Topic Test Revision Flashcards
State the equation for aerobic respiration
Glucose +oxygen> carbon dioxide+water+energy
State the equation for anaerobic respiration
Glucose>lactic acid+energy(ATP)
How are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange
Large surface area- more area for gases to diffuse
Thin wall (one cell thick) shorter diffusion pathway
Close efficient blood supply maintains a concentration gradient
Moist surface
Describe the purpose of the respiratory system
To obtain (get oxygen from air and to expel (get rid of) carbon dioxide from the body
What is the percentage of gases in inspired vs expired air
Expired
O2-16% N2-79% CO2-4% water-10%
Inspired
O2- 21% CO2- 0.04% N2-79% water- varies
Describe what happens during inhalation(breathing in)
- Diaphragm contrast and flattens
- Intercostal muscles contract forcing ribs to move up and out of
3.lung volume to increase - Pressure decreases
5.air is drawn in
Describe what happens during exhalation( breathing out
1.diaphragm relaxes and domes
2.intercostal muscles relax causing ribs to move down and in
3. Lung volume decreases
4.pressure increases
5.air is forced out
Describe the passage of air flow after entering the mouth/ nasal cavity
Nasal cavity/ mouth> trachea> bronchi> bronchiole> alveoli
Describe and state the 4 limitations of the bell jar model
1.Glass tube/trachea- glass is ridged and inflexible unlike the cartilage bound trachea
2. Bell jar/ chest cavity-unable to move the ribs can move up and out to increase the volume of the thorax
3.ballons/ lungs- the Ballons are large open space whereas the lungs are made up of millions of individual elastic alveoli
4.rubber sheet/diaphragm-the diaphragm only flattens it is not pulled down wards like the rubber sheet.
Explain the importance of cillia in cleaning mechanism of the lungs and the impact of smoking
Cillis Beat to move mucus (trapping dirt and dust up to the throat, away from the lungs) smoking paralyses the cilia (prevents them from moving)
Describe emphysema and the causes/symptoms
Lungs disease (damage to alveoli and reduces surface area for gas exchange) caused by smoking/air pollution symptoms:shortness of breath/ wheezing/ increasing breathing rate.
Why is respiration not “breathing in and out”
Respiration is a chemical process taking place in the mitochondria. Which releases energy in the form of ATP. Inhalation/ exhalation are a result of the mechanics of breathing for gas exchange
What is respiration
Respiration is chemical reaction that releases energy
What is respiration used for in organisms
Maintaining body temp
Growth and repair
Movement
Building new molecules
What is the difference between the terms aerobic and anaerobic?
1.Anaerobic is without oxygen and aerobic is with oxygen, aerobic give more energy, 2.aerobic fully break down glucose however anaerobic doesn’t, 3.aerobic produces carbon dioxide and water anaerobic produces lactic acid
Which process provides more energy aerobic and anaerobic and how much
Aerobic respiration releases 38 ATP
Anaerobic respiration releases 2ATP
What is oxygen debt
Oxygen debt is the minimum amount of oxygen required to break down lactic acid
Why is respiration not breathing
It is not breathing because respiration is a chemical process and releases energy (ATP) and happens in the mitochondria
Why does anaerobic not fully break down glucose and aerobic does
Anaerobic respiration incompletely breaks down glucose because it has less energy than aerobic, aerobic fully breaks down glucose because it has more energy
What is the function of the mouth
Breath in oxygen and release co2
What is the function of the nose
Allows us to breath in and breath out co2
What is the function of the trachea
The function of the trachea connects the largnx to the lungs allowing the passage of air. Allowing the passage of air. Surrounding by cartilage which keeps the trachea open
What is the function of the epiglottis
Muscle that covers the trachea to stop the food from going into it
What is the function of the bronchioles
The small airways of the lung. Extending from the bronchi to the alveoli
What is the function of the lungs
This is where has exchange takes place
What is the function of the alveoli
Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood. Carbon dioxide moves from cells into the capillaries
What is the function of the diaphragm
Breathing in the diaphragm moves downwards causing lungs to expand
How does far effect the body
Causes cancer of the lungs, mouth and throat it coats the surface of the breathing tubers and the alveoli.
How does carbon monoxide affect the body
Combined with haemoglobin in red blood cells-reducing there capacity of Carry oxygen
How does nicotine affect the body
Highly addictive drug also increases your heart rate and blood pressure
What are the effects of smoking
Cancer, bronchitis, smokers cough,
What effects does cancer cause because of smoking
Causes mutations to DNA and rapid cell division leading to Tumor growth
What effects does bronchitis have because of smoking
Mucus traps dirt and bacteria. Cilia hairs become paralysed and are unable to move mucus along. More likely to get bronchitis
What is the most common cause of emphysema
Smoking
What does emphysema do
Emphysema damages the alveoli in the lungs
