Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCB 300 exam 2 > Topic6 Microbial Physiology > Flashcards

Topic6 Microbial Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 cateogories of cellular metabolism?

A

where does the energy come from?

Where does the carbon come from?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are phototrophs?

A

Obtaining energy from light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are autotrophs?

A

Deriving carbon from CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Deriving carbon from organic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Metabolism of prochlorococcus and spirulina is?

A

photoautotroph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Metabolism of Heliobacillus mobilis and Rhodobacter sphaeroides is?

A

photoheterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Can fermicute be photosynthetic? if so, ex?

A

Yes- Heliobacillus mobilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is chemoorganoheterotroph?

A

Deriving energy from chemical - organic chemical - deriving carbon from organic matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Metabolism of e.coli?

A

Chemoorganoheterotroph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a chemotroph?

A

Deriving energy from chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is chemolithoautotroph?

what is another name for this?

A

Deriving energy from chemical- inorganic- fixing their own carbon from co2

lithotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Aquifex, geobacter, and thiobacillus ferroxidans metabolism

A

chemolithoautotroph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does aquifex oxidize? products/reactants

A

Hydrogen and oxygen yields water and energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

thiobacillus ferroxidans oxidize what?

A

sulfur and iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

sulfur oxidation yields

A

acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name 6 elements essential for all microorganisms

A

HCNOPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

oxygen found in what macromolecule, nitrogen in what, silicon, boron, phosphorous, etc.

A

oxygen : dna, rna, lipids, carbohydrates etc. in a cell

boron : signalling

silicon: build diatom- silica oxide around itself
phosphorous: phospholipid, backbone of dna and rna, majority in rna
nitrogen: protein, bases of nucleic acid,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Dicuss effect of replacing elements and give an example.

A

Some can be harmful, some can be harmless

tongston substituting molybdenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the effect of lead and why it can be harmful.

A

Lead can displace elements that should be there.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name top 4 elements by dry weight in an organism

A

carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen

50,20,12,8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name the top macromolecules in a cell

A

protein, rna, lipid,polysaccharide,lipopolysaccharide, dna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where are the molecules needed to build up the macromolecules coming from?

A

they are intermediates of glycolysis and tca cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Is succinyl coa also used as building block?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

energy used to fuel synthesis of new cells from precursors is provided in the form of?

A

atp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What pathways are precursors made of in different cells?

A

Same pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Energy used to fuel precursor synthesis is?

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe the amount of ATP required to synthesize new cell in different organisms

A

The amt of ATP is essentailly the same bc the pathways are the same.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Name 5 constraints on microbial growth and fitness

A
  1. It more or less takes same amt ATP to make a cell from the same starting substrate.
  2. cell yield is proportional to atp yield per mol of substrate
  3. Cells making more atp per mol substrate make more progeny per mol substrate
  4. cells making more progeny outcompete ones making fewer
  5. atp yield is a critical selective force.in microbial competition and evolution - RATE OF ATP SYNTHESIS IS ALSO CRITICAL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

when a high energy substrate donates Pi directly to ADP to make ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe ATP as an energy storage

A

IT is not for long term energy storage - it is to pass energy. Fast production and usage - balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is alternative to SLP?

A

ATP production from ion gradient in energized membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe Electron transport-mediated phosphorylation

A

ATP is synthesized from ADP and Pi via ATP synthase with ion motive force created by the electron transport chain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Describe energized membrane

A

More positive charge outside - proton or Na

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Name 4 high energy compounds

A

phosphoenolpyruvate, ATP, acetyl-CoA, acetyl phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Name a not as high energy compound

A

glucose-6-phosphate

36
Q

Why is ATP high in energy?

A

It is a very strong acid, and the oxygens are charged -1, -1 and -2. The charges repell each other.

37
Q

Why isn’t AMP as energetic?

A

The last bond is a standard ester bond, which is not as energetic as the anhydride bonds

38
Q

What are the 12 major precursor molecules discussed?

A

Glucose 6 P

Fructose 6 P

Ribose 5 P

Triose phosphate

3-phosphoglycerate

phosphoenolpyruvate

pyruvate

acetyl coA

oxaloacetate

2oxoglutarate

succinyl CoA

39
Q

Does glucose pass through the membrane?

A

No- they are polar

40
Q

Describe the 3 transporters of the phototransferase system

A
  1. Simple transport- driven by proton motive force
  2. Group translocation - transported substance - chemical modification, driven by phosphoenolpyruvate=activated form of transported compound
  3. ABC transporter - periplasmic binding proteins involved, energy from ATP
41
Q

ABC transporter means

A

ATP binding casette

42
Q

One role of ABP transport in cells like e.coli is?

A

Determination of specificity of transporter for glucose for ex.

43
Q

What does the phosphotransferase system do to accumulate things in the cell?

A

It puts some kind of charge on the substance, like phosphorylating glucose

44
Q

Where is the phosphate coming from to phosphorylate glucose?

A

from PEP

45
Q

Why does glucose keep going through the pore when it is acucumulated in the cell?

A

The concentration of unmodified glucose is low in the cell

46
Q

What are the purposes of 2 rearrangements that occur during glycolysis?

A
  1. to allow cleavage by aldolase
  2. to make a high energy intermediate- the rearrangement is pulling the rxn
47
Q

Free energy change of rxn depends on what?

A

concentration of products and reactants

48
Q

What is the concentration of proton dealt with in biological system?

A

pH 7, which is 10^-7M proton

49
Q

What does delta G tell you?

A

direction that a rxn wants to go

50
Q

What does negative delta G mean?

A

wants to make product

51
Q

Is cleavage of fructose1,6 bisphosphate favorable?

A

NO- more product than reactant

52
Q

What enzyme links glycolysis and the tca cycle?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

53
Q

Summarize the reaction carried out by tca cycle

A

It oxidizes acetyl coa into CO2.

It also provides ATP and cellular building blocks

54
Q

What group of the CoA attaches to pyruvate?

A

the sulfhydril group

55
Q

Acetyl coa is a good donor of what?

A

acetate

56
Q

What are the 2 functions of TCA cycle?

A
  1. energy- oxidize acetate group to acetyl coa
  2. biosynthesis- intermediates are important biosynthetic precursors
57
Q

how many times are you going through tca cycle per glucose?

A

2x bc you have 2 pyruvate, and 2 acetyl coa

58
Q

Biosynthetic pathways are essentially _____ for all organisms

A

same

59
Q

High energy bonds have what kind of group transfer potential?

A

high group transfer potential

60
Q

PTS system saves _____ and are found in many what?

A

ATP, prokaryotes

61
Q

At equilibrium, delta G is

A

zero

62
Q

Why does PEP have high group transfer potential?

A

keto-enol tautomerization after transfer

63
Q

Is oxygen involved in glucose oxidation to co2?

A

no

64
Q

Through glycolysis, pdh, and tca cycle, how many co2, nadh, nadph, and fadh2 are produced? How many ATP?

A

6co2, 8nadh, 2nadph, and 2 fadh2

4 atp

65
Q

Where is the rest of the energy not accounted for the atp production when comapred to the reaction delta G?

A

in the reduced cofactors

66
Q

What does the electron tower display?

A

relative affinity of various carriers for e-

67
Q

Electrons naturally flow from what to what potential? What kind of reactions are these?

A

from low to high potential. They are exergonic reactions

68
Q

Endergonic reaction flow of electron is from what to what potential?

A

from high to low potential- it requires energy

69
Q

What is the equation deltaG=-nFdeltaE showing?

A

relationship of electrical potential energy to chemical potential energy

F=96.48kJ/V

n=number of electrons

70
Q

What is a rxn for oxidizing NADH?

A

1/2O2+NADH+H+ => H2O + NAD

71
Q

What are the 2 Mitchell’s hypotheses?

A

I. Electron transport creates a proton gradient across the cell membrane

II. Energy stored in proton gradient is converted to ATP by ATP synthase

72
Q

What is the net rxn of electron transport chain?

A

separating the electron from hydrogen, pushing protons out, and letting electron trickle down through electron carriers.

73
Q

What is the unfavorable part of electron transport chain?

A

taking proton out of the cell, against the electrochemical gradient

74
Q

What is an alternative way to get electron into the quinone pool? What is it coupled to?

A

oxidation of succinate to fumarate.

This is coupled to FAD cofactor

75
Q

What is the goal of electron transport chain/overal result? how many protons are transported out of the cell?

A

reduction of oxygen, oxidation of nadh, transporting 10 protons out of the cell

76
Q

What does NAD+ carry?

A

2 e=, 1 proton to become NADH

77
Q

What does FMN carry?

A

2e-, 2 protons, to become FMNH2

78
Q

How do you convert FMN to FAD?

A

attach adenine via ester linkage to FMN

79
Q

What does ubiquinone carry?

A

2 electrons, 2 protons to become ubiquinol

80
Q

where is the oxidized ubiquinone localized to in the cell? why?

A

membrane, because of its hydrophobic tail

81
Q

What happens to reduced ubiquinol in the membrane?

A

It remians uncharged- soluble in the membrane

82
Q

Heme and Fe/S cluster containing protein carry what?

A

only electrons

83
Q

What do you do if you have a compound that is not as oxidizing as oxygen?

A

couple at earlier step of electorn transport chain= don’t have to pump as many protons to reoxidize nadh

84
Q

rotation of waht subunit drives atp synthase?

A

gamma

85
Q
A

MCB 300 exam 2 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions