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biological foundation of mental health > Topic1:Overview of CNS development > Flashcards

Topic1:Overview of CNS development Flashcards

1
Q

What happens at the end of the first week of embryonic development?

A

At the end of the first week, the embryo implants into the cell wall of the uterus and becomes known as an Embryonic disk. The embryonic disk is made up of the Epiblast and the Hypoblast.

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2
Q

When does Gastrulation occur?

A

Gastrulation occurs at the end of the second week.

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3
Q

What happens at weeks 4 - 8 of embryonic development?

A

Major organ systems begin to develop.

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4
Q

When and what is the foetal period?

A

The foetal period begins in month 3 and involves fast growth of the body with large amounts of cell proliferation.

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5
Q

What occurs at the end of the first week?

A

The embryo implants into the cell wall of the uterus and becomes an Embryonic disk.

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6
Q

What happens at the end of the second week?

A

Gastrulation occurs, transforming the embryonic disk into a three-layered structure consisting of the Germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

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7
Q

What begins in week 3 of embryonic development?

A

Neurulation begins, where the neuroectodermic/neuroepithelium transforms into the embryonic nervous system.

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8
Q

What is the Tailbud stage?

A

The Tailbud stage occurs in weeks 4 - 5, where the embryo becomes recognizable with a head and tail, containing embryonic structures that will be retained in the matured adult.

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9
Q

What is the otic vesicle?

A

The otic vesicle is the beginning stages of the ear.

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10
Q

What is the thickened layer of neuroectoderm cells called?

A

The thickened layer is called the neural plate.

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11
Q

What is formed when mesoderm swells during neurulation?

A

Somites are formed when mesoderm swells during neurulation.

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12
Q

What do somites turn into?

A

Somites will later form the axial muscles, which are skeletal muscles in the head and trunk connected to the axial skeleton.

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13
Q

What are axial muscles?

A

Axial muscles are skeletal muscles in the head and trunk of the body that are connected to the axial skeleton.

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14
Q

When does the tailbud stage occur?

A

The tailbud stage occurs at 4 - 5 weeks.

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15
Q

What happens during the tailbud stage?

A

The brain undergoes Cranial and Caudal folding, causing the embryo to fold into a comma shape.

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16
Q

What is the forebrain in the neural tube?

A

The forebrain is called the Procencephalon, which divides into the Telencephalon and Diencephalon.

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17
Q

What is the midbrain in the neural tube?

A

The midbrain is called the Mesencephalon.

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18
Q

What is the hindbrain in the neural tube?

A

The hindbrain is called the Rhombencephalon.

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19
Q

When does the procencephalon divide?

A

The procencephalon divides at 35 weeks.

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20
Q

What happens at 35 weeks of neural induction?

A

The prosencephalon divides and the pons separates from the medulla.

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21
Q

What does the Telencephalon turn into?

A

The Telencephalon folds onto itself to form most of the cerebral hemispheres.

22
Q

What does the Diencephalon turn into?

A

The Diencephalon gives rise to important clusters of neurons, called nuclei, including the thalamus.

23
Q

Where can you find Purkinje cells?

A

Purkinje cells are found in the cerebellum.

24
Q

What is the morphology of Purkinje neurons?

A

Purkinje neurons have a large dendrite bush.

25
Q

What is the morphology of Pyramidal neurons?

A

Pyramidal neurons have a triangular shape.

26
Q

Where can you find Pyramidal neurons?

A

Pyramidal neurons are found in the cortex.

27
Q

What are the developmental steps that lead to differentiation?

A
  1. Neurogenesis: cell division to create neurons. 2. Cell Migration: young neurons migrate away from the ventricular zone. 3. Axonogenesis: development of important structures including an axon. 4. Synaptogenesis: cells connect to other cells. 5. Cell death or pruning: some cells are discarded to refine more mature brain structures.
28
Q

Where is the ventricular surface of the neural tube?

A

The ventricular surface is at the bottom of the neural tube.

29
Q

How can the neural tube layers be visualized?

A

The layers can be visualized as concentric zones: 1. Ventricle (blue center): fluid-filled cavity. 2. Ventricular Zone (light blue layer): proliferating cells. 3. Mantle Zone (green layer): migrating neurons forming grey matter. 4. Pial Surface (red dashed outline): outermost surface covered by meninges.

30
Q

What is the term for when neurons migrate from the ventral zone to the mantle zone perpendicular to radial glial cells?

A

This is called tangential migration.

31
Q

What does tangential migration result in?

A

Tangential migration results in inhibitory neurons (short axons) in the mantle zone.

32
Q

What does radial migration result in?

A

Radial migration results in excitatory neurons (long axons) in the mantle zone.

33
Q

What is the area beside the pial surface called?

A

The area beside the pial surface is called the mantle zone.

34
Q

Where do radial glial cells differentiate?

A

Radial glial cells differentiate in the ventricular zone.

35
Q

What kinds of molecules are involved in synaptogenesis?

A

Molecules involved include diffusible molecules, cell adhesion molecules, and contact-dependent molecules.

36
Q

What proteins on the cell membrane help consolidate synapse formation?

A

Cadherins and Syncams help consolidate synapse formation.

37
Q

What do Neuroligins / Neurexins do?

A
  1. Bind synapses together. 2. Act as a framework for proteins to cluster and form synapses. 3. Recruit proteins into the presynaptic active zone. 4. Assemble post-synaptic density: scaffolding proteins and neurotransmitter receptors.
38
Q

How are Neuroligins involved in neuron types?

A

Neuroligin 1 is associated with excitatory neurons, while Neuroligin 2 is associated with inhibitory neurons.

39
Q

What are Neuroligins / Neurexins an example of?

A

Neuroligins and Neurexins are examples of transmembrane proteins.

40
Q

What do neural crest cells become in the trunk?

A

Neural crest cells in the trunk become dorsal root ganglia and sympathetic root ganglia.

41
Q

What do neural crest cells become in the head?

A

Neural crest cells in the head become cranial ganglion cells.

42
Q

What are the steps of axogenesis?

A
  1. Blob formation. 2. Neutrites emerge symmetrically. 3. One is chosen to be an axon, growing towards the desired neuron, gland, or muscle, guided by environmental molecules. 4. Dendrites grow and form dendritic spines.
43
Q

What is the most common form of neuron-neuron synapse?

A

The most common form is axo-dendritic synapses, formed between axons and dendritic spines.

44
Q

What are the types of synapses that can be formed with axons?

A
  1. Axo-axonic. 2. Axo-somatic. 3. Axo-dendritic.
45
Q

List developmental disorders.

A
  1. ASD. 2. SZ. 3. Childhood-onset epilepsy. 4. X-linked mental retardation.
46
Q

What gene is seen to be implicated in ASD?

A

Neuroligin4 is implicated in ASD.

47
Q

What was observed in the Neuroligin4 knockout mice experiment?

A

There were less inhibitory synapses in the hippocampus of Nlgn4 knockout mice, showing ASD symptoms.

48
Q

What is Neuroligin4?

A

Neuroligin4 is a gene associated with ASD, important for synapse development.

49
Q

What evidence backs up the idea that impaired neurodevelopment causes disorders?

A

Nlgn4 knockout mice show less dendritic spines in SZ and mice lacking the Fragile X mental retardation protein have more immature, thin spines.

50
Q

What is evidence of SZ as a neurodevelopmental disorder?

A

There is a decreased number of dendritic spines in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of SZ patients.

biological foundation of mental health (4 decks)

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