNA replication in a cell

A
  • Before device to sell has to grow in increasing amount of substantia structures such as mitochondrion ribosomes
  • it then duplicates its dna so there’s only one copy for each new cell
  • Then it is ready for mitosis the chromosomes lineup at the centre of each cell and cell fibres pull them apart the two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell. membranes form around each set of crime is owns deicer to the cells lastly the cytoplasm cell membrane divide sell the Selfridge’s two identical daughter cells did yourselves exactly the same DNA
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21
Q

What two culture mediums Can you use to grow bacteria in a lad

A

Nutrient broth solution or agar jelly

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22
Q

Order These from biggest to smallest genes cell nucleus DNA and chromosomes

A

Cell nucleus chromosomes gene DNA

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23
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle

A
  • Stage one the cells grow bigger and crystal maths and carry out normal cell activities most importantly they read placate the DNA to form two copies of each chromosome ready for cell division they also increase the number of sub cellular structures such as mitochondria ribosomes and chloroplasts ready for the cells to divide
  • stage to mitosis in this process one set of chromosomes is Paul to each end of the dividing cells and the nucleus divides
  • stage three this is the stage during which the cytoplasm undersell membrane is all divide to form two identical daughter cells
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24
Q

What is the stem cell

A

And undifferentiated cell with the potential to form a wide variety of different cell types

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25
Q

Where are stem cells are found in plants

A

In the meristem tissue in the shoe tips and root tips

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26
Q

What are the advantages of plant-closing

A
  • Huge numbers of identical plant lines can be produced from a tiny piece of leaf tissue
  • offspring are identical
  • plant cells can become and specialised and then differentiate
  • cloning is easy
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27
Q

Name one medical condition that maybe helped by treatment using stem cells

A

Diabetes

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28
Q

Describe what therapeutic cloning

A

Projection and of an embryo that is genetically identical to the patient

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29
Q

Name the chemical molecules that chromosomes are made of

A

DNA

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30
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of electron and light microscopes

A

Electron microscope’s have high magnification and resolution and can produce 3-D images however the more expensive and require complicated preparation and storage light microscopes are cheaper and portable therefore can be used in schools however they have much lower magnification and resolution

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31
Q

What type of cells are bacteria

A

Prokaryotic cells

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32
Q

What adaptions do prokaryotic cells have

A

Genetic information not enclosed in a nucleus slime capsule cell wall cell membrane plasmids for flagella

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33
Q

What size is a prokaryotic cell

A

Around one micro meter

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34
Q

If the size of an image was 10 mm and the size of the real object was 0.002 mm What is the magnification

A

5000

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35
Q

What is the definition of diffusion

A

The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration

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36
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion

A

The higher the temperature the faster the rate of diffusion

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37
Q

Why does increasing the temperature affect the rate of diffusion in the way that it does

A

Increase Connecticut a G supplied to the particles so they move faster

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38
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion

A

Temperature surface area and concentration gradient

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39
Q

Give two examples of diffusion occurring with the body

A

Respiration excretion

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40
Q

What is the role of epidermis cells in plants

A

They protect the surfaces

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41
Q

What are the roles of palisade cells in plants

A

They contain many chloroplasts for photosynthesis

42
Q

What is the function of spongy cells in plants

A

I have a large surface area for diffusion

43
Q

What is the function of xylem cells in plants

A

They carry water and minerals around the plant

44
Q

What is the function of phloem cells in plants

A

The carriages of food around the plant

45
Q

What is the definition of osmosis

A

Diffusion of water from a dilutes solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

46
Q

Explain how the root hair cell uses active transport to take up the ions

A

Transport proteins in the cell membranes take up the magnesium into the cell

47
Q

What is the definition of hypertonic

A

A solution that is more concentrated in the cell solution

48
Q

What is the definition of hypotonic

A

A solution that is less concentrated than yourself solution

49
Q

What is the definition of plasmolysis

A

The state of plant cells where so much water is lost from the sell by osmosis that the vacuole and cytoplasm shrink and sell membrane Paul is away from the cell wall

50
Q

Explain one animal cell is placed in pure water will burst

A

The cell will continue to expand due to osmosis and eventually the cell membrane won’t be able to support it

51
Q

Describe the effects on plant cells if too much water enters the cell

A

It won’t burst as the cell wall is rigid

52
Q

Name the adaptions of single celled organisms for exchange

A

They have a large volume to surface area ratio

53
Q

Name adaptions of larger multicellular organisms for exchange

A 
-They need transport systems and exchange surfaces.  
for example: 
   -small in testing in mammals 
   -lungs in mammals 
   -kills in fish
   -roots and leaves implants
54
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast

A

They found in the green parts of the plant the green because they contain chlorophyll chlorophyll absorbs light so the plants can make food by photosynthesis

55
Q

Cell wall function

A

Made of cellulose and supports plant

56
Q

Vacuole function

A

A place in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap this is important for keeping the cell rigid to support the plant

57
Q

Cytoplasm function

A

A liquid gel in which the organelles are suspended and where most chemical reactions take place

58
Q

Nucleus function

A

Controls all activities of the cell is surrounded by a membrane contains DNA

59
Q

Mitochondrial function

A

aerobic respiration takes place here and is located in the cytoplasm

60
Q

Ribosomes function

A

Protein synthesis takes place here it makes proteins for the cell

61
Q

Cell membrane function

A

Controls the passage of substances such as glucose and mineral irons into the cell it also controls the movement of substances such as Syria or hormones out of the cell

62
Q

What is the function of the digestive organ system and what are the main organs involved

A

It mechanically and chemically breaks down food materials absorbs nutrients and it spells waist the organs involved are the stomach small in testing large in testing liver and pancreas

63
Q

Circulatory organ system function and main organs

A

Pumps blood to distribute hormones nutrients and gases and removes waste organs involved are hot blood and blood vessels

64
Q

Respire tree organ system function on main organs

A

Responsible for the exchange of gases between the body between blood and lungs

65
Q

Novus organ system function and main organs

A

Regulatory sort system that controls body movement consciousness intelligence and memory organs involved our brain spinal-cord and nerves

66
Q

Endocrine organ system function on main organs

A

Secretes hormones which regulate body and cellular growth chemical levels in the body and three reproductive functions organs involved are Pituitary gland thyroid glands and adrenal glands

67
Q

Reproductive organ system function and main organs

A

Produces sex cells and hormones also allows fertilisation between gametes to produce offspring organs involved are ovaries testes uterus fallopian tube’s gametes and sperm tube

68
Q

Excretory organs system function and main organs

A

Filters the blood and remove waste from it concentrates waste into you read and expels you’re in from body kidneys bladder Fruit is the blood and Rubys waste from it concentrates waste into you read and expels you’re in from body kidneys bladder urethra

69
Q

Define what is meant to buy tissue

A

A group of specialised cells with similar structure and function

70
Q

State two examples of tissues and explain the function

A

E.g. Glandula tissue secretory cells that can produce and release substances must go to China food and I just use juices out of the stomach

71
Q

Out of carbs lipids and proteins which food molecules contain carbon

A

Carbs lipids and proteins all contain carbon

72
Q

I have carbs lipids and proteins which molecules contain hydrogen

A

All of these contain hydrogen

73
Q

House of Cards lipids and proteins which contain oxygen

A

They all contain oxygen

74
Q

House of Cards lipids and proteins which contain nitrogen

A

Only proteins contain nitrogen proteins are nitrogenous compounds

75
Q

What are the repeating molecules in carbs

A

Glucose

76
Q

What is repeating molecules in lipids

A

Glycerol and fatty acid’s

77
Q

In proteins what is the repeated molecule

A

Amino acid’s

78
Q

Name three sources of carbs

A

Potatoes fruit pasta or any that apply

79
Q

What are three examples of sources of lipids

A

Fish nuts and milk

80
Q

What is the presence test for glucose

A

Benedicks and heat the colour of the reagent is blue and the expected result is brick red or orange preticipitate

81
Q

What is the Presence test for starch

A

Iodine the colour of the reagent is brown orange and the expected result is inky blue or black

82
Q

What is the present test for protein

A

Biuret colour of the reagent is blue and the expected result is a lilac colour

83
Q

What is the present chest for lipid’s’s’s’s’s’s

A

Ethanol and water the colour of the reagent is clear and colourless and the expected result is cloudy white emulsion

84
Q

What are the six food

A

Carbs lipids fibre water proteins vitamins and minerals

85
Q

What are the roles of the food groups

A
  • Carbs provide glucose for respiration
  • lipids makes cell membranes and produce hormones
  • proteins are used for growth and repair and make up enzymes
86
Q

What is a protein molecule made up of

A

Many different amino acid’s

87
Q

What is a carbohydrate molecule made up of

A

Many glucose molecules

88
Q

What is a fat molecule made up of

A

Any fatty acid and glycerol molecule is

89
Q

What enzyme breaks down protein molecules

A

Protease

90
Q

What enzyme breaks down carbohydrate molecules

A

Amylase

91
Q

What enzyme breaks down fat molecules

A

Lipase

92
Q

Enzymes are catalysts which means what

A

They speed up biological reactions

93
Q

Fill in the blanks

acids and alkalis affect the —— that hold together enzyme molecules this causes a change in the shape of the ——

A

Bonds molecules

94
Q

If the active site changes shape what will happen

A

The substrate will no longer fit into it and cannot react

95
Q

What happens at extremes of pH

A

The enzyme becomes denatured this means that the active site changes shape becomes distorted and substrate will no longer fit into it so the reaction cannot take place

96
Q

Where is bile made

A

In the liver

97
Q

Where is bile stored

A

In the gallbladder

98
Q

What does bile do

A

Create the optimum pH for small in testine enzymes to work

99
Q

What does bile do to fats

A

It’s emulsifies fats and give them a larger surface area for the lipase to act on

100
Q

What acid is in the stomach

A

Hydrochloric acid

101
Q

What does the hydrochloric acid in the stomach to

A

It creates acidic conditions for the protease enzymes to work and it kills bacteria that is on what you eat it also helps you denatured proteins

102
Q

What does saliva do and where is it produced

A

Saliva is produced in the saliva glands and it contains amylase which helps break down starch into glucose

Aqa Separate Biology 2020 (3 decks)

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