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Chemistry C2 > Topics 1,2 And 3 > Flashcards

Topics 1,2 And 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the electrons in an atom?

A
  • move around the nucleus
  • negative charge
  • tiny
  • no mass
  • occupy shells
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2
Q

What is the charge on electrons?

A

The same as proton charge but opposite (negative)!

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3
Q

How many protons and electrons in an atom?

A

Equal amount

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of protons?

A

Heavy

Positively charged

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of neutrons?

A

Heavy

Neutral

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of electrons?

A

Tiny

Negatively charged

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7
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

Sharing electrons - forming a molecule

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8
Q

Give two elements that were discovered by spectroscopy

A

Rubidium

Caesium

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9
Q

What test could you use to distinguish between a solution of sodium chloride and magnesium sulfate

A

Chloride - add dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate - will give a white precipitate of silver chloride
Sulfate - add dilute HCL and barium chloride solution - gives a white precipitate of barium sulfate

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10
Q

What colour would a flame be if A) sodium B) potassium C) calcium were out into it?

A

A) yellow orange
B) lilac
C) brick red

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11
Q

Explain why barium sulfate can be drunk even though it’s toxic

A

It’s insoluble
Opaque to X-rays
When drunk it shows up the gut so that any problems e.g blockages can be seen

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12
Q

A forensic scientist carries out a flame test to identify a metal. The metal burns with a blue - green flame. Which metal does this indicate?

A

Copper

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13
Q

Name two insoluble metal chlorides

A

Barium sulfate

Calcium carbonate

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14
Q

Describe how you would prepare a pure, dry sample of the insoluble salt barium sulfate

A

Mix solutions of barium nitrate and potassium sulfate
Filter out the precipitate of barium sulfate
Wash it with distilled water
Dry on filter paper

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15
Q

What is the chemical formula for A) potassium fluoride B) aluminium chloride C) sodium hydroxide

A

A) k+F-
B) Al+ Cl-
C) Na+ OH-

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16
Q

Explain the difference between a compound whose name ends in ‘-ate’ and who’s name ends in ‘-ide’

A

When two different elements combine the components name is something ‘-ide’
When three or more different elements combine and one is oxygen it’s often something ‘-ate’

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17
Q

List the main properties of ionic compounds

A

Regular lattice structure
High melting and boiling point
They conduct electricity when aqueous or molten

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18
Q

Are cations positive or negative ions

A

Positive

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19
Q

Describe the process of ionic bonding

A
  • The Transfer of electrons. Atoms lose or gain electrons to form positively or negatively charged atoms called ions
  • Shell with one electron will want to get rid of it to have a full outer shell
  • A nearly full she wants the extra electron to have a full outer shell
  • Groups 1/2 and 6/7 are likely to form ions
20
Q

What are the groups in the periodic table? Explain the significance in terms of electrons

A
  • Alkali metals, transition metals, halogens, noble gasses.
  • elements in the same group have similar number of electrons in their outer shell
  • group number equal to the amount of electrons in the outer shell
21
Q

Explain how Mendeleev arranged known elements in a table. How did he predict new elements?

A
  • 50 know elements according to their properties
  • similar chemicals in the Same vertical groups - left gaps to make this work
  • the gaps predicted the properties of undiscovered elements
22
Q

What feature of atoms determines the order of the modern periodic table?

A
  • metals and non metals opposite sides
  • order of increasing atomic number of electron shells
  • the properties of the elements change as you go along the period
23
Q

The element boron has 5 protons how many electrons does it have in its outer shell?

A

5

24
Q

Name the 3 types of particle in an oxygen atom

A

Proton
Neutron
Electron

25
Q

Is it number of protons or the number of neutrons that defines each element?

A

Protons

26
Q

Describe how you would work out the electron configuration of an atom, given its atomic number
What is the electron configuration of potassium

A
  • The same number of protons and electrons
  • 1st shell has 2 from then on each shell has 8 electrons
  • potassium is 2:8:8:1
27
Q

What does the atomic number and the mass number represent?

A

Mass: total number of protons and neutrons in the atom
Atomic: number of protons in the atom (same number of electrons)

28
Q

Define the term isotope

A

Different atomic forms of the same element, which have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

29
Q

What is the nucleus in an atom?

A
  • the middle
  • contains protons and neutrons
  • positive charge
  • tiny
30
Q

Kerosene and water are immiscible. Describe how you could separate a mixture of these two liquids

A

Shake together then allow to stand - they will separate into layers
Denser sinks to the bottom
Then separate using a separating funnel with a tap

31
Q

What covalent bonds do simple molecular substances have?

A

Very strong covalent bonds to form small molecules of two or more atoms

32
Q

Are simple molecular covalent substances strong or weak?

A

By contrast to the forces between they are very weak

33
Q

Does simple molecular covalent substances have a high or low melting point and why?

A

Very low because molecules are easily parted from each other

34
Q

What substances are simple molecular?

A

Liquids

Gas

35
Q

Do molecular substances conduct electricity and why

A

No

There are no ions

36
Q

What are giant molecular covalent substances?

A

Similar to lattices except there are no charged ions

37
Q

What bond do giant molecular substances have?

A

Strong covalent bonds

38
Q

Are giant molecular substances A) conductors of electicity and B) soluble in water?

A

A) not conductors of electricity

B) INSOLUBLE in water

39
Q

What boiling point to giant molecular substances have?

A

Very high

40
Q

Give two example of giant molecular substances

A

Diamond

Graphite

41
Q

How many covalent bonds does diamond have?

A

4

42
Q

Explain why it is possible to separate air by fractional distillation

A

Liquid air produces a variety of products e.g nitrogen and oxygen

43
Q

How do you separate out miscible liquids?

A

Fractional distillation

44
Q

How do you fractionally distil air?

A
  • filter to remove dust
  • cool to -200 degrees becomes miscible mixture of liquids
  • during cooling water vapour condenses and is removed
  • the liquified air enters the fractioning column and heated slowly
  • the remaining gas is separated by fractional distillation
  • oxygen n argon are. It separated so another column is used to separate them
45
Q

Describe how paper chromatography could be used to analyse colouring agents in food

A

Run samples of known mixtures alongside unknown mixture and compare where the spots end up

46
Q

What is the R(f) value of a chemical that moves 4.5cm when the solvent moves 12cm?

A 
0.375 
because R(f) = distance travelled by substance divided by distance travelled by solvent

Chemistry C2 (3 decks)

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